Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Association between fruit and vegetable intake and body mass index of postgraduate students at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","authors":"Rui Fen Teoh, Norhasniza Yaacob, Sitti Junaina Musa, Muhammad Asyaari Zakaria, Hui Yuan Lau, Wun Chin Leong, N. Saat, S. F. Masre","doi":"10.28916/lsmb.5.1.2021.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28916/lsmb.5.1.2021.79","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Malaysian Dietary Guidelines recommended that at least two servings of fruits and three servings of vegetables be consumed daily. However, is there a relationship between daily fruit and vegetable intake and body mass index (BMI)? The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and BMI among postgraduate students in the health sciences. Methodogy: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 44 postgraduate students from the 2019/2020 batch of health sciences took partn in this study. Respondents were asked to complete three parts of the questionnaire: socio-demographic data, anthropometric measurements, and self-administered questions. Results: The majority of respondents are female (n=44, 77.3%), and they are mainly Malay (n=22, 50.0%). The average BMI of all respondents is 23.76±4.83. This study found that majority of respondents did not meet the recommended daily fruit (n=31, 70.5%) and vegetable intake (n=23, 52.3%). Discussion: The study discovered a significant relationship (p<0.05) between age and daily vegetable intake. However, there was no significant relationship (p>0.05) between gender, age, BMI, waist circumference, and daily fruit intake. Moreover, neither daily fruit nor vegetable intake predicted changes in BMI. Conclusion: This study found that the consumption of fruits and vegetables among postgraduate students was unsatisfactory and lower than recommended guidelines.","PeriodicalId":18068,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75233937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac and coronary artery study on sudden death cases in Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz","authors":"Shih Sheng Soo, S. B. Budin, Ismarulyusda Ishak, F. Nor, Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar","doi":"10.28916/LSMB.5.1.2021.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28916/LSMB.5.1.2021.77","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sudden death (SD) is defined as an unexpected natural death within an hour onset of symptoms or unwitnessed death that occurs within 24 hours, which accounts for most cardiovascular deaths in Malaysia. This study aimed to evaluate the extent of histopathological changes in the heart and to study the demographic trend in SD cases in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: Specimens from all SD cases were received from 2017 to 2018 by the Forensic Unit, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Mukhriz (HCTM) were studied. The specimens were the left ventricular myocardium and left anterior descending artery (LAD), which were fixed in 10% formalin with haematoxylin and eosin staining. The tissues were graded histologically based on changes such as arterial occlusion, myocardial infarction, and/or thrombus formation. Results: Out of 545 medicolegal deaths, only 25 cases (4.6%) had samples available for analysis. Among these 25 patients, 24 (96%) were male patients and only one (4%) was a female patient. The available samples were from patients aged between 30 to 79 years old. In terms of ethinicity, Malays (40%) were the most numerous, followed by patients of Chinese and Indian ethnicities.The majority of the SD cases had a body mass index (BMI) that ranged between underweight (56%) and obese (40%). Besides, there were 10 (40%) cases of coronary artery with atheroma and 15 (60%) cases of myocardial infarction. The most common presentation of atherosclerosis was grade III and IV, and acute MI was the most common presentation at death, followed by healed infarcts and old infarcts. Discussion and Conclusion: Our findings reflect worsening risk factor levels in cardiovascular diseases, compounded by demographic trends. Further studies on biomarkers specific for cardiac diseases are warranted to understand imminent sudden cardiac death.","PeriodicalId":18068,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87302850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon utilization phenome of Leptospira interrogans serovar Manilae strain K64","authors":"Ailyn Manglicmot-Yabes, M. VillanuevaSharonYvetteAngelina, N. Gloriani","doi":"10.28916/LSMB.5.1.2021.