LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL最新文献

{"title":"Weather Parameter’s Impact on Natural Parasitization by Campoletis chlorideae Uchida in Chickpea Ecosystem - New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal","authors":"C. Meenambigai, Arunava Samanta, Snigdha Samanta, K. S. Kumar","doi":"10.18805/lr-5187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/lr-5187","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A major biotic constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production is gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). However, the population of this pest is reduced to some extent by a solitary endo-larval parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida under field conditions. Climate change has a greater impact on natural enemies’ effectiveness used in field-level pest management. Therefore, the present study was conducted to understand the impact of weather factors on C. chlorideae parasitization rate of H. armigera in chickpea grown in the new alluvial agro-climatic zone of West Bengal. Methods: Chickpea was grown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during Rabi 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-2020, at Mondouri farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Visawavidayala, Mohanpur, West Bengal. To know the most significant weather parameter which influences C. chlorideae parasitization or parasitoid incidence, H. armigera larvae (2nd instar) collected from the field experiment were reared until cocoon formation and parasitization % was correlated with weather parameters and subsequently subjected to stepwise regression analysis. Result: The larval endo-parasitoid, C. chlorideae marked its first appearance from 3rd SMW after the appearance of H. armigera and its activity was high (68% to 72% parasitization) during the flowering to pod initiation stage and thereafter declined gradually. Among the weather variables, only temperature (maximum and minimum) had a consistent and significant negative correlation with C. chlorideae incidence and was responsible for nearly 50% C. chlorideae incidence. An increase in 1°C temperature results in a decrease of 4% parasitoid incidence. Thus, climate change in the near future will have a considerable influence on the overall survival, development and rate of parasitization of parasitoids.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17998,"journal":{"name":"LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL","volume":"54 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141353262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inoculation of Fava Bean Plants (Vicia faba L.) with a PGPR Combination Suppresses the Impact of Root-Knot Nematode and Promotes Plant Growth","authors":"B. L’taief, Wadha Alqahtani, Hamdi Wissem, Houda Elghamdi, Sami Ben Haj Ahmed, B. Sifi","doi":"10.18805/lrf-805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/lrf-805","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a class of beneficial bacteria that colonise the roots of plants and improve projected plant growth through a multivariate process. PGPR application is increasing steadily in the field of agriculture, providing an attractive mechanism to replace pesticides, chemical fertilisers and additional supplements. Methods: In this study, PGPR from rhizospheric soil collected from Abha, a city located in the southern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), were isolated and characterised to facilitate verifying the efficacy of using PGPR as a biological control to improve fava bean growth. Four bacterial isolates from the nodules of fava bean plants, S4, S5, S6 and S17, were isolated and characterised. Consequently, an investigation highlighting the impact of PGPR isolates on the preservation of fava bean plants from the root-knot nematode was conducted through a pot culture experiment. Soil infested with the nematode was added to the pots. Two commercial types of fava bean plants (Vicia faba L.) were co-inoculated with PGPR 15 days after planting. Result: The results reveal that the nodule-forming bacteria interact synergistically; this was evidenced by a prominent increase in the shoot length and dry weight of the fava bean plants that had been cultivated in the nematode-infested soil. The results also demonstrate that the overall treatment of the plants did not lead to nodule formation. The results indicate that nodule-forming bacteria could be utilised in leguminous crops to facilitate biocontrol of the root-knot nematode.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17998,"journal":{"name":"LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL","volume":" 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141373376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Groundnut as Preceding Crop Reduce Fertilizer Requirement to the Succeeding Blackgram?