LeukemiaPub Date : 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02573-y
Mats Jerkeman, Karin Mellgren, Kristina Sonnevi, Mikael Lisak, Ingemar Lagerlöf, Balazs Kapas, Hanna Sjölund, Jacek Toporski, Hans Hagberg, Stephan Mielke, Gunilla Enblad
{"title":"Implementation of standard of care CAR-T-cell treatment for patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Sweden","authors":"Mats Jerkeman, Karin Mellgren, Kristina Sonnevi, Mikael Lisak, Ingemar Lagerlöf, Balazs Kapas, Hanna Sjölund, Jacek Toporski, Hans Hagberg, Stephan Mielke, Gunilla Enblad","doi":"10.1038/s41375-025-02573-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-025-02573-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18109,"journal":{"name":"Leukemia","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143713041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LeukemiaPub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02535-4
Ulrik Stoltze, Stefanie V. Junk, Anna Byrjalsen, Hélène Cavé, Giovanni Cazzaniga, Sarah Elitzur, Eva Fronkova, Lisa Lyngsie Hjalgrim, Roland P. Kuiper, Louise Lundgren, Melina Mescher, Theis Mikkelsen, Agata Pastorczak, Marion Strullu, Jan Trka, Karin Wadt, Shai Izraeli, Arndt Borkhardt, Kjeld Schmiegelow
{"title":"Overt and covert genetic causes of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia","authors":"Ulrik Stoltze, Stefanie V. Junk, Anna Byrjalsen, Hélène Cavé, Giovanni Cazzaniga, Sarah Elitzur, Eva Fronkova, Lisa Lyngsie Hjalgrim, Roland P. Kuiper, Louise Lundgren, Melina Mescher, Theis Mikkelsen, Agata Pastorczak, Marion Strullu, Jan Trka, Karin Wadt, Shai Izraeli, Arndt Borkhardt, Kjeld Schmiegelow","doi":"10.1038/s41375-025-02535-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-025-02535-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pALL) is the most common childhood malignancy, yet its etiology remains incompletely understood. However, over the course of three waves of germline genetic research, several non-environmental causes have been identified. Beginning with trisomy 21, seven overt cancer predisposition syndromes (CPSs)—characterized by broad clinical phenotypes that include an elevated risk of pALL—were first described. More recently, newly described CPSs conferring high risk of pALL are increasingly covert, with six exhibiting only minimal or no non-cancer features. These 13 CPSs now represent the principal known hereditary causes of pALL, and human pangenomic data indicates a strong negative selection against mutations in the genes associated with these conditions. Collectively they affect approximately 1 in 450 newborns, of which just a minority will develop the disease. As evidenced by tailored leukemia care protocols for children with trisomy 21, there is growing recognition that CPSs warrant specialized diagnostic, therapeutic, and long-term management strategies. In this review, we investigate the evidence that the 12 other CPSs associated with high risk of pALL may also see benefits from specialized care — even if these needs are often incompletely mapped or addressed in the clinic. Given the rarity of each syndrome, collaborative international research and shared data initiatives will be crucial for advancing knowledge and improving outcomes for these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":18109,"journal":{"name":"Leukemia","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LeukemiaPub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02565-y
Julie Geyer, Kofi B. Opoku, John Lin, Lori Ramkissoon, Charles Mullighan, Nickhill Bhakta, Thomas B. Alexander, Jeremy R. Wang
{"title":"Real-time genomic characterization of pediatric acute leukemia using adaptive sampling","authors":"Julie Geyer, Kofi B. Opoku, John Lin, Lori Ramkissoon, Charles Mullighan, Nickhill Bhakta, Thomas B. Alexander, Jeremy R. Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41375-025-02565-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-025-02565-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Effective treatment of pediatric acute leukemia is dependent on accurate genomic classification, typically derived from a combination of multiple time-consuming and costly techniques such as flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), karyotype analysis, targeted PCR, and microarrays [1,2,3]. We investigated the feasibility of a comprehensive single-assay classification approach using long-read sequencing, with real-time genome target enrichment, to classify chromosomal abnormalities and structural variants characteristic of acute leukemia. We performed whole genome sequencing on DNA from diagnostic peripheral blood or bone marrow for 57 pediatric acute leukemia cases with diverse genomic subtypes. We demonstrated the characterization of known, clinically relevant karyotype abnormalities and structural variants concordant with standard-of-care clinical testing. Subtype-defining genomic alterations were identified in all cases following a maximum of 48 h of sequencing. In 18 cases, we performed real-time analysis— concurrent with sequencing—and identified the driving alteration in as little as 15 min (for karyotype) or up to 6 h (for complex structural variants). Whole genome nanopore sequencing with adaptive sampling has the potential to provide genomic classification of acute leukemia specimens with reduced cost and turnaround time compared to the current standard of care.</p>","PeriodicalId":18109,"journal":{"name":"Leukemia","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LeukemiaPub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02567-w
