{"title":"Folding and Binding Properties of Human Complement Receptor Type 1 Extracellular Domain","authors":"N. Ishii","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75120","url":null,"abstract":"Complement receptor type 1 (CR1 or CD35) is a peripheral glycosylated membrane pro- tein that regulates the complement activation in the control of immune responses. The author would like to overview the folding and binding properties of the soluble form of CR1, so-called as sCR1, introducing our development of the high-yield overexpression and purification methods as well as the investigation to its molecular structure. Although sCR1 prepared through our method showed the highest binding affinity against C3b, it is quite difficult to be crystallized for X-ray structure analysis. In spite of many attempts, only microcrystals have been obtained so far. Considering the usefulness to understand factors within the difficulty, the primary sequence of sCR1 has been reexamined from the viewpoints both of secondary structure predictions and recent findings of intrinsi cally disordered proteins (IDPs) or natively unfolded proteins (NUPs). As an example, the theoretically predicted structure of a short consensus repeat (SCR) of a binding domain, SCR-15–17 in sCR1 is compared with the reported solution structure by NMR. The discus - sion is extended to protein structure studies with proteins containing ID regions, which are unfolded state without taking uniformly decided structures.","PeriodicalId":181544,"journal":{"name":"Peripheral Membrane Proteins","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127560825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hana Mahmutefendic, Gordana Blagojević Zagorac, S. Macesic, P. Lučin
{"title":"Rapid Endosomal Recycling","authors":"Hana Mahmutefendic, Gordana Blagojević Zagorac, S. Macesic, P. Lučin","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75685","url":null,"abstract":"Peripheral membrane proteins are endocytosed by constitutive processes of membrane invaginations, followed by internalization driven by diverse endocytic machinery available at the cell surface. It is believed that after endocytic uptake, cargo proteins proceed either through the endosomal recycling circuit of the cell or travel toward late endosomes for degradation. In this chapter, we analyzed trafficking of seven cargo molecules (transferrin receptor, fully conformed MHC-I, non-conformed MHC-I, cholera-toxin B subunit, CD44, ICAM1, and G-protein-coupled receptor Rae-1) known to use the distinct endocytic route. For that purpose, we developed the software for multicompartment analysis of intracellular trafficking. We demonstrate that all endocytosed molecules are rapidly recycled and propose that the rapid recycling is a constitutive process that should be considered in the analysis of intracellular trafficking of peripheral membrane proteins.","PeriodicalId":181544,"journal":{"name":"Peripheral Membrane Proteins","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133207387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Function of Fission Yeast Rho1-GEFs in the Control of Cell Growth and Division","authors":"Tomás Edreira, E. Manjón, Y. Sánchez","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75913","url":null,"abstract":"Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are directly responsible for the activation of Rho-family GTPases in response to physical and chemical stimuli and ultimately regulate numerous cellular responses such as polarized growth, morphogenesis, and movement. The GEF proteins are characterized by a Dbl-homology (DH) domain that contacts the Rho GTPases, to catalyzing nucleotide exchange, and an associated Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, which fine-tunes the exchange process by a variety of mechanisms related to the binding of phosphoinositides. Most GEFs are divergent in regions outside the DH/ PH module and contain additional protein-protein or lipid-protein interaction domains that presumably dictate unique cellular functions. Fission yeast Rho1-GEFs act as a link between growth processes and the cell cycle machinery. In this chapter, we focus on the recent leaps in our understanding of how Rho1-GEFs control interphase and cytokinesis in fission yeast. Furthermore, we will go beyond mitosis and highlight the unexpected roles of Rho1-GEFs in the DNA damage response. in cell division. Double-mutant and phenotypic complementation results suggest that Rgf1p and Rgf3p are not functionally exchangeable. Disruption of rgf1 + in an rgf3 mutant ( ehs2-1 ) produced viable cells at 28°C but not at 37°C,","PeriodicalId":181544,"journal":{"name":"Peripheral Membrane Proteins","volume":"323 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122334200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Function of Rab35 in Development and Disease","authors":"Jia L. Song, M. Testa","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75168","url":null,"abstract":"Rab35 mediates membrane trafficking between the plasma membrane and the early endo - somes at the cell surface. Our understanding of the cellular function of Rab35 reveals its role in development and diseases. In the developmental context, Rab35 has been shown to play an important role in regulating epithelial polarity, lumen opening, myoblast fusion, intercalation of