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28916/LSMB.5.1.2021.76","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Leptospirosis, an acute febrile disease caused by the pathogenic species of genus Leptospira, is one of the neglected emerging zoonoses that is of global public health concern. The recent genus-wide sequencing of Leptospira isolates led to the need for better understanding of the complex metabolic mechanisms of this organism. However, majority of the published studies on Leptospira metabolism were still the pioneering works of Baseman and Cox in the 60’s and their contemporaries. Knowledge on the carbon sources that supports the growth of a Leptospira species will not only contribute to the limited metabolic studies but will further support the reported genes and metabolic pathways of this organism. Objective:  Thus, this study aimed to describe the carbon utilization phenome of Leptospira interrogans serovar Manilae strain K64, one of the dominantly circulating pathogenic Leptospira in the Philippines. Methods:  A previously optimized BiologTM Gen III sole carbon utilization phenotype microarray assay protocol for leptospires was adapted. Results:  L. interrogans serovar Manilae strain K64 showed utilization of 29 carbon sources belonging to sugars and sugar derivatives, amino acids, methyl ester, carboxylic acid and fatty acids. These were N-acetyl-β-D-mannosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, D-fructose, D-galactose, 3-methyl glucose, D-fucose, L-fucose, L-rhamnose, inosine, D-fructose-6-phosphate, D-gluconic, D-glucuronic acid, glucuronamide, D-saccharic acid, D-aspartic acid, D-serine,  L-alanine, L-arginine,  L-histidine, L-pyroglutamic acid, L-serine, D-lactic acid methyl ester, citric acid, D-malic acid, L-malic acid, alpha ketoglutaric acid, alpha ketobutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid.  Discussion and Conclusion:  The carbon sources utilized by L. interrogans serovar Manilae strain K64 agreed well with the identified genes and metabolic pathways among Leptospira species.  Moreover, these 29 carbon sources have been previously reported to be associated in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, histidine, sulfur, amino acids, and isoleucine and in other metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, pentose-phosphate, pyruvate and fatty acid in Leptospira spp.","PeriodicalId":18068,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80025619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction and investigation of plasmid-induced effects on growth of GFP-expressing Salmonella strains","authors":"Ubaidah Naim Taraq Naem Zia, Deepah Samynathan, Hasni Idayu Saidi, G. T. Selvarajah, Y. Cheah","doi":"10.28916/LSMB.5.1.2021.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28916/LSMB.5.1.2021.73","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacteria such as the Salmonella species had been extensively studied not only for its mechanism of pathogenicity, but for its beneficial utilisation in bacterial-mediated tumour therapy. Genetically modified bacterial strain, BDLA Salmonella Agona (BDLA S. Agona) had shown great promise as tumour targeting and suppressing agent. By, constructing green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing of this strain, it would be beneficial as it could be used to further study the interaction of the BDLA S. Agona strain with various cancerous cells and the host at the systemic level. However, GFP plasmid-induced strains may exhibit growth defects, and this was investigated in this study. Methods: The GFP-transformed Salmonella strains were constructed, and the replication rate of the strains were investigated using the BacterioScan™ 216R instrument. The replication rate between the strains was compared from the 24-hour data collected and analysed as growth curves. The 24-hour growth curves were constructed using the Log CFU/mL and OD650 data collected by the instrument. Results: It was observed from the growth curves that the transformation of the GFP plasmid into different Salmonella strains did not affect the replication rate of the bacteria. Discussion and Conclusion: This finding answers the objective of the study, and it was concluded that incorporation of the GFP plasmid does not cause any negative effect on bacterial growth. GFP-transformed Salmonella, specifically the BDLA S. Agona strain, could be utilised as a powerful tool for future studies on the mechanism of tumour suppression and real-time in vivo biodistribution of the strain.","PeriodicalId":18068,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82148264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics - an emerging silent menace to public health","authors":"L. Pang, Shola Sonagara, Oreoluwatomide Oduwole, C. Gibbins, T. K. Nee","doi":"10.28916/LSMB.5.1.2021.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28916/LSMB.5.1.2021.72","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few decades, microplastics have become increasingly ubiquitous in the environment and now contaminate the bodies of many living organisms, including humans. Microplastics, as defined here, are plastics within the size range 0.1 μm and 5 mm and are a worrying form of pollution due to public health concerns. This mini-review aims to summarise the route of entry of microplastics into humans and explore the potential detrimental health effects of microplastics. Trophic transfer is an important pathway for microplastic to be transferred across different groups of organisms, with ingestion is regarded as one of the major routes of exposure for humans. Other pathways include inhalation and dermal contact. The health consequences of microplastics manifest because these materials can translocate into the circulatory system and accumulate in the lungs, liver, kidney, and even brain, regardless of the route of entry. Health effects include gastrointestinal disturbances such as inflammation and gut microbiota disruption, respiratory conditions, neurotoxicity and potential cancers. Overall, while it