Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]最新文献

{"title":"[TUBERCULOSIS ANNUAL REPORT 2014--(2) Tuberculosis in Pediatric and Elderly Patients].","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2014, 49 pediatric tuberculosis (TB) patients aged 0-14 years were newly notified in Japan, with a notification rate of 0.30 per 100,000 population. Since 2006, the number of pediatric TB patients notified each year has been less than 100. Of the 49 patients, 17 (34.7%) were aged 0-4 years, 15 (30.6%) were 5-9 years, and 17 (34.7%) were 10-14 years. Until recently, the proportion of those aged 0-4 years was higher than those aged 10-14 years, but this year the proportions have become equal. Of these 49, five had meningeal TB and two had miliary TB. In terms of case detection, 19 (38.8%) sought health care, while 25 (51.0%) were identified through contact investigations. Since 2000, the number of all elderly patients (aged 65 years or older) with TB decreased rapidly, and remained stable until recently. However, the number of such patients has declined gradually since 2012. The proportion of TB patients aged 65 years or older has consistently increased to as high as 65.4% in 2014; notably, the proportion of TB patients aged 80 years or older has also increased to 37.7%. Since 1999, the TB notification rates in Japan have been consistently higher among patients aged 85 years or older than among those aged 65-84 years. The rate of notification for TB patients aged 65 years or older decreased by 3.1% from 2013 (13,227 patients) to 2014 (12,823 patients). The proportion of bacteriologically positive TB patients among the general population of pulmonary TB (PTB) patients was higher among those aged 65 years or older than among those aged 15-64 years. Among all symptomatic patients, the proportion of PTB patients with only non-respiratory symptoms increased with age to 28.5% among those aged 85 years or older. The proportion of TB patients with a patient delay of two months or longer was lower among patients aged 65 years or older than among those aged 15-64 years (14.5% vs. 28.2%), whereas the proportion of TB patients with a doctor delay of one month or longer was slightly higher among patients aged 65 years or older than among those aged 15-64 years (22.6% vs. 19.5%). Among TB patients aged 65 years or older who were newly notified in 2013, 31.4% died within one year after the initiation of TB treatment; of these patients, 18.8% died within three months. The proportion of deaths within three months after the initiation of TB treatment increased substantially with age, from 8.8% of those aged 65-69 years to 35.6% of those aged 90 years or older.</p>","PeriodicalId":17997,"journal":{"name":"Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34311334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[AN OUTBREAK OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS DUE TO DEFINITE EXOGENOUS REINFECTION AMONG ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS IN WELFARE FACILITIES].","authors":"Shinichi Iwamoto,&nbsp;Shuichi Yano,&nbsp;Emiko Nishikawa,&nbsp;Mitsuhiro Tada,&nbsp;Toru Kadowaki,&nbsp;Masahiro Kimura,&nbsp;Kanako Kobayashi,&nbsp;Toshikazu Ikeda","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We report an outbreak of 64 cases of tuberculosis (TB) that spread in a welfare facility for elderly individuals.</p><p><strong>Objective and methods: </strong>First, 64 TB patients who had contact with the source patient were screened at our hospital. We examined the time course up to the discovery of symptoms and analyzed the results for variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) and the drug susceptibility tests. Second, we performed chest computed tomography to examine lesions due to a previous TB infection.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The source patient had recurrent aspiration pneumonia. The delay in doctor consultation was considered day 0, and the delay of diagnosis was 267 days. On examining the contacts, we found that 29 patients had TB while 35 had a latent TB infection. Results of the VNTR and the drug susceptibility tests showed that all the patients who developed TB had the same pattern as that of the source patient. Chest computed tomography showed lesions due to a previous TB infection in 8 patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the results of the VNTR and drug susceptibility tests, we concluded that the outbreak was due to an exogenous infection from the same source. All 8 patients who showed lesions due to a previous TB infection were aged > 81 years, and TB in these patients was found to be due to exogenous re-infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":17997,"journal":{"name":"Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34311327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[REACTIVATION OF TUBERCULOSIS PRESENTING WITH EMPYEMA DUE TO ANTICANCER CHEMOTHERAPY FOR DIFFUSE LARGE B CELL LYMPHOMA].","authors":"Tatsuya Yuba,&nbsp;Mayumi Hatsuse,&nbsp;Mai Kodama,&nbsp;Sayaka Uda,&nbsp;Akihiro Yoshimura,&nbsp;Naoko Kurisu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 79-year-old man with a history of tuberculosis was found to have chronic empyema in the right lung and was diagnosed with malignant diffuse large-cell lymphoma (Ann Arbor stage IIE). After completion of one course of rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, pirarubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (R-CHOP) chemotherapy, the patient developed lung abscess and sepsis caused by Streptococcus intermedius. This condition