T. Herawan, Meta Rivani, H. Halimatudahliana, Suryo Irawan
{"title":"Oil Palm Based Cellulose Esters as Raw Material for Environmentally Friendly Bio-plastic","authors":"T. Herawan, Meta Rivani, H. Halimatudahliana, Suryo Irawan","doi":"10.20543/MKKP.V34I1.3634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20543/MKKP.V34I1.3634","url":null,"abstract":"Besides producing oil, oil palm is also produces huge amount of biomass such as empty fruit bunch. Both of those products had a potential to be used as a source of plastic raw materials called bio-plastics. Long-chain fatty acid source can be obtained from crude palm oil (palmitic acid and oleic acid) and palm kernel oil (lauric acid) while cellulose can be obtained from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste (OPEFB). Cellulose was produced from OPEFB by alkaline process on pilot plant scale. The yield of α-cellulose obtained as much as 32-38% of the OPEFB processed. The cellulose ester was synthesized by esterification reaction between cellulose of OPEFB and modified fatty acid from palm oil in a mild condition. Conversion of cellulose ester produced reached 92.7% with percent increase weight reach 460%, Degree Substitution (DS) 2.21 and melting point 201 o C. The tensile strength of the cellulose ester film was lower than tensile strength of petroleum-based plastics (Low Density Poly Ethylene/LDPE), which averaged 73 kg/cm 2 versus 108 kg/cm 2 , so it was necessary to add additives to increase tensile strength and elasticity properties.","PeriodicalId":18167,"journal":{"name":"Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44050634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kinetic studies on thermal degradation of natural rubber/butyl rubber","authors":"M. Sholeh, I. N. Indrajati, A. Yuniari","doi":"10.20543/MKKP.V34I1.3460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20543/MKKP.V34I1.3460","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of how rubber breakdown on heating in oxidative environment is important in processing and using the material. In the present work, we performed thermogravimetric analysis and utilized three iso-conversional kinetic models to get apparent activation energies of thermal degradation of natural rubber/butyl rubber. Blending of RSS/butyl and additives was done using a laboratory two-roll mill. Cure time of the blended compound was determined by a moving die rheometer. The compound was compression moulded at 160°C with a pressure of 150 kg/cm 2 using a laboratory hot press. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out from 30°C to 800°C in air flow of 200 ml/min with heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C/min. The kinetic parameters were determined by three isoconversional models (Kissinger, Doyle, and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa model). The result revealed that the thermal decomposition of the blend occurs in two stages, DTG peaks tends to shift to a higher temperature and the values of DTG peaks increase with the increase of heating rate, and the three isoconversional models gave similar apparent activation energies. The activation energy obtained can be used to predict thermal lifetime of the material.","PeriodicalId":18167,"journal":{"name":"Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42517415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimasi produksi hidrogel CTS-G-PAA/PVA sebagai adsorben menggunakan metode respon permukaan (RSM)","authors":"Desak Gede Sri Andayani, N. Astrini, Lik Anah","doi":"10.20543/MKKP.V34I1.3435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20543/MKKP.V34I1.3435","url":null,"abstract":"Kitosan (poli-s-1,4-glukosamin) merupakan polimer alami bersifat tidak larut dalam air dan pelarut organik, hidrofilik, biocompatible dan biodegradable. Gugus amino pada kitosan lebih mudah berubah menjadi kation dalam larutan asam sehingga sangat kuat menyerap anion dengan daya tarik elektrostatik. Dengan menambahkan dan mencampur polimer sintetik pada rasio yang tepat akan meningkatkan sifat-sifat kitosan sebagai biopolimer