epithelium, myelination, neurite outgrowth, and oocyte meiotic maturation. Disruption of recycling endosome mediated by Rab35 has been linked to several neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Down syndrome. In addition, because Rab35 modulates cell migration through its interaction with various effectors, Rab35 plays an important role in cancers. Lastly, the Rab35-mediated recycling endosomal pathway and exocytosis is utilized by pathogens or hijacked by pathogens to promote their infection and survival. This review summarizes the function of Rab35 in endocytosis and focuses on the role of Rab35 in the context of development and diseases.","PeriodicalId":181544,"journal":{"name":"Peripheral Membrane Proteins","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126404788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Invitation for Peripheral Membrane Proteins","authors":"Shihori Tanabe","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79512","url":null,"abstract":"The peripheral membrane proteins transduce the outer membrane signaling into the cells. The molecules include trimetric G proteins that consist of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits; transporters; and channels. These proteins trigger the intercellular signaling by the stimulations such as ligands including proteins and chemicals. The signaling which is transduced via the peripheral membrane proteins activates several pathways including the G protein signaling, mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, transforming growth factor (TGF) beta signaling, Wnt signaling, and Hedgehog signaling. Meanwhile, the peripheral membrane proteins, such as cadherins, transduce the signaling from the extracellular ligands into the cells. This book intends to provide the readers with a comprehensive overview of the features and signaling of membrane proteins, which includes the molecular structure and interaction. The insights in membrane proteins associated with diseases and the therapeutics and the effects of the drugs and chemicals are also in the scope of the book.","PeriodicalId":181544,"journal":{"name":"Peripheral Membrane Proteins","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130501570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biosensing Techniques in Yeast: G-Protein Signaling and Protein-Protein Interaction Assays for Monitoring Ligand Stimulation and Oligomer Formation of Heterologous GPCRs","authors":"Yasuyuki Nakamura, A. Kondo, Jun Ishii","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76330","url":null,"abstract":"Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) act as transducers of external stimuli for intracellular signaling, and control various cellular processes in cooperation with seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Because GPCRs constitute the largest family of eukaryotic membrane proteins and enable the selective recognition of a diverse range of molecules (ligands), they are the major molecular targets in pharma- ceutical and medicinal fields. In addition, GPCRs have been known to form heteromers as well as homomers, which may result in vast physiological diversity and provide opportunities for drug discovery. G-proteins and their signal transduction machinery are universally conserved in eukaryotes; thereby, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to construct artificial in vivo GPCR biosensors. In this chapter, we focus on the yeast-based GPCR biosensors that can detect ligand stimulation and oligomer forma- tion, and summarize their techniques using the G-protein signaling and protein-protein interaction","PeriodicalId":181544,"journal":{"name":"Peripheral Membrane Proteins","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116702965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aberrant SGK1 Transcription in LNCaP: A Novel Feed-back Mechanism of TGF-beta1 Regulation in Prostate Carcinogenesis","authors":"X. Leighton, H. Pollard, M. Srivastava","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75165","url":null,"abstract":"SGK1, a serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase implicated in cancer, is regulated by TGF-beta1 and PI3-kinase. In a comparative study of different benign and cancer ous breast and prostate cells, we demonstrate in this study that exon 11 deletion in SGK1 occurs only in LNCaP prostate cancer cells in association with the deficient TGF-beta1 mRNA message and FOXO3A-driven promoter activity. Using protein modeling approaches, we discovered that exon11 deletion in SGK1 could redistribute electrostatic surface potential around the major kinase domain and affect phosphorylation of SGK1 target proteins including FOXO3A. Concordantly, we found that LNCaP cells displayed FOXO3A hyperphosphorylation at the Ser218/321 (a site next to Ser315 with the marked SGK1 preference) along with changes in gene expression profile of TGF-beta relevant reg ulators (such as SMAD2/4, MAD4 and SKIP). Oncomine-interactome analysis further val- idated a possibility of reciprocal TGF-beta1 regulation by its transcriptional target SGK1 through alterations in FOXO/SMAD and steroid hormone nuclear receptor interactions.","PeriodicalId":181544,"journal":{"name":"Peripheral Membrane Proteins","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122483537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}