was treated with antimicrobial agents, and chemotherapy was resumed. After the second course, the chemotherapy regimen was continued without prednisolone, and after administration of the third course, a chest wall mass was found in the right lung. An acid-fast bacillus smear test of the abscess aspirate was positive, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected in a polymerase chain reaction assay, leading to a diagnosis of perithoracic tuberculosis. Chemotherapy for the lymphoma was discontinued, and treatment with four oral antitubercular agents was started. This treatment led to remission of perithoracic tuberculosis. In Japan, tuberculous scar and chronic empyema are relatively common findings, and relapse of tuberculosis should always be considered for patients with these findings during chemotherapy and immunosuppressive therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17997,"journal":{"name":"Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34311333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[MYCOBACTERIUM ABSCESSUS PULMONARY DISEASE: IMPORTANT PATHOGEN INVOLVED IN MICROBIAL SUBSTITUTION DURING THE TREATMENT OF NON-ABSCESSUS MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASE].","authors":"Yoshiya Tsunoda,&nbsp;Akimasa Sekine,&nbsp;Yuki Sumazaki,&nbsp;Toru Tanaka,&nbsp;Shih-Yuan Lin,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Takoi,&nbsp;Kenji Hayashihara,&nbsp;Ataru Moriya,&nbsp;Takefumi Saito","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease is common in patients with bronchiectasis. However, the underlying disease that is more likely to be present in patients with M. abscessus pulmonary disease remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>From 2001 through 2010, all patients, whose sputum or bronchoscopic lavage cultures yielded M. abscessus, were included in the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 11 patients included (male/female: 4/7), 4 male patients had a history of smoking. All 11 patients presented with bronchiectasis on computed tomography before the detection of M. abscessus, and most patients demonstrated nodular bronchiectasis on chest computed tomography. Six patients (54.5%) developed M. abscessus pulmonary disease during treatment for non-abscessus non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease: M. avium complex pulmonary disease in 5 and M. kansasii infection in 1. Although laboratory examination yielded negative findings for non-abscessus mycobacterium when M. abscessus was detected, radiographic deterioration was observed in 4 of 6 patients. Five patients received drug therapy, 3 of whom were treated with multi-drug therapy including clarithromycin, ethambutol, and rifampicin, and the remaining 2 patients received low-dose macrolide therapy. However, M. abscessus was detected consistently in all patients, and deteriorated chest CT findings were observed in 4. Among the remaining 6 patients untreated with drugs, sputum cultures yielded. M. abscessus with radiographic deterioration in 4 patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results indicated that M. abscessus infection developed during the treatment for non-abscessus mycobacterial disease, which was mainly due to M. avium complex pulmonary disease in most patients. M. abscessus infection thus occurred via microbial substitution. This phenomenon should be considered an important issue during the treatment for non-abscessus mycobacterial disease, which requires long-term medication.</p>","PeriodicalId":17997,"journal":{"name":"Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34311332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[USE OF QuantiFERON-TB Gold in Tube AND T-SPOT.TB FOR DIAGNOSING PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS].","authors":"Niro Okimoto,&nbsp;Takeyuki Kurihara,&nbsp;Naoyuki Miyashita","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We analyzed the use of QFT-TB Gold in Tube and T-SPOT.TB in diagnosing patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>We evaluated 122 patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (where chest X-ray showed consolidation or. tumor shadow in predilection sites of pulmonary tuberculosis and through contact investigation). QFT-TB Gold and T-SPOT.TB were performed for all the patients. The positive response rate and history of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who showed positive results for the tests were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ninteen patients showed positive results for QFT-TB Gold, and 9, for T-SPOT.TB. Four patients showed positive results for QFT-TB Gold, and 3, for T-SPOT.TB in 4 patients with active tuberculosis. The patients without active tuberculosis whose IGRAs were positive (old pulmonary tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium cmplex, pneumonia, lung cancer, pulmonary sequestration, bronchiectasis) had a past history of pulmonary tuberculosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The positive result rate of QFT?