{"title":"Key features of chemistry and solids","authors":"Peter Townsend","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192857477.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857477.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces simple ideas of chemical bonding with a focus on glass type materials. It includes the impact of additives and impurities on strength and colour of many minerals and transparent materials, and how the same dopant ions that produce colour can alter their chemical binding when heated. It notes that many of the visual changes are totally determined by the presence of impurities included in the material, at levels as low as parts per million. Hence, thermal changes in heating or cooling can generate different results in the same material. The consequences are visually recognizable and exemplified by materials such as ceramics, glass and enamels. The chapter offers insights into changing methods of glass manufacture, the role of ion size, and their specific ways of chemically binding together. No prior knowledge of the topic is required.","PeriodicalId":180044,"journal":{"name":"The Power of Imperfections","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133986296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hints for a successful scientific career","authors":"Peter Townsend","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192857477.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857477.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"A bonus of writing a book at the end of a career is that hindsight offers thoughts on how it could have progressed more efficiently, or better exploited results and opportunities. The chapter considers many key factors that lead to success in science, with topics ranging from fields of interest, to training, promotion of image, attendance at conferences etc. Many ideas apply beyond science but are rarely widely discussed, nevertheless they’re valuable even with changing patterns of work and communications. A further factor is that it is possible to realise that knowledge should not be confined to a narrow topic area, one should recognize and welcome discoveries and thoughts even if generated by serendipity, and understand how to optimize a scientific image. Finally, scientific opinion is not always correct, even if ideas have been promoted for a very long time.","PeriodicalId":180044,"journal":{"name":"The Power of Imperfections","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128453148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imperfections in music","authors":"Peter Townsend","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192857477.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857477.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Music is a universal pleasure, but totally individual in terms of our hearing response, cultural background, and the pleasure that different performances and genres of music generate. Our hearing is also individual and varies with age and lifestyle. There are immense differences between instruments, musical scales (around 80), concert halls, audio electronics and broadcasting, plus each of us has a unique hearing response. This provides both originality and pleasure (or the reverse). All these various differences may be viewed as imperfections, or as the source that is essential to our enjoyment of music. For example, there are tangible compromises with instrument construction, such as the use of an equal temperament scale on keyboard instruments to allow one to play with different key signatures (in fact it is a highly imperfect, and significant, detuning imposed on a piano).","PeriodicalId":180044,"journal":{"name":"The Power of Imperfections","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129181090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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