P. J. Bröckelmann, H. Müller, M. Fuchs, S. Gillessen, D. A. Eichenauer, S. Borchmann, A. S. Robertz, K. Behringer, J. Welters, J. Ferdinandus, B. Böll, H. Tharmaseelan, X. Yang, C. Kobe, H. -T. Eich, C. Baues, W. Klapper, P. Borchmann, B. von Tresckow
{"title":"Correlation of progression-free survival and overall survival after treatment for relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma: individual patient data analysis of randomized German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) Trials","authors":"P. J. Bröckelmann, H. Müller, M. Fuchs, S. Gillessen, D. A. Eichenauer, S. Borchmann, A. S. Robertz, K. Behringer, J. Welters, J. Ferdinandus, B. Böll, H. Tharmaseelan, X. Yang, C. Kobe, H. -T. Eich, C. Baues, W. Klapper, P. Borchmann, B. von Tresckow","doi":"10.1038/s41375-025-02567-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41375-025-02567-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18109,"journal":{"name":"Leukemia","volume":"39 4","pages":"988-990"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41375-025-02567-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LeukemiaPub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02571-0
Frances M. Cole, George S. Laszlo, Margaret C. Lunn-Halbert, Allie R. Kehret, Patrick A. Zweidler-McKay, Eduardo Rodríguez-Arbolí, David Wu, Kyle Nyberg, Junyang Li, Sheryl Y. T. Lim, Camryn M. Pettenger-Willey, Sribalaji Lakshmikanthan, Roland B. Walter
{"title":"Preclinical characterization of the anti-leukemia activity of the CD123 antibody-drug conjugate, pivekimab sunirine (IMGN632)","authors":"Frances M. Cole, George S. Laszlo, Margaret C. Lunn-Halbert, Allie R. Kehret, Patrick A. Zweidler-McKay, Eduardo Rodríguez-Arbolí, David Wu, Kyle Nyberg, Junyang Li, Sheryl Y. T. Lim, Camryn M. Pettenger-Willey, Sribalaji Lakshmikanthan, Roland B. Walter","doi":"10.1038/s41375-025-02571-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-025-02571-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains difficult to cure [1, 2]. Antibody-based drugs have long been pursued to improve these outcomes. While early efforts focused on CD33, there is increasing interest in CD123 as a drug target [3]. Expressed on only a relatively small subset of normal hematopoietic cells, CD123 is displayed on blast cells of 45–95% of AML patients. What makes CD123 particularly attractive is its overexpression on leukemic stem/progenitor cells relative to normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells [3].</p><p>One CD123-targeted drug under development is pivekimab sunirine (PVEK; formerly IMGN632), an antibody-drug conjugate consisting of a humanized CD123 antibody with engineered cysteines in the CH3 domain to enable site-specific attachment of an alkylating monoamine indolinobenzodiazepine pseudodimer (IGN) via protease cleavable peptide linker [4]. After demonstration of potent preclinical anti-leukemia activity, PVEK entered early phase testing as monotherapy and in combination with azacitidine and venetoclax, with emerging data indicating significant activity in adults with AML [5,6,7]. So far, critical characteristics for PVEK’s anti-leukemia activity have not been explored in detail. Herein, we therefore examined potential variables that might modulate the in vitro cytotoxic effects of PVEK and sFGN849, the catabolite of PVEK’s payload (both provided by ImmunoGen; Waltham, MA, USA), against human AML cells, using genetically and functionally well-defined cell line models (see Supplementary Data for detailed Materials and Methods).</p>","PeriodicalId":18109,"journal":{"name":"Leukemia","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LeukemiaPub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02544-3
Robert Peter Gale, Christophe Badie
{"title":"Commentary on the 2022 WHO Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Myeloid and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms","authors":"Robert Peter Gale, Christophe Badie","doi":"10.1038/s41375-025-02544-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41375-025-02544-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18109,"journal":{"name":"Leukemia","volume":"39 4","pages":"1009-1010"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LeukemiaPub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02552-3