-TB Gold was higher than that of T-SPOT.TB in the subjects with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. We think that QFT-TB Gold reflected the past history of pulmonary tuberculosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17997,"journal":{"name":"Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34311331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[CLINICAL UTILITY OF T-SPOT.TB ASSAY WITH T-Cell Xtend REAGENT FOR ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSIS IN THE FIELD TEST AT OUR HOSPITAL].","authors":"Kenji Nemoto,&nbsp;Shuji Oh-ishi,&nbsp;Masato Taguchi,&nbsp;Kentaro Hyodo,&nbsp;Jun Kanazawa,&nbsp;Yukiko Miura,&nbsp;Takio Takaku,&nbsp;Shingo Usui,&nbsp;Kenji Hayashihara,&nbsp;Takefumi Saito","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>T-SPOT.TB (T-SPOT), an interferon-gamma release assay, has shown promise as a diagnostic tool for active tuberculosis (TB), and its use is expanding. Addition of the T-Cell Xtend (TCX) reagent may allow delayed processing, and this characteristic is important for using this test in the field. However, limited data is available on the usefulness of T-SPOT with TCX as a field test for diagnosing active TB.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the clinical utility of T-SPOT with TCX and the risk factors for a false-negative result in patients with active TB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 57 patients with active TB who underwent the T-SPOT test with TCX prior to treatment were enrolled between May 2013 and May 2015. One patient with an indeterminate result for T-SPOT was excluded; therefore, the data of 56 patients were eventually included in the final analysis. The basic characteristics and clinical findings were compared between the true-positive and false-negative T-SPOT groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 56 patients, 40 (71.4%), 13 (23.2%), 3 (5.4%) had true-positive, false-negative, and borderline T-SPOT results, respectively. This study did not reveal any significant risk factors for a false-negative T-SPOT result.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this clinical study, the proportion of patients with a false-negative result for T-SPOT with TCX for active TB was higher than that reported previously. Therefore, careful interpretation of a negative result for T-SPOT with TCX is necessary, regardless of the patient's background.</p>","PeriodicalId":17997,"journal":{"name":"Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34311326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION AMONG PRISON POPULATION].","authors":"Lisa Kawatsu,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Uchimura,&nbsp;Kiyohiko Izumi,&nbsp;Akihiro Ohkado","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Setting: </strong>We conducted a systematic review of literatures on the prevalence and incidence of latent tuberculosis infection in correctional settings, with the aim of offering one of the resources to guide establishment of policies on screening for and treating LTBI among prisoners in Japan.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Using the keywords \"latent tuberculosis AND (prison OR jail OR correctional)\" and \"tuberculosis infection AND (prison OR jail OR correctional)\", we conducted a systematic review of relevant literatures on PubMed and secondary searches from the reference list of primary sources. We limited our search to those original articles published since 1980, and in English.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>55 articles were identified, and 15 were subject to the systematic review. Of the 12 articles on prevalence of LTBI, 5 were from middle and high-burden and 7 from low-burden countries. The average prevalence of LTBI among middle and high-burden countries was 73.0%, and among low-burden countries, 40.3%. \"Duration of incarceration\" and \"history of previous incarceration\" were identified as risk factors for high LTBI prevalence which were specific to the prison population. Incidence of LTBI among the high-burden country was 61.8 per 100 person years, while 5.9 and 6.3 in the two reports from low-burden countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prevalence and incidence of LTBI were higher than the general population, both in middle/high- and low-burden countries. The fact that \"duration of incarceration\" and \"history of previous incarceration\" were identified as risk factors indicate that high prevalence of LTBI among prison population is not just attributable to the characteristics of prisoners themselves, but also to the possibility of TB infection occurring in prison settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":17997,"journal":{"name":"Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34311330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[CHANGES IN MAC ANTIBODY LEVELS BEFORE AND AFTER SURGERY AND AT THE TIME OF RELAPSE/RECURRENCE IN MAC LUNG DISEASE--Can MAC Antibodies Be an Indicator of Postoperative Relapse/Recurrence?].","authors":"Katsuo Yamada,&nbsp;Yuuta Kawasumi,&nbsp;Ayuko Yasuda,&nbsp;Yukio Seki,&nbsp;Takashi Adachi,&nbsp;Osamu Tarumi,&nbsp;Yuuta Hayashi,&nbsp;Taku Nakagawa,&nbsp;Noritaka Yamada,&nbsp;Kenji Ogawa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients receiving surgical treatment for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), lung disease should be followed up with careful attention paid to relapse/recurrence, but there is some debate regarding the findings based on which relapse/recurrence should be diagnosed.</p><p><strong>Purpose and methods: </strong>We hypothesized that we might be able to use anti-GPL core IgA antibodies (MAC antibodies), which have been attracting attention as a factor that may support diagnosis of MAC lung disease, to diagnose postoperative relapse/recurrence. Therefore, we compared the levels of these antibodies before and at the time of relapse/recurrence, and also compared antibody titers before and after surgery.