A Concise History of Greece最新文献

Greece in the new Millennium: from affluence to austerity 新千年的希腊:从富裕到紧缩

A Concise History of Greece Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139507516.009

R. Clogg

{"title":"Greece in the new Millennium: from affluence to austerity","authors":"R. Clogg","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139507516.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139507516.009","url":null,"abstract":"Greece is rich but the Greeks are poor. Andreas Papandreou During the 1990s Greece had one of the fastest growth rates within the European Union, and its status as a fully fledged member of the Union was sealed by acceptance into the eurozone in 2001, with the euro replacing the drachma in 2002. It soon became clear, however, that EU rules relating to the permitted size of the budget deficit had been contravened. Complaints began to be heard about the inflationary effects of the adoption of the new currency, and aggrieved citizens sought to organise an unsuccessful consumer boycott in protest. There were other indications during the early years of the new millennium of a country on an upward trajectory. After almost thirty years, the incubus of the ‘17 November’ terrorist group was brought to an end. During this time it had carried out with impunity assassinations (twenty-three in all) of US military personnel and spies, Turkish and British diplomats, Greek politicians, policemen, newspaper editors, and members of what the group termed the ‘lumpen big bourgeoisie’, shipowners and industrialists. The British military attache, Brigadier Stephen Saunders, was the last victim of ‘17 November’ when, in June 2000, he was shot while his car was stuck in Athens’ notorious traffic. His killing prompted British police to assist the Greek authorities in tracking down those responsible. It was not police intelligence, however, but a blunder on the part of one of the members of the group that was to lead to its dismantling two years later. In June 2002, Savvas Xiros was seriously injured by the premature detonation of an explosive device that he was intending to plant in Piraeus. Two safe houses, and much weaponry, were quickly uncovered. Two of Xiros’ brothers were found to be implicated in what proved to be virtually a family (and money-making) enterprise. Unusually, Xiros combined planting bombs with painting religious icons, but it was clear that the principal source of the group’s funding was bank robbery. After several weeks on the run, Dimitris Koufodinas, a bee-keeper-cum-assassin responsible for many of the killings, turned himself in to the police.","PeriodicalId":178825,"journal":{"name":"A Concise History of Greece","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132401611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The legacy of the civil war 1950–74 1950 - 1974年内战的遗留问题

A Concise History of Greece Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139507516.006

R. Clogg

{"title":"The legacy of the civil war 1950–74","authors":"R. Clogg","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139507516.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139507516.006","url":null,"abstract":"The decade of the 1940s was the darkest in Greece’s independent history. The glories of her stand at the time of the Italian and German invasions during the winter of 1940/1 and the heroism of the resistance, both collective and individual, to the barbaric German, Italian and Bulgarian occupation had brought in their wake privations on an unprecedented scale. Moreover, famine, reprisals and wanton material destruction, together with the virtual destruction of Greek Jewry, had been accompanied by internecine strife that was to culminate in outright civil war between 1946 and 1949. The war of independence in the 1820s and the National Schism of the period of the First World War had laid bare profound cleavages in society. But these earlier manifestations of a society divided against itself could not compare with the ferocity of the savagely fought civil war, which was to prolong the agonies of the occupation until the end of the decade. Moreover, the atrocities committed by both sides assumed an added dimension of horror in that they were inflicted by Greek upon Greek. The old quarrel had been between Venizelists and anti-Venizelists, broadly speaking between supporters of the republic and of the monarchy, but this schism had now been overlaid by an even more fundamental division, that between communists and anti-communists. During the second half of the decade the meagre resources of the enfeebled state were not devoted, as elsewhere in Europe, to repairing the ravages of war and occupation, but rather to the containment of ‘the enemy within’. By 1949 government military and security forces numbered approximately a quarter of a million. Much of the American aid that in western Europe was being devoted to economic development was channelled into military objectives. The bourgeois order, although at times gravely threatened, was to survive. But the government’s dependence for its political and military survival on external patronage effectively made Greece a client state of the United States. Few major military, economic or, indeed, political decisions could be taken without American approval, testimony to a degree of external penetration that had scarcely existed even when British hegemony was at its height.","PeriodicalId":178825,"journal":{"name":"A Concise History of Greece","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132311121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Key dates 关键日期

A Concise History of Greece Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.3138/9781487530754-010

Craig McCaw

引用次数: 10

Nation building, the ‘Great Idea’ and National Schism 1831–1922 国家建设、“伟大理念”和民族分裂(1831-1922)

A Concise History of Greece Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/9781108953924.004

引用次数: 1

Index 指数

A Concise History of Greece Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/9781108953924.017

引用次数: 0

The consolidation of democracy and the populist decade 1974–90 民主的巩固和1974-90年的民粹主义十年

A Concise History of Greece Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/9781108953924.007

引用次数: 0

Balkan turmoil and political modernisation: Greece in the 1990s 巴尔干半岛动荡与政治现代化:1990年代的希腊

A Concise History of Greece Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139507516.008

R. Clogg

引用次数: 0

Guide to further reading 进一步阅读指南

A Concise History of Greece Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5040/9780755694549.0007

On Education, C. Adelman, Croom London, Inner London Education Authorit

引用次数: 0

Catastrophe and occupation and their consequences 1923–49 1923 - 1949年的灾难和占领及其后果

A Concise History of Greece Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/9781108953924.005

引用次数: 0

The royal houses of Greece 希腊的王室

A Concise History of Greece Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139507516.011

R. Clogg

引用次数: 0