is apparent that microplastics are causing adverse effects on different biological groups and ecosystems, current research is largely focused on marine organisms and aquaculture. Therefore, more studies are needed to investigate specific effects in mammalian cells and tissues, with more long-term epidemiological studies needed on human population considered to be at high-risk due to socioeconomic or other circumstance. Knowledge of the toxicity and long-term health impacts of microplastics is currently limited and requires urgent attention.","PeriodicalId":18068,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88042905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the whitten effect based on vaginal cell characteristics, vulva appearance and behavior in grouped female mice","authors":"Nur Hannan Zakaria, S. Sukardi","doi":"10.28916/lsmb.3.8.2019.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28916/lsmb.3.8.2019.56","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pheromones are chemicals produced by an animal that affects the behavior of another animal or the same species. Information conveyed includes location, presence of food or threat, sexual attraction, courtship, and dam–pup interactions. Pheromones are used widely in laboratory mice facilities to synchronize estrus and simultaneous breeding for logistic purposes. Female mice housed together in the absence of the male exhibit the Lee-Boot effect of lengthened diestrus or ovarian inactive period of up to several weeks. Whitten effect is described when a large number of female mice housed together in the absence of the male and having diestrus, will enter estrous 48 to 72 hours later upon exposure to male odors or male mouse urine soaked-bedding. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the time taken for the Whitten effect to occur based on changes in vaginal cell characteristics, vulva appearance and behavior in grouped female mice. Methodology: Ten female mice were acclimatized to the animal facility for 3 estrus cycles or 12 days.  Phases of the estrus cycle were evaluated by visual observation to assess changes to the vulva and vaginal cytology. Male urine soaked-bedding were exposed to females for 3 days and the time taken for the Whitten effect to occur was determined based on changes in vaginal cell characteristics, vulva appearance and observation of behavior. Result: The Cochran's Q test was used to observe the changes from diestrus to proestrus and later estrus. The results showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the number of mice that successfully enter the proestrus and estrus phases over a four time point, ?2 (2) = 18.857. Conclusion: The Whitten effect occurs after 72 hours of exposure to male urine soaked-bedding based on vulva appearance, vaginal cell characteristics and behavior in grouped female mice.","PeriodicalId":18068,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84147545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absence of 1061C deletion in A2 blood subgroup validated through gene sequencing in the Malaysian population","authors":"Aruna Anbukarsu","doi":"10.28916/lsmb.3.5.2019.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28916/lsmb.3.5.2019.27","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: ABO blood grouping is an important antigenic blood typing tools in blood transfusion and organ transplants. Mismatching of blood during transfusion would lead to undesired transfusion reactions. Due to rare occurrence of rare blood group such as A2 subtype, regular blood grouping technique would have missed the identification of blood group. Objectives: In this study, the identification of A2 subgroup using routine serological technique was validated via DNA sequencing technique. Materials and Methods: A total of 656 students participated in this study consist of Malay (87.0 %), Chinese (0.4 %), Indian (11.4 %) and others ethnic group (0.9%) respectively. Monoclonal antisera A, B, AB, D, A1 lectin and H lectin were used to identify the antigen on red blood cells. DNA sequence analysis was applied to examine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at position 467 (substitution of C>T) and 1061 (deletion of C) on coding region of ABO gene. Results: Our findings showed of 656 blood samples, 256 (39.0%) were blood group O, 190 (29.0%) were blood group B, 179 (27.3%) were blood group A and 31(4.7%) were blood group AB. The frequency of A1 subgroup is 177 (99.0%) and A2 subgroup is 2 (1.0%). From 179 A blood group, only 2 samples showed negative reaction towards anti-A1 lectin. DNA sequence analysis revealed the SNPs at nucleotide 1061 position in sample 2, however this mutation was absence in sample 1, suggesting presence of another mutation that may result in the A2 phenotype. Conclusion: The current study reported the absence of 1061C deletion in A2 blood group sample among Malaysian population.","PeriodicalId":18068,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72779551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of EPA+DHA from yellow-stripe scad and salmon on platelet and endothelial cell-related cytokines of healthy overweight Malaysians","authors":"A. Yakubu, A. Azlan, Loh Su Peng, I. Ismail, S. Noor","doi":"10.28916/lsmb.3.8.2019.