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>MAC antibody titers were elevated by an average of about 50% at the time of relapse/recurrence compared to those before relapse/recurrence for 6 patients. In contrast, MAC antibody titers were about 30% lower after surgery compared to those before surgery for 37 patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It may be possible to use MAC antibodies as an indicator of postoperative relapse/recurrence for MAC lung disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":17997,"journal":{"name":"Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34611730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[THE CURRENT SITUATION OF FOREIGN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS AND THEIR CONCURRENT HIV INFECTION IN HOKKAIDO].","authors":"Kimiyuki Ikeda,&nbsp;Hirotaka Nishikiori,&nbsp;Shun Kondo,&nbsp;Tomofumi Kobayashi,&nbsp;Tetsuya Taya,&nbsp;Yuki Mori,&nbsp;Makoto Shioya,&nbsp;Koji Kuronuma,&nbsp;Hiroki Takahashi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>According to recent news, patients with concurrent tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are increasingly common worldwide. This study aimed to investigate whether TB/HIV co-infected patients are visiting Hokkaido.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a questionnaire survey regarding foreign patients infected with TB or TB/HIV who visited Hokkaido between January 2001 and September 2014. We mailed questionnaires to health centers, AIDS treatment care hospitals, and TB hospitals in Hokkaido prefecture.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-one TB patients were of foreign nationality according to the answers obtained from health centers. Most of them were foreign students or occupational trainees between 20-30 years old. Approximately half these patients were from East Asia, and 7 patients were from Africa. As 21 % of the patients with TB who visited medical examination were over 1 month from disease onset, and the delay in visiting was recognized. The TB infection was mostly detected coincidentally during the physician visit. In the hospital survey, four TB patients with HIV were of foreign nationality. They were also of the age group from 20-30 years and hailed from sub-Saharan Africa.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>During immigration, medical examination by performing a chest radiograph is important. If the immigrant hails from an area where TB and HIV co-infection is common, it is necessary to confirm whether HIV infection is present.</p>","PeriodicalId":17997,"journal":{"name":"Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34611729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[PECULIARITY OF NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS PROGRAM, JAPAN--Public-Private Mix from the Very Beginning, and Provision of X-ray Apparatus in Most General Practitioner's Clinics].","authors":"Tadao Shimao","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) of Japan started in 1951 when Tuberculosis (TB) Control Law was legislated, and 3 major components were health examination by tuberculin skin test (TST) and miniature X-ray, BCG vaccination and extensive use of modern TB treatment. As to the treatment program, Japan introduced Public-Private Mix (PPM) from the very beginning, and major reasons why PPM was adopted are (1) TB was then highly prevalent (Table 1), (2) TB sanatoria where many specialists are working are located in remote inconvenient places due to stigma against TB, (3) health centers (HCs) in Japan are working exclusively on prophylactic activities, and minor exceptions are treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and artificial pneumothorax for TB cases, however, as it covers on the average 100,000 population, access is not so easy in rural area, (4) Out-patients clinics mainly operated by general practitioners (GPs) are located throughout Japan, and the access is easy. Methods of TB treatment was developing rapidly in early 1950s, however, in 1952, as shown in Table 2, artificial pneumothorax and peritoneum were still used in many cases, and to fix the dosage of refill air, fluoroscopy was needed. Hence, GPs treating TB under TB Control Law had to be equipped with X-ray apparatus. To maintain the quality of TB treatment, \"Criteria for TB treatment\" was provided and revised taking into consideration the progress in TB treatment. If applied methods of treatment fit with the above criteria, public support is made for the cost of TB treatment. To discuss the applied treatment, TB Advisory Committee was set in each HC, composing of 5 members, director of HC, 2 TB specialists and 2 doctors recommended by the local medical association. In 1953, the first TB prevalence survey using stratified random sampling method was carried out, and the prevalence of TB requiring treatment was estimated at 3.4%, and only 21% of found cases knew their own disease, and more than half of all TB were found above 30 years of age. Based on these results, mass screening was expanded to cover whole population in 1955, and since 1957, cost of mass screening and BCG vaccination was covered 100% by public fund. Unified TB registration system covering whole Japan was introduced in 1961, and in the same year, national government subsidy for the hospitalization of infectious TB cases was raised from 50% to 80%. Hence, Japan succeeded to organize PPM system in TB care, and with 10% annual decline of TB, in 1975, Japan moved into the TB middle prevalence country.</p>","PeriodicalId":17997,"journal":{"name":"Kekkaku : [Tuberculosis]","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34547008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}