Legal and Criminological Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Dissociative amnesia – A valid construct for repressed memories","authors":"Hans J. Markowitsch,&nbsp;Angelica Staniloiu","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.12276","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.12276","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dissociative amnesia or psychogenic amnesia are established diseases in psychiatry, but their existence and aetiology are sometimes questioned by researchers working primarily in experimental fields of psychology. The validity of the diagnoses is defended by (a) pointing to the for centuries existing tradition of the disease conditions, (b) their likely aetiology in the context of (repeated) situations of learned helplessness, stress, and trauma, and (c) and a downregulation of emotional reactivity. Dissociative amnesia is defined as a memory blockade, usually induced by an adverse environment for which appropriate coping strategies are lacking. The influence of a lack of psychic wellbeing on the brain is worked out by pointing to results from structural and functional brain imaging and by using the examples of Takotsubo-cardiomyopathy and transient global amnesia. Concomitant psychiatric disease conditions and specific personality traits of patients with dissociative amnesia are discussed. It is concluded that dissociative amnesia is a valid concept with distinct neural correlates that withstands the criticisms of a few experimental psychologists.</p>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"30 S1","pages":"5-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative “truths” of repressed memories: Views of judges of the Israeli supreme court","authors":"Israel Nachson","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.12275","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.12275","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Memory of childhood sexual abuse: Forgotten and recovered</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three cases of allegations of childhood sexual abuse committed by fathers on their daughters have been brought to the attention of the Israeli Supreme Court. The prosecution was based on recovered memories of traumatic experiences that had been completely forgotten by the plaintiffs for many years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Amnesia accounted for in terms of repression</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The expert witness for the prosecution accounted for the long amnesia in terms of unconscious repression of the traumatic memories.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 <h3> Recovered memory: Veridical or false?</h3> \u0000 <p>The repression hypothesis has encountered severe theoretical and methodological criticisms which have cast doubt on the very existence of this mechanism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Proposal for a solution of the dilemma</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This controversy, which has far-reaching legal implications, may be reconciled by adopting the notion of multiple “truths”, and by accepting recovered memory allegations only when corroborated by external evidence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"30 S1","pages":"76-84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lcrp.12275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflections on British False Memory Society cases, middle ground, and inferring internal mental processes","authors":"Lawrence Patihis,&nbsp;Kevin Felstead","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.3_12274","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.3_12274","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Nachson's commentary (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) reveals that although Israel has some differences in dealing with recovered memory cases, there are some similar concerns. On the one hand, Israel deals with such cases with professional judges, and not juries as is usually done in the UK. Nachson notes that these professional judges can be affected by the emotional testimony of the accusers, as opposed to the less emotional accused. This may be a similar dynamic in the UK, but just with jurors. Nachson also relays the fascinating example from an Isreali court case in which an expert witness for the prosecution elevated the memory evidence to such a degree that it trumped other considerations. As we reflect on our data in light of Nachson's comments, it occurs to us that we should point out that out of the total 2364 cases shown in our Table 1 (Patihis &amp; Felstead, &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) only 227 were found guilty in a court of law, which is 10% of cases. In other words, the legal system may work well in most cases, though the number found guilty out of those in which police pursue a case was 27%. We appreciate Nachson's (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) concurrence on objective truth in cases, which clarifies his meaning Nachson (&lt;span&gt;2025-a&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Krackow et al.'s (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) commentary mentions that to reduce wrongful convictions as false memory stories go out of fashion in the media, that regular reminders of the problem be communicated to the public. This is a good idea that could be extended to legal professionals as well. Their second suggestion of false memory societies recording eating disorders, self-harm, and therapy use, are excellent and insightful of the qualitative pattern we have seen in the cases in the caseload files. Almost all cases involved therapy, though we did not quantify that in our data. Krackow et al.'s final suggestion is perhaps the unarticulated conclusion of our data: that practitioners should avoid using memory recovery or enhancement techniques.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To round out our commentaries, we return to a central point we made in the discussion of Patihis and Felstead (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;). The idea of a middle ground can be useful in the sense that a group of well trained scientists might hash out questions of prevalence of a problem in society, size of effects, point out each other's confirmation biases, and so on. Nevertheless, the idea of a middle ground can be a little relativistic about whether there is an objective truth to approximate to.