The Light of Islam最新文献

{"title":"THE ARCHITECTURAL EPIGRAPHY OF NAQSHBANDI-MUJADDIDI TARIQAH IN CENTRAL ASIA IN THE XVIII-XIX CENTURIES","authors":"Mekhrojiddin Amonov Mr","doi":"10.47980/tloi/2020/4/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/tloi/2020/4/3","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the architectural and epigraphic monuments associated with the history of the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi tariqah in the 18th-19th centuries. Information about this tariqah is obtained based on epigraphic data. The article contains information about the murshids who carried out their activities within the “Suf Allahyar” and “Musakhonkhodja Dahbedi” branches of the Central Asian Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi tariqah in the 18th- 19th centuries, as well as information about architectural monuments and epigraphic inscriptions directly related to them. It also provides valuable information about the activities of the murshids of the tariqah Qamariddin Khuzari and Mavlono Mirmuhammad Ibrahim Khodja Samarqandi, as well as about their mausoleums and cemeteries. After Mavlono Mirmuhammad Ibrahim Khodja Samarkandi, the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi-Dakhbedi chain was continued by his disciples Muhammad Amin Khodja Dahbedi, Abdumalik Khodja Gaziraghi, Eshoni Walikhon Urguti, and Eshoni Suf Khodja, and others. From the descendants of Mavlono Mirmuhammad, Ibrahim Khodja Samarqandi came such famous people of their time as Mirmuhammad Nasriddinkhan, Mirmuhammad Fayzulla Mahzum, Mirmuhammad Sayyid Gani Mahzum, Mulla Muqaddas, Sayyid Valikhan, Eshoni Sultankhan. The scientifc novelty of the research results is substantiated by the data of epigraphic inscriptions on the tombstone installed on the grave of Mirmuhammad Ibrahim Khodja. Based on the indicated epigraphic sources, the article also contains quotations and information about the history of the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi tariqah, which is not found in manuscript sources. In our work, we used comparative, historical, and chronological research methods.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130592407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TAXATION POLICY AND LAND REFORMS IN COLONIAL MALAYA","authors":"A. Ganiyev","doi":"10.47980/tloi/2020/4/6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/tloi/2020/4/6","url":null,"abstract":"During the 18th-19th centuries, British influence started to change the situation of the economy and the society of Malaya as a whole. Steps towards the further expansion of the tin mining industry was a turning point, which affected the whole society. The British Straits Settlements of Penang, Malacca, and Singapore were established between 1786 and 1825 and were governed by the East India Company. The tin trade was thrown open to private individuals. Further developments required more labor and funds involvement and as a result, the Chinese came to the central scene and started to invest hugely in Sungei Ujong and Negeri Sembilan’s tin mining industry. This article discusses the colonial time reforms regarding Malaya’s taxation and land matters. Using library-based research, this study investigated colonial taxation and land issues. Reforms, which occurred in the last two decades of the 19th century in land relations, helped to reshape existed in pre-colonial period subsistent agriculture to the more advanced and systematized export-based income generator to the British. In the last quarter of the 19th century, there was a huge increase in exportable crop production. The rubber depression, which occurred in the 1920s, gave chance for palm oil to become successful agricultural produce. Kennedy states that many of the plantation areas were large ones; by 1933, there were 32 estates with 64,000-planted acres, and this acreage had increased to 79,000 by 1941. Authorities, in order to encourage the production of palm oil and diversify the economy, granted lands on favorable terms. This research fnds that at the end of the colonial rule the British started to use the benefcial terms for the landowners to boost production.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133998938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE ROLE OF TEST MAKING IN LEARNING PROCESS","authors":"Dilbar Xasanova, Hugh Cartwright cheonan assistant Professor","doi":"10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/18","url":null,"abstract":"Almost always with the word \"test\" a question comes to mind with four or fve possible answers. Students usually think of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) when they are told to get tested. Testing means testing students' knowledge using different types of question forms. The proposed article examines the academic performance test, which was developed by the administration of the Uzbekistan English Teachers Association (UZTEA) for Year 2 students of lyceums and colleges. The purpose of this study is to discuss test constructs and propose a more reliable version of them if the reason for the unsatisfactory results depends on the evaluation criteria. Both formal and fnal tests were developed by the administration of the Uzbekistan English Teachers Association (UZTEA). There are specifc assessment criteria and objectives based on the curriculum, consisting of four types of questions, addressing the respective four competencies, that is, to test the ability of students in the four core skills. In our study, only criteria related to reading skills will be considered. Reading comprehension questions will be reviewed following relevant developments and recommendations from experts and testing requirements. The importance of the Test Modifcation Project for English teachers is that test scores tend to be directly related to the content of the tests. The differences between the tests involved in the study and their modifed versions will be considered by the specifcity of the tests, based on certain criteria and fve principles of test design","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115207632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE SPECIFICS OF THE POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF MUSLIM COUNTRIES","authors":"Guzal Qodirova Ms","doi":"10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/3","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the peculiarities\u0000of the foreign policy of Muslim states, where the Islamic\u0000factor plays an important role in society. It is known that the\u0000religious factor manifests itself in different ways, depending\u0000on the historical heritage, culture and characteristics of the\u0000socio-political development of the country. At the same\u0000time, it has a significant impact on the foreign policy of all\u0000Muslim states. So, the Islamic factor is present both in the\u0000state foreign policy strategy and in the form of ideology\u0000promoted by non-state actors.