Hira Mian, Thomas G. Martin, Gregory R. Pond, Sireesha Asoori, Rakesh Popat, Efstathios Kastritis, Joaquin Martinez-Lopez, Nadine Abdallah, Saurabh Chhabra, Ricardo Parrondo, Sikander Ailawadhi, Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Kwee Yong, Brian GM. Durie, Saad Z. Usmani, Yi Lin, Carlyn Rose Tan
{"title":"Outcomes of frailty subgroups of older adults (age ≥ 70) treated with teclistamab: an International Myeloma Foundation immunotherapy database real-world analysis","authors":"Hira Mian, Thomas G. Martin, Gregory R. Pond, Sireesha Asoori, Rakesh Popat, Efstathios Kastritis, Joaquin Martinez-Lopez, Nadine Abdallah, Saurabh Chhabra, Ricardo Parrondo, Sikander Ailawadhi, Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Kwee Yong, Brian GM. Durie, Saad Z. Usmani, Yi Lin, Carlyn Rose Tan","doi":"10.1038/s41375-025-02552-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-025-02552-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Teclistamab, BCMA bispecific antibody (BsAb), was approved based upon the MajesTEC-1 study [1] with an overall response rate (ORR) of 63% and a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 11.3 months. In MajesTEC-1, the median age was 64 years, and patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) ≥ 2 were excluded, suggesting that the vast majority of patients were fit. This has lead to a paucity of data both in clinical trials as well as in the real-world regarding the outcomes of older adults treated with BsAbs. We performed a retrospective analysis to understand the outcomes of older adults (age ≥ 70) including frail patients treated in the real-world with teclistamab.</p><p>This is was an multicenter retrospective study of patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM enrolled in the International Myeloma Foundation (IMF) immunotherapy database and treated with teclistamab at 7 academic centers across 5 countries between May 2022-Dec 2023. This study received approval from the Institutional Review Boards of the respective participating institutions and inidivdual patients were consented in accordance. Frailty categorization was done using the simplified frailty index and patients categorized as fit (score 0-1) or frail (≥ score 2) [2].</p>","PeriodicalId":18109,"journal":{"name":"Leukemia","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LeukemiaPub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02557-y
Chiara Rompietti, Francesco Maria Adamo, Daniele Sorcini, Filomena De Falco, Arianna Stella, Giovanni Martino, Barbara Bigerna, Erica Dorillo, Estevão Carlos Silva Barcelos, Angela Esposito, Clelia Geraci, Roberta Arcaleni, Jessica Bordini, Lydia Scarfò, Emanuela Rosati, Paolo Ghia, Brunangelo Falini, Paolo Sportoletti
{"title":"Bcor loss promotes Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with Notch1 activation in mice","authors":"Chiara Rompietti, Francesco Maria Adamo, Daniele Sorcini, Filomena De Falco, Arianna Stella, Giovanni Martino, Barbara Bigerna, Erica Dorillo, Estevão Carlos Silva Barcelos, Angela Esposito, Clelia Geraci, Roberta Arcaleni, Jessica Bordini, Lydia Scarfò, Emanuela Rosati, Paolo Ghia, Brunangelo Falini, Paolo Sportoletti","doi":"10.1038/s41375-025-02557-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-025-02557-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Richter’s transformation (RT) is an aggressive lymphoma occurring upon progression from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Despite advances in deciphering the RT genetic architecture, the mechanisms driving this disease remain unknown. BCOR disruptive mutations were found in CLL and frequently associated with <i>NOTCH1</i> aberrations, a common feature in CLL and RT. We engineered mice to knock-out Bcor in B and CLL cells of Eμ-<i>TCL1</i> mice. Bcor loss resulted in alterations of the B cell compartment and favored CLL transformation into an aggressive lymphoma with reduced survival in Eμ-<i>TCL1</i> mice. RNA-sequencing demonstrated a molecular signature reminiscent of human RT and implied the involvement of the T cell tumour microenvironment in the disease onset. Bcor deficiency was associated with Notch1 activation in splenic CD19 + CD5+ cells to accelerate Eμ<i>-TCL1</i> mice lymphoproliferation. Notch1 inhibition progressively reduced circulating CD19+ CD5+ and RT cells infiltrating the spleen of diseased mice with concomitant reduction of PD-1 expressing T cells and improved survival. Our data demonstrated an interplay between the tumour suppressor activity of Bcor and Notch1 in RT pathogenesis with potential for tumour targeting. This model represented a new platform to uncover promising alternatives for this incurable tumour.</p>","PeriodicalId":18109,"journal":{"name":"Leukemia","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143661354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LeukemiaPub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02532-7