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this regards, we think those promoting dissociative amnesia as a mental process are not being scientific, and that is as true as Freud in the 1890s, or an esteemed psychiatrist today at an elite university. A solid approach to science involves great caution in assuming invisible internal mental processes that are a step too far beyond a measurable behavior. The behaviorists were fruitful in scientific discovery, and the cognitive psychologists subsequently were admirably cautio","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"30 S1","pages":"74-75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lcrp.3_12274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two hits or two misses? A critical comment on a combined psychological and biological origin of dissociative amnesia and repressed memory","authors":"Henry Otgaar,&nbsp;Mark L. Howe,&nbsp;Lawrence Patihis,&nbsp;Ivan Mangiulli,&nbsp;Olivier Dodier,&nbsp;Rafaële Huntjens,&nbsp;Elisa Krackow,&nbsp;Marko Jelicic,&nbsp;Steven Jay Lynn","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.4_12272","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.4_12272","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Convertino et al. (<span>2025</span>) and Nachson (<span>2025</span>) both stated that biological substrates can be correlated to behaviour. Additionally, Convertino et al. noted that correlation does not imply causation. This issue concerning causation is imperative. Neuroscientific research cannot conclude whether detected neurological substrates have a causal link with dissociative amnesia/repressed memory (e.g. Taïb et al., <span>2023</span>).</p><p>Nonetheless, Markowitsch and Staniloiu (<span>2025</span>) claimed that organic brain damage is not in opposition to dissociative amnesia. They proposed the two-hit hypothesis referring to ‘an additive or synergistic interaction between psychological and physical incidents’ (Staniloiu &amp; Markowitsch, <span>2014</span>, p. 231) to explain certain dissociative amnesia cases. According to them, ‘physical incidents provide psychological or biological grounds for the development and maintenance of dissociative amnesia’ (Staniloiu &amp; Markowitsch, <span>2014</span>, p. 232). By this view, being hit on the head during a robbery (biological cause) could lead to psychological trauma and combined produce dissociative amnesia.</p><p>We are sceptical that the two-hit hypothesis is a sound hypothesis. First, this hypothesis means that whatever the antecedent (physical, psychological), traumatic memory loss can almost always be labelled dissociative amnesia. This renders the concept of dissociative amnesia/repressed memory overgeneral and unfalsifiable. Second, the two-hit hypothesis does not delineate under which conditions such interactions can occur nor what mechanism is involved. Thus, it is not a hypothesis but merely a description of factors potentially underlying traumatic memory loss (Roberts et al., <span>2013</span>). Proposing that two hits cause traumatic memory loss, while there is no causation, is a miss in this field.</p><p><b>Henry Otgaar:</b> Conceptualization; formal analysis; methodology; project administration; visualization; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing. <b>Mark L. Howe:</b> Writing – original draft; writing – review and editing. <b>Lawrence Patihis:</b> Writing – original draft; writing – review and editing. <b>Ivan Mangiulli:</b> Formal analysis; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing. <b>Olivier Dodier:</b> Writing – review and editing. <b>Rafaële Huntjens:</b> Formal analysis; writing – review and editing. <b>Elisa Krackow:</b> Formal analysis; writing – review and editing. <b>Marko Jelicic:</b> Writing – review and editing. <b>Steven Jay Lynn:</b> Writing – review and editing.</p>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"30 S1","pages":"52-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lcrp.4_12272","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repressed Memory and Dissociative Amnesia: The Unidentified Anomalous Phenomenon of Memory Loss","authors":"Henry Otgaar,&nbsp;Mark L. Howe,&nbsp;Lawrence Patihis,&nbsp;Ivan Mangiulli,&nbsp;Olivier Dodier,&nbsp;Rafaële Huntjens,&nbsp;Elisa Krackow,&nbsp;Marko Jelicic,&nbsp;Steven Jay Lynn","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.1_12276","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.1_12276","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Renewed interest in UFOs, now called Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), gained traction in 2017 when The New York Times published three videos captured by pilots purportedly demonstrating UAPs showing manoeuvres exceeding human technology.1 The Pentagon investigated these UAPs and, recently, reports and hearings have begun to unravel the origin of these strange sightings. These investigations have shown that only a small percentage of these UAPS does not “resolve into readily explainable sources” such as weather balloons or planes.2 Moreover, these investigations have not revealed any convincing proof for an extraterrestrial origin. In this commentary, we will show that this story bears a striking resemblance with the controversial discourse of repressed memory and dissociative amnesia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;An important first task that the Pentagon undertook was to decipher whether UAPs could be explained by plausible alternative accounts. In the same vein, in the field of (alleged) memory loss, before a convincing case can be made that memory loss has a traumatic cause, other science-based explanations should be sought first (Otgaar et al., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;). For example, research has revealed that reported memory loss of autobiographical experiences can be produced by organic causes (e.g., head injury, Jelicic, &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;) or malingering (Zago et al., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). This issue is important as Markowitsch and Staniloiu (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;, p. 6) provided examples of triggers leading to dissociative amnesia such as “a head concussion” and “banged with his head against a metal door.” These are perfect examples that the memory loss might not be dissociative in nature but has a plausible cause: an organic one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The examples described in Markowitsch and Staniloiu (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) are reminiscent of a recent review by Mangiulli et al. (&lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). In this review, the authors critically examined 128 case studies of dissociative amnesia. An important finding was that in about a third of case studies, an organic antecedent was present thereby leading to the possibility that the reported memory loss might have nothing to with a dissociative origin. Therefore, the authors proposed that because it is oftentimes challenging to rule out other mechanisms (e.g., organic causes, malingering), a neutral label would be the best route to describe the memory loss such as &lt;i&gt;amnesia of uncertain aetiology&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To conclude, we argue that