\u0000In the state policy of Muslim countries, mainly the idea\u0000of promoting precisely “their” local form of Islam prevails.\u0000Its “soft power” after the Arab Spring has become an\u0000integral part of the new geopolitics, and even more than in\u0000the past, Muslim countries are trying to form and promote\u0000their image of a “moderate” version of Islam and adhere to\u0000it in their foreign policy.\u0000The author explores such non-state actors as, for example,\u0000the Muslim Brotherhood organization and the Islamic State\u0000(ISIS), which criticizes the existing regimes of Muslim\u0000states, casting doubt on their legitimacy. Thus, challenging\u0000existing regimes, not only in the traditional sense of power,\u0000but also in terms of religious legitimacy. Any claim of this\u0000kind is perceived by governments as an existential threat, as\u0000well as any alternative interpretations of Islam promoted at\u0000the regional or international level by other states.\u0000The article analyzes the escalation of armed confrontations\u0000and conflicts, the spread of which to neighboring countries\u0000shows that the process of geopolitical transformation is far\u0000from over, and a new balance of forces in the region has not\u0000yet been determined.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117154221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE ACTIVITY OF CHINESE MUSLIMS IN THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL LIFE OF THE COUNTRY IN THE IX-XVI CENTURIES","authors":"Odiljon Ernazaro","doi":"10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/10","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents information about the\u0000socio-political, economic, and cultural conditions in China\u0000in the 9th-16th centuries, the spread of Islam in China and its\u0000adaptation to the local culture, the participation of Muslim\u0000peoples in the social, economic, cultural life and educational\u0000process of the country. Also, it analyzes the formation of\u0000Muslim communities among the majority of followers of\u0000Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism by adapting to their\u0000religious beliefs, close to the content of Islam, and the\u0000emergence of 10 separate legal systems, such as “Zu Tang”\u0000(“Foreigner living in China” ), “Fang Ke” (“Descendants\u0000of local Muslims”), “Fang Hue” (“Schools for foreigners”),\u0000“Qadi Department” (for the resolution of Muslim religious\u0000affairs), “Triple Administration” (consisting of an imam,\u0000a khatib and a muezzin dealing with the daily affairs of\u0000Muslims), which regulated the social and religious life of\u0000Muslims in China. It was found that during the Tang, Song,\u0000Yuan, and Ming dynasties, fundamental changes occurred\u0000that contributed to the spread and development of Islam\u0000throughout China. Thanks to an active policy of national\u0000assimilation, the political status of Muslims changed,\u0000and they became the indigenous citizens of China. It was\u0000concluded that the participation of Muslims in the policy of\u0000national assimilation became the basis for the formation of\u0000new national communities based on common values, ethics,\u0000and rituals, as well as for the wider dissemination of Islamic\u0000teachings and philosophy in other parts of China.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123861648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ROLE OF WAQF PROPERTIES IN THE HISTORY OF TURKESTAN","authors":"I. Gafurova","doi":"10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/7","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of the article is to provide\u0000information about the waqf documents for real estate\u0000provided to mosques and madrassas, money amounts for\u0000land plots with signatures of officials and representatives\u0000of various segments of the population in Turkestan, in\u0000particular, Bukhara, Samarkand, Khiva, Khorezm, Tashkent.\u0000It is known that the proceeds from waqfs were used to repair,\u0000restore and maintain mosques and madrasahs, to pay monthly\u0000wages to muezzins and imams, as well as scholarships for\u0000madrasah students.\u0000Methodology: the study used the methods of historical\u0000and comparative-comparative analysis.\u0000Currently, the archives contain thousands of waqf letters\u0000created in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. As a result of\u0000studying these waqf letters, you can get detailed information\u0000about how many donations were made to a particular\u0000mosque or madrasah, who made them, where, and by whom\u0000they were signed.\u0000Referring to various historical documents, we are\u0000convinced that with the arrival of Islam in Central Asia,\u0000land, caravanserais, shops, baths, mills, and other profitable\u0000real estates, as well as money and books, became objects\u0000of waqf. In the first centuries of the spread of Islam on the\u0000territory of the present Namangan region, slaves, cattle,\u0000and tools, which are an integral part of agriculture, were\u0000presented as waqfs. Later they dropped out of the use of\u0000waqfs. In Fergana, and later in the Kokand Khanate, the\u0000khans did not use the profit from the waqf lands, but the land\u0000tax (hiraj and tanop).\u0000The article is devoted to the analysis of historical\u0000documents concerning waqfs, peculiarities of waqfs, as\u0000well as statistical data concerning Islamic architectural\u0000monuments of waqfs.\u0000 In conclusion, it was concluded that many mosques\u0000and madrassahs were built and existed on the basis of wakf\u0000donations thanks to the generosity of representatives of our\u0000people.