-Results of Field Investigation","authors":"C. Harisudan, P. Veeramani, L. Allwin, K. Sathiya, K. Sivagamy, V. Karunakaran, J. Jayakumar","doi":"10.18805/lr-5297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/lr-5297","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Intensive legume cropping system enhances the soil productivity and reduce the dependance on exterior inputs as legumes are well known for nitrogen (N) fixation by biological means. In addition, inorganic fertilizers, together with the integrated and careful use of FYM, could be an efficient option for increasing the productivity of the legume - legume cropping system. The common use of fertilizer and organics has been shown to have a synergistic effect on crop productivity, while simultaneously improving soil fertility. The residual effects of organic manures applied to previous crops may be available to subsequent crops. As a result, this experiment was designed to shed information on the usage of integrated nutrients from organic and inorganic sources on leguminous groundnut and the residual influence on subsequent blackgram. Methods: During 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21, a field experiment was undertaken at Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vridhachalam to investigate the effect of integrated nutrient management on the groundnut-blackgram cropping sequence. Four nutrient combinations for groundnut were tested in a randomized block design and the residual effect on productivity of succeeding blackgram was investigated using four fertilizer levels in a split plot design. Result: The application of 125% RDF + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 to groundnut increased growth, yield, quality, economics and soil properties, while the residual effect to succeeding blackgram resulted in significantly higher blackgram seed yield and other important parameters, which was followed by the application of 75% RDF. Among the various levels of fertilizers applied to blackgram, 75% RDF produced the highest blackgram seed yield, economics and soil characteristics compared to the other three levels.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17998,"journal":{"name":"LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141380460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DUS Characterization of Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgare L.) Genotypes for Morpho-physiological Traits under Rainfed Conditions","authors":"Khusboo Tariq, Gowhar Ali, Z. A. Dar, A. Shikari, Aflaq Hamid, A. Lone, Aman Tutlani, N. Islam, Andleeb Javaid, Rajneesh Kumar","doi":"10.18805/lr-5273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/lr-5273","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The current investigation was carried out in the year 2021-22 at Dryland Agriculture Research Station (DARS), Budgam. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications in field and completely randomized design (CRD) in vitro conditions for evaluating different traits of genotypes. DUS characterization was conducted as per the DUS testing guidelines by Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Act, Authority, Descriptors for rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) GOI, New Delhi [reproduced from Plant Variety Journal of India. Vol.1 (1), 2007]. Methods: The observations were recorded on 18 DUS characters including morphological and quality attributes and physiological characters. For all the features studied, the analysis of variance for morpho-physiological and qualitative attributes found significant differences, providing adequate chance to select the genotypes with desired qualities. DUS traits were examined in accordance with the descriptor, “state” and “code” provided for each character. Result: The observed range of variation were recorded for different traits for different genotypes. Cluster analysis for morphological, maturity, yield and quality characteristics arranged the rajmash genotypes into 11 clusters, as per Mahalanobis D2 analysis using Tocher’s method with cluster III having the maximum number of genotypes (8), followed by cluster I, II, IV and V with 6 genotypes, 2 genotypes were grouped in cluster VII and XI and the remaining clusters with 1 genotype each. Diversity analysis showed grouping of genotypes in 11 clusters, which will help in selection of genetically divergent parents for exploitation in hybridization programme and would constitute an essential gene pool for future breeding programme.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17998,"journal":{"name":"LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141385092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Growth and Productivity of Two Varieties of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) by using Different Cultivation Methods and Dates","authors":"M.A. Ali, A.T. Khaleel, S.T. Khaleel","doi":"10.18805/lrf-802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/lrf-802","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mung bean is characterized by its ability to withstand water scarcity due to its short life span, so it can be introduced into agricultural rotation systems and despite especially when there is a lack of humidity and contemporary environmental changes. Despite the importance of this crop, its productivity rate in Iraq is still low compared to global production. The dates and methods of cultivation of the mungbean crop must be determined accurately to suit the specifications of local varieties adapted to the changing environmental conditions. Methods: The field study was applied in two fields: the first in Nineveh Governorate and the second in Erbil Governorate / Republic of Iraq. Three factors included, first: two varieties of local mung bean (black and green), second: different cultivation methods (furrow and lines) and the third: planting dates (May 15, June 15 and July 15). The study was designed as a factor experiment a design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. Result: The first variety superior significantly in the two sites with the qualities of (plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, seed yield, Biological yield and harvest index. From the results of the dates, we note a significant superiority of the first date number of seeds.pod-1 while the third date significantly outperformed the germination percentage for the two sites. First planting method significant superiority in most of the studied characterists and for the two research sites. Significant superiority was recorded for the interactions of research factors and their levels.