Bijal D. Shah, Ryan D. Cassaday, Jae H. Park, Roch Houot, Aaron C. Logan, Nicolas Boissel, Thibaut Leguay, Michael R. Bishop, Max S. Topp, Kristen M. O’Dwyer, Dimitrios Tzachanis, Martha L. Arellano, Yi Lin, Maria R. Baer, Gary J. Schiller, Marion Subklewe, Mehrdad Abedi, Monique C. Minnema, William G. Wierda, Daniel J. DeAngelo, Patrick Stiff, Deepa Jeyakumar, Daqin Mao, Sabina Adhikary, Lang Zhou, Tsveta Hadjivassileva, Rita Damico Khalid, Armin Ghobadi, Olalekan O. Oluwole
{"title":"Three-year analysis of adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with brexucabtagene autoleucel in ZUMA-3","authors":"Bijal D. Shah, Ryan D. Cassaday, Jae H. Park, Roch Houot, Aaron C. Logan, Nicolas Boissel, Thibaut Leguay, Michael R. Bishop, Max S. Topp, Kristen M. O’Dwyer, Dimitrios Tzachanis, Martha L. Arellano, Yi Lin, Maria R. Baer, Gary J. Schiller, Marion Subklewe, Mehrdad Abedi, Monique C. Minnema, William G. Wierda, Daniel J. DeAngelo, Patrick Stiff, Deepa Jeyakumar, Daqin Mao, Sabina Adhikary, Lang Zhou, Tsveta Hadjivassileva, Rita Damico Khalid, Armin Ghobadi, Olalekan O. Oluwole","doi":"10.1038/s41375-025-02532-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-025-02532-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brexucabtagene autoleucel (brexu-cel) is an autologous anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy approved in the US to treat adults aged ≥18 years (≥26 years in the EU) with relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Brexu-cel showed an overall complete remission (CR)/CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi) rate of 73% (CR rate 60%) and median overall survival (OS) of 25.4 months in 78 patients with R/R B-ALL after 2 years in ZUMA-3. Here, we report updated outcomes after >3 years median follow-up. As of July 23, 2022, median follow-up in all patients (<i>N </i>= 78) was 41.6 months. Median OS (95% CI) was 25.6 months (1.2-47.0; <i>N </i>= 78) and was 38.9 months (25.4–not estimable) for responders (<i>n </i>= 58), with 9 patients in ongoing remission without subsequent therapies. Five deaths (none deemed brexu-cel–related) occurred since prior data cut. Benefits from brexu-cel were maintained regardless of age, prior therapies, and subsequent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). Subsequent alloSCT was not associated with survival benefit among responders versus responders without subsequent alloSCT. No secondary T-cell malignancies were reported in ZUMA-3 with long-term follow-up.</p><figure></figure>","PeriodicalId":18109,"journal":{"name":"Leukemia","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143653531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LeukemiaPub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02562-1
Shengjie Li, Jun Ren, Jianing Wu, Zuguang Xia, Yingzhu Li, Chengxun Li, Wenjun Cao
{"title":"Establishment and molecular characterisation of patient-derived organoids for primary central nervous system lymphoma","authors":"Shengjie Li, Jun Ren, Jianing Wu, Zuguang Xia, Yingzhu Li, Chengxun Li, Wenjun Cao","doi":"10.1038/s41375-025-02562-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-025-02562-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) exhibits substantial intratumoural and intertumoural heterogeneity, complicating the development of effective treatment methods. Existing in vitro models fail to simulate the cellular and mutational diversity of native tumours and require prolonged generation times. Therefore, we developed a culture method for patient-derived PCNSL organoids (CLOs) and evaluated the organoids through extensive molecular characterisation, histopathological analysis, single-nucleus RNA sequencing, bulk RNA sequencing and whole-exome sequencing. These CLOs accurately mimicked the histological attributes, gene expression landscapes and mutational profiles of their original tumours. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing also revealed that CLOs maintained cell-type heterogeneity and the molecular signatures of their original tumours. CLOs were generated within 2 weeks, demonstrating rapid development and reliability. Therapeutic profiling was performed on three selected CLOs treated with four standard drugs. The CLOs exhibited specific sensitivity to methotrexate, and resistance to dexamethasone, ibrutinib and rituximab, suggesting that CLOs may be valuable tools for reflecting drug sensitivities. Taken together, these results emphasise that CLOs effectively emulate the key characteristics of PCNSL, increasing the understanding of the genetic landscape of this complex disease. CLOs provide a rapid and reliable platform for exploring individualised treatment strategies, potentially accelerating the transition of research findings to clinical practice.</p><figure></figure>","PeriodicalId":18109,"journal":{"name":"Leukemia","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143640646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}