just like UAPs, repressed memory and dissociative amnesia should be first tested against plausible explanations such as organic amnesia or malingering memory loss. Moreover, even when these explanations cannot account for traumatic memory loss, concepts such as repressed memory and dissociative amnesia are, by default, difficult to reconcile with philosophical and evolutionary points of view (De Brigard, &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;; Patihis, &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Of course, we remain open to new data to document whether","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"30 S1","pages":"22-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lcrp.1_12276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on Otgaar et al. ‘The neuroscience of dissociative amnesia and repressed memory: Premature conclusions and unanswered questions’","authors":"Israel Nachson","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.3_12272","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.3_12272","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Like Markowitsch and Staniloiu (this issue), Otgaar et al. do not directly deal with issues associated with the concept of recovered memories. Their paper consists of a critical review of neuroimaging studies on dissociative amnesia, or memory repression. A finding of positive correlations between symptoms of dissociative amnesia and specific electrophysiological processes in the brain might have suggested a biological substrate for repression, which is a key concept in debate regarding the validity of recovered memories.</p><p>However, analysis of the data reviewed by the authors shows that the correlations between the functions of given brain areas and dissociative amnesia are both, weak and inconsistent. Furthermore, they are conceivable in terms of malingering, intentional suppression, metamemory beliefs, organic amnesia, and the like—without invoking the concept of repression. Many studies also suffer from methodological shortcomings, including misdiagnosis of dissociative amnesia. The authors therefore conclude that ‘conceptual and methodological issues strongly limit the interpretation of neuroscientific investigations of dissociative amnesia and repressed memory… [they] tell us little about whether traumatic memories can be unconsciously blocked… [and therefore] none of the proposed biomarkers are sufficiently reliable for diagnosis in clinics or legal arenas’. Consequently, they suggest that the term ‘dissociative amnesia’ be replaced by ‘amnesia of uncertain etiology’.</p><p>Since biological correlates of dissociative amnesia are discussed in two papers, the present one and the one written by Markowitsch and Staniloiu, it seems desirable to compare the two. Clearly, they lead to opposite views concerning the validity of the concept of repression. Since the two reviews are based on differential data bases, they do not factually contradict each other. Nonetheless, the implications of their reviews are contradictory in the sense that according to Markowitsch and Staniloiu the psychological concepts of repression and recovery of traumatic memories have a solid biological underpinning, whereas according to Otgaar et al. no biological foundation for these concepts has been found. Thus, Markowitsch and Staniloiu, but not Otgaar et al., consider repression biologically feasible.</p><p>Taken together, it is quite possible, of course, that some biological processes (such as those reviewed by the former) are correlated with specific behavioural manifestations, while others (such as those reviewed by the latter) are not. However, this concluding remark sounds more like a mediation between the two groups of reviewers, rather than between those arguing for or against the ‘recovered memory hypothesis’.</p>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"30 S1","pages":"51-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lcrp.3_12272","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to Nachson","authors":"Hans J. Markowitsch,&nbsp;Angelica Staniloiu","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.4_12276","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.4_12276","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"30 S1","pages":"27-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comments","authors":"Hans J. Markowitsch,&nbsp;Angelica Staniloiu","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.1_12272","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.1_12272","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"30 S1","pages":"46-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"British False Memory Society: Caseload and details by year (1993 onwards)","authors":"Lawrence Patihis,&nbsp;Kevin Felstead","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.12274","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.12274","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The British False Memory Society (BFMS) is a registered charity founded in 1993 following an epidemic of false-memory type allegations by adult accusers who claimed to have remembered childhood sexual abuse for which they previously had no cognitive recollection. Many of these accusers had entered counselling after typically suffering from anxiety, depression, and relationship problems. Many came out of therapy with what appeared to be false memories, and the accused sometimes contacted the BFMS for advice. Since its inception, the BFMS has kept a record of all calls to its telephone helpline.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this article, we document several caseload details by year from 1993 onwards.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the peak year of 1994, 268 cases were taken up by the BFMS. During recent years in the last 10 years the number of cases taken on by the BFMS oscillated around about 40 each year. The 2010s had just 3% of the total cases leading to a guilty verdict (1990s = 8%; 2000s = 17%). We found the 2000 decade to be the most likely for those accused to be imprisoned, and the most recent years the least.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conclude that although the numbers have lessened since the 1994 peak, there are still today a number of individuals being affected by allegations stemming from recovered memories.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"30 S1","pages":"54-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lcrp.12274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to Otgaar et al.","authors":"Hans J. Markowitsch,&nbsp;Angelica Staniloiu","doi":"10.1111/lcrp.3_12276","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lcrp.3_12276","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18022,"journal":{"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","volume":"30 S1","pages":"25-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}