dalam menangani permasalahan lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kapasitas penyerapan air dan pembentukan hidrogel pada berbagai variasi kitosan terhadap polimer sintetis. Percobaan dilaksanakan dengan metode respon permukaan menggunakan perangkat lunak Design Expert 6,06, 46 variasi percobaan, dan delapan center point dengan kapasitas penyerapan air (g/g) sebagai respon. Proses dilakukan pada sistem batch , inert atmosphere , skala reaktor 1 L dengan kondisi operasi adalah suhu 90°C dan waktu proses selama 4 jam. Variasi biopolimer dan polimer sintetis sebagai berikut: kitosan (CTS): (0,15-1,2) g, acrylic acid (AA): (2-4,5) g , polyvinylalcohol (PVA): (0,5-3) g, benzoylperoxide (BPO): (0,03-0,13) g, m ethylene bis-acrylamide (MBA): (0,01-0,21) g. Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA pada taraf signifikan 95%. Kapasitas penyerapan air (WAC) selama 24 jam diukur dengan teknik gravimetri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi campuran kitosan sebagai biopolimer dengan polimer sintetis mempengaruhi kapasitas penyerapan air dan pembentukan hidrogel. Kapasitas penyerapan air optimum adalah 18,6 (g/g) pada komposisi (g): CTS 0,67; AA 3,25; PVA 1,75; BPO 0,08 dan MBA 0,11. Terbentuknya hidrogel sangat dipengaruhi oleh rasio campuran antara polimer alam, monomer, polimer sintetis, inisiator dan agen ikatan silang.","PeriodicalId":18167,"journal":{"name":"Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46570095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dewi Kusuma Arti, Riastuti Fidyaningsih, Amilatin Rohmah, Lies A. Wisojodharmo, Henny Purwati
{"title":"Pengaruh variasi komposisi bahan pengisi carbon black dan silika pada sifat viskoelastis kompon karet untuk tread ban","authors":"Dewi Kusuma Arti, Riastuti Fidyaningsih, Amilatin Rohmah, Lies A. Wisojodharmo, Henny Purwati","doi":"10.20543/MKKP.V34I1.3437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20543/MKKP.V34I1.3437","url":null,"abstract":"Sifat reologi dan viskoelastis pada kompon karet, terutama kompon tread ban, sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis karet serta bahan pengisi yang digunakan. Kedua sifat ini sangat mempengaruhi hasil akhir dari produk karet terutama dalam hal sifat mekanisnya. Dalam pengembangan suatu produk, penelitian mengenai kedua sifat ini sangatlah penting untuk memperoleh formulasi yang optimum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat reologi dan viskoelastis dari kompon tread ban menggunakan bahan dasar karet alam (NR) dan butadiene rubber (BR) dengan memvariasikan komposisi bahan pengisi yaitu carbon black dan silika. Bahan dasar NR dan BR dengan rasio 85/15 phr dicampur dengan menggunakan alat kneader, sementara rasio bahan pengisi carbon black/silika adalah: 50/0, 40/10, 25/25, 10/40, dan 0/50 phr. Sifat reologi dan viskositas diuji dengan menggunakan rubber process analyzer (RPA) TA Instrument Elite dan dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) 7100 Hitachi. Pengujian RPA dilakukan dengan menggunakan variasi frekuensi dari 0.01-50 Hz pada suhu 1000C dengan amplitudo tetap 10 dan variasi amplitude dari 0,05-3,59 pada suhu 900C dengan frekuensi tetap 1 Hz. Sedangkan pengujian viskoelastis dengan DMA dilakukan menggunakan metode tension-compression dengan rentang suhu pengujian pada -800 – 800C. Hasil uji RPA menunjukkan penambahan silika mempengaruhi interaksi antar bahan pengisi yang ditunjukkan dengan perbedaan pada efek Payne. Energi disipasi juga menunjukkan kecenderungan menurunkan heat build up, meningkatkan sifat mekanis dan memperbaiki ketahanan abrasi pada produk karet dengan tambahan silika sebagai bahan pengisi. Hal ini juga didukung oleh hasil uji DMA yang menunjukkan wet skid resistance pada penggunaan silika yang sebanding dengan penggunaan carbon black saja dan rolling resistance yang meningkat signifikan dengan penambahan silika.","PeriodicalId":18167,"journal":{"name":"Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45710586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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