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134561493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INFLUENCE OF US NEOCONSERVATISM ON FORMATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY PARADIGM","authors":"Mukhammadolim Mukhammadsidiqov, A. Turaev","doi":"10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/12","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the impact of neoconservative ideology on the formation of national security paradigms in the United States and reveals the impact of views and ideas put forward by U.S. neoconservatives on the formation of public administration, especially security goals in domestic and foreign policy. In particular, the role of Albert Walstetter, a well-known proponent of neoconservative views, in the formation of security concepts is discussed. The role of political philosopher Leo Strauss’s political-philosophical and military-strategic approaches in the development of neoconservative ideology and the conceptual basis of modern security problems are theoretically analyzed. It is emphasized that the assessment of the impact of neoconservative ideology on the formation of security policy in the development of political processes related to public administration in the United States depends on understanding the content of formed neoconservative security concepts. Based on the predominance of national interests based on national security approaches in the ideology of neoconservatism, the influence of neoconservatism on the interpretation of international relations as a highly conflicted, the anarchic environment is revealed in the formation of the neoconservative paradigm of security. In the following periods, the implementation of Albert Walstetter and Leo Strauss’s military-strategic ideas under the influence of neoconservatives in the US administration, in particular, the practice of proposing to continue the foreign policy course on the use of military force as a factor of national security.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132499348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE CONCEPT OF RISALAT AND ITS HISTORICAL, POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ROLE","authors":"F. Kushbayev","doi":"10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/9","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of the article is to give a\u0000clearer picture of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (peace\u0000and blessings be upon him) and his activities to spread the\u0000idea of monotheism based on the verses of the Koran. In\u0000particular, by objectively illuminating the historical essence\u0000of the formation of medieval Arab society during the period\u0000of rising, to prevent the emergence of misconceptions about\u0000Islam and its prophet in the minds of the modern young\u0000generation.\u0000The article first explains the lexical meaning of the\u0000term “risolat (mission)”, and then analyzes the ideological\u0000influence of this concept as a historical process on the\u0000political life of the Arab peoples and peoples of the world. In\u0000particular, dictionaries reveal the comparative meaning and\u0000relevance of this word, as well as its use in the Quran, the\u0000main source of Islam. In academic and traditional translations\u0000and interpretations of the meanings of the Koran into other\u0000languages, in particular Uzbek, Russian and Eng., the word\u0000“messenger” is also explained on the basis of individual\u0000comparisons - using the method of comparative analysis.\u0000At the same time, the radical changes that took place in the\u0000social and cultural life of people as a result of the mission that\u0000took place in medieval Arab society were analyzed based on\u0000a comparative method using historical facts and verses from\u0000the Koran. The article also emphasizes the need to rely on an\u0000objective approach to research in the study of the history and\u0000culture of Islam. Also, the article lists the author’s research\u0000on this topic, carried out during his scientific research. At\u0000the same time, it explains in detail with the help of examples\u0000of how the verses sent at the beginning of Islam influenced\u0000the way of life of people. It also reveals the scientific and\u0000analytical study of a separate historical period of Islam - the\u0000period of the life of the Prophet.\u0000In the final part of the article, a conclusion is made about\u0000the importance of the primary sources and the scientific\u0000heritage of our scientists in the study and coverage of\u0000historical facts.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114781346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF AUXILIARY VERBS IN ARABIC LANGUAGE","authors":"Malika Nasirova","doi":"10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/TLOI/2020/3/15","url":null,"abstract":"In Arabic, the verb takes a signifcant place among the parts of speech. Without knowing the morphological features of Arabic verbs, it is impossible to maser many of the rules of other parts of speech. This article is devoted to auxiliary verbs, which, together with the main verb, convey additional meaning to the action of the subject. In Arabic, the topic of auxiliary verbs has\u0000attracted the attention of linguiss from the early Middle Ages to the present. The mos recent sudies on this topic are collected in the works of Abbas Hasan, Musafa Galayini, Fuad Nemat, Antoine Dahdakh, Abu Bakr Abdul Ali. In this article, the issue of the semantic classifcation of auxiliary verbs is scientifcally subsantiated. According to it, verbs are divided into such semantic groups as: “verbs of being and becoming”, “beginning verbs”, “verbs denoting the proximity of an action”, “verbs denoting the likelihood of an action” and others that assign the above meanings to the main verb. “ ”كان و أخواتهاare the mos commonly used among others, they perform the function of a linking verb and require the setting of a nominal predicate in the accusative case. And in verb sentences, together with the verb-predicate, they form a complex temporary consruction. The verbs أفعال الشروعrequire the subject in the nominative and the predicate in the accusative and denote the beginning of the action of semantic verbs. The predicate after the verbs أفعال المةاربةcan be a whole sentence. Also, the verbs أفعال المقاربةcan be both semantic and auxiliary. In Arabic, auxiliary verbs are verbs of a wide variety of uses in a sentence. They not only determine the degree and sate, but also the time of action. During the research, it became known that there is another type of auxiliary verbs that demonsrate excitement, desire and feelings","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117073982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}