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28916/lsmb.3.8.2019.28","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Overweight currently has become a major global burden. Salmon is one of the major sources for fish oil to treat inflammatory related cardiovascular diseases. Yellow-stripe scad (YSS) on the other hand, is a local Malaysian fish which can be a good substitute for salmon; however, the therapeutic effects of YSS is still unclear. Objective: Therefore, this study compared the nutritional values EPA+DHA of YSS and salmon on body mass index (BMI), leptin and activation markers for both platelet and endothelial cell. Methods: Healthy overweight Malaysian adults (n=45), aged 21-55  years old, were recruited for 6-months cross-over trial study. They were randomised equally to receive eight weeks of either steamed whole YSS fish or salmon fillet, for three days per week, obtaining approximately 7000 mg EPA+DHA weekly. The diets were switched after an eight-week washout period. Baseline dietary fish intakes were similar in the two groups. Both YSS and Salmon elevated EPA+DHA level of  leptin, platelet  and endothelial cell phospholipid membrane (data not shown). Body mass index (BMI), serum leptin and biomarkers of platelet and endothelial cell activation (sCD40L, P-selectin, IL-1?, vWF and VCAM-1) were evaluated.  Results: The comparison of data indicated no significant difference was observed after the treatment with YSS and salmon on pre and post BMI (p>0.05). However, there were significant differences observed in serum leptin for YSS-baseline group I and salmon-baseline group II (p 0.05). Significant decreased were also observed in serum vWF and VCAM-I in salmon/baseline group II (p 0.05).","PeriodicalId":18068,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82648736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Torque Teno Virus and Hepatitis: A review on correlation.","authors":"Siti Nurzulaikha Hazanudin, Zulkefley Othman, Z. Sekawi, C. Y. Kqueen, Rasnaizam Rasdi","doi":"10.28916/LSMB.3.6.2019.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28916/LSMB.3.6.2019.31","url":null,"abstract":"Torque teno virus (TTV) is one of the “orphan” virus that have been discovered almost two decades ago, with little information on the relationship of the infection to any diseases. It is one of the 45% of commensal virus which was found throughout the population and becoming one of the most extensively studied viruses on its prevalence among various level of health status. From healthy blood donors to patients who suffered severe illness, TTV infection level seems to be high and the findings has triggered an interest from the researcher. Even though the study on TTV prevalence is actively performed, the actual pathogenesis of TTV to any specific diseases is yet to be ascertained. Many suggestions on the possible association of TTV infection with severe diseases such as acute respiratory diseases, liver-related diseases and even cancer have been discussed. However, one type of diseases which might have an association with TTV is hepatitis. Albeit, it remains a theory as the actual pathogenicity of TTV is not fully understood.","PeriodicalId":18068,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79066448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Inhibited Dopamine Synthesizing Cell Model of AADC Deficiency","authors":"Melati Khalid","doi":"10.28916/LSMB.3.6.2019.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28916/LSMB.3.6.2019.24","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADC) is a rare autosomal recessive pediatric neurotransmitter disease. To date it remains poorly understood mainly due to an absence of a disease model. The dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell SH-SY5Y was chosen to develop our AADC deficiency model. These cells are not native dopamine synthesizers. Objective: To develop a dopamine-producing cellular model of AADC deficiency using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Methods: Dopamine pathway proteins were identified with Western Blotting. Dopaminergic differentiation was attempted using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) with dopamine detection via HPLC-ECD post alumina extraction. Treatment with L-DOPA provided SH-SY5Y with excess precursor. RT-PCR was used to determine the expression of markers of mature neurons. Results: Western Blot screening identified AADC, dopamine β-hydroxylase and tyrosine hyrdoxylase proteins, indicative of a dopaminergic pathway. ATRA was unsuccessful in producing dopamine from the cells. L-DOPA treatment however, generated dopamine first visible as a HPLC-ECD peak 30 minutes post-incubation. Prior to this, SH-SY5Y dopamine synthesis from L-DOPA has never been documented. This de novo synthesis is then inhibited using benserazide to form our AADC deficiency cell model. RT-PCR showed that SH-SY5Y cells express markers of mature neurons in its ‘native’ state and is not affected by L-DOPA and benserazide treatment. This cell model will potentially benefit many areas of AADC deficiency research. Conclusion: SH-SY5Y cells produced HPLC-ECD measureable amounts of dopamine with the addition of L-DOPA. Our model of AADC deficiency is generated by quelling the dopamine production with Benserazide.","PeriodicalId":18068,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74248449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}