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17998,"journal":{"name":"LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legumes in Cropping System for Soil Ecosystem Improvement: A Review","authors":"Neetu Sharma, Rakesh Kumar, A.P. Singh, Rohit Sharma, Peeyush Sharma, Joysamuel Mecarty, Faraaz Farooq","doi":"10.18805/lr-5289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/lr-5289","url":null,"abstract":"Legumes are versatile crops with great potential to produce protein-rich grains, naturally fix nitrogen, and enhance beneficial microbes in the soil. In the current context of climate change and global warming, incorporating legumes into crop rotation can help mitigate the negative effects of climate change and improve soil health. Researchers at the Division of Agronomy, FoA, SKUAST-J conducted a systematic and integrative review of published studies on the effects of legumes in cropping systems for soil ecology improvement. The review included research work from different parts of the world, particularly India. The literature search was conducted between August 2023 and November 2023 and around 150 review and research papers were screened from various databases such as ARCC journals, Google Scholar, Research Gate and Scopus. Out of these, 120 papers were used to write this comprehensive review article. The article provides a detailed documentation of the significant impact of legumes in cropping systems on soil ecology improvement. It emphasizes the potential effectiveness of legumes as a strategy for maintaining soil health.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17998,"journal":{"name":"LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL","volume":"4 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141267142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of Different Doses of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Early Growth of Mung Bean Seedlings to Seed Priming under Salinity Stress Condition","authors":"Dayanji Sherpa, Shailesh Kumar, Sweta Mishra, Brahmputra Meena, Jyostnarani Pradhan","doi":"10.18805/lr-5237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/lr-5237","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Salinity impacts physiological processes, including germination, seedling development, ionic balance and water relations, leading to growth inhibition. Mung bean’s early stage is susceptible to salt stress. Our study aimed to mitigate salt stress at early stage using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) to enhance mung bean tolerance. Methods: Pot experiment was carried out to incorporate ZnO-NPs into mung bean seedlings. Two Mung bean genotypes, TMB-37 (tolerant) and MH-1314 (sensitive), were chosen. Seeds were primed with ZnO-NPs at various concentrations (0.00 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm) and shown in saline soil. Result: ZnO-NP priming notably increased germination percentage, shoot length and shoot dry weight in both genotypes. In 25-days-old seedlings, ZnO-NPs elevated antioxidant enzyme activity, proline content, especially superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) activity, while reducing lipid peroxidation and membrane injury. 1000 ppm ZnO-NPs had the negative impact on the root trait of sensitive genotype. Lower doses of ZnO-NP (50 ppm) concentrations was very effective in mitigating the adverse effect of salinity stress in both the genotypes offering a key approach for Mung bean’s salt stress mitigation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17998,"journal":{"name":"LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL","volume":"50 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140965599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Leaf Area Index and its Relationship with Growth and Yield of Fodder Cowpea as Influenced by Sources of Irrigation and Nutrients","authors":"C. Vennila","doi":"10.18805/lr-5265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/lr-5265","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fodder cowpea is an important leguminous, short duration, warm season crop widely cultivated. Though India ranks first in livestock population, the productivity is found lesser than the world average due to deficiency in availability of green fodders. As fresh water application usage is increasing for the cultivation of field crops and high value crops, fodder crops are found negligible crops but responds well to water and nutrients. Leaf area index is one of the determinative parameters for the increased yield, an attempt was made to determine the relationship between the growth and yield of fodder cowpea with the application of domestic sewage water and nutrients. Methods: studies were conducted during 2019 and 2020 to study the relationship between different sources of irrigation water and nutrients on the growth and yield of fodder cowpea. Treatments in main plot consists of irrigation with water using well water (I1), domestic sewage water (I2) and well water and domestic sewage water alternatively (I3). Treatments in sub plot consists of no nutrient (N1), Farm Yard manure alone (N2), Farm Yard manure + NPK (N3) and NPK alone (N4), in split plot design and replicated thrice. The leaf constant was determined graphically plotted in regression and used for calculation of leaf area. The relationship between leaf area index and the growth and yield parameters of fodder cowpea were determined. Result: Our investigation concluded that the application of domestic sewage water along with farmyard manure + NPK significantly increased plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and leaf area index of fodder cowpea. The data also reveals that leaf area index correlated positively with plant height, number of leaves per plant, biomass per plant and yield of fodder cowpea.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17998,"journal":{"name":"LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL","volume":"41 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140971238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Faba Bean Leaf Disease Identification through Smart Detection using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","authors":"Hie Yong Jeong, In Seop Na","doi":"10.18805/lrf-798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/lrf-798","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Legumes, such as lentils, field peas, Faba beans and chickpeas, are high in vitamins, fiber, important minerals and protein and can help avoid obesity and cardiovascular illnesses. They also contribute to ecosystem services, such as nitrogen fixation and resilience to environmental stresses. Despite a 60% increase in global pulse production from 2000 to 2021, a demand-supply gap, especially in South Asia, raises concerns about nutritional access. Since illnesses are currently an issue to the food security of faba beans, machine learning is required for efficient disease identification. Methods: This research employs Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for robust Faba bean leaf disease identification. The CNN model is trained with diverse images representing specific diseases. The study focuses on diseases like Chocolate Spot, Faba Bean Gall, Rust and Healthy leaves. Image processing involves resizing, grayscale conversion and labeling. The CNN architecture includes eight convolutional layers, four max-pooling layers and three dropout layers. The model is trained using 80% of the dataset, validated using 20% and tested for accuracy. Result: The CNN model achieves an accuracy of 99.37% during training and 89.69% during validation after 75 epochs. Confusion matrix and classification report illustrate the model’s performance. It shows high precision, recall and F1 scores for each class, indicating balanced performance. Chocolate Spot and Rust exhibit the highest precision and F1 scores. The overall accuracy is 91%, comparable to other studies on Faba bean disease detection. The study presents a CNN-based disease identification system for Faba beans, demonstrating high accuracy and balanced performance across different diseases. The model’s effectiveness is comparable to other advanced techniques. The research highlights the potential of machine learning in optimizing disease management for Faba beans. Future work could explore a broader range of diseases and incorporate hybrid machine learning algorithms for further improvement.\u0000","PeriodicalId":17998,"journal":{"name":"LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL","volume":"34 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140966464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical Factors Influencing Resistance of Black Gram to Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)","authors":"Gummadidala Chaitanya, P.S. Singh, S.V.S. Raju, P. Divya","doi":"10.18805/lr-5225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18805/lr-5225","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pulses constitute a cornerstone of the Indian diet, renowned for their rich protein content and nutritional benefits, frequently dubbed as the vegetarian’s protein powerhouse. Black gram not only provides nutritional benefits but also improves soil properties and fixes atmospheric nitrogen. If left unattended in storage, damage inflicted by three species of callosobruchus viz., C. chinensis, C. maculatus and C. analis on black gram seeds could result in substantial losses, both in quantity and quality. In the context of insect resistance, a host genotype’s ability to resist insect pests is demonstrated through non-preference, antibiosis, or tolerance, and is closely linked to the morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of the germplasm. The present study aims to pin point the specific biochemical properties of black gram seeds that contribute to their resistance against the pulse beetle. Methods: The experiment was conducted at the Department of Entomology and Agriculture Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi during 2020-21. Bioassay investigations were undertaken on twelve varieties of black gram, evaluating various parameters including oviposition, adult emergence, mean development period, growth index, susceptibility index, and the biochemical constituents that could potentially impact the proliferation of the pulse beetle population. Result: The results revealed that tannins and phenols played a significant role in providing resistance. In contrast varieties with high sugars and proteins are susceptible to pulse beetle. However, an increase in the level of phenols and tannins in seeds may interfere with consumer acceptance and these aspects can be used in the breeding programme so as to develop host plant resistance against C. maculatus.","PeriodicalId":17998,"journal":{"name":"LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL","volume":"119 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140967905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}