Spie ReviewsPub Date : 2010-04-01DOI: 10.1117/6.0000006
Myung K. Kim
{"title":"Principles and techniques of digital holographic microscopy","authors":"Myung K. Kim","doi":"10.1117/6.0000006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/6.0000006","url":null,"abstract":"Digital holography is an emerging field of new paradigm in general imaging applications. We present a review of a subset of the research and development activities in digital holography, with emphasis on microscopy techniques and applications. First, the basic results from the general theory of holography, based on the scalar diffraction theory, are summarized, and a general description of the digital holographic microscopy process is given, including quantitative phase microscopy. Several numerical diffraction methods are described and compared, and a number of representative configurations used in digital holography are described, including off-axis Fresnel, Fourier, image plane, in-line, Gabor, and phase-shifting digital holographies. Then we survey numerical techniques that give rise to unique capabilities of digital holography, including suppression of dc and twin image terms, pixel resolution control, optical phase unwrapping, aberration compensation, and others. A survey is also given of representative application areas, including biomedical microscopy, particle field holography, micrometrology, and holographic tomography, as well as some of the special techniques, such as holography of total internal reflection, optical scanning holography, digital interference holography, and heterodyne holography. The review is intended for students and new researchers interested in developing new techniques and exploring new applications of digital holography.","PeriodicalId":178733,"journal":{"name":"Spie Reviews","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127294718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spie ReviewsPub Date : 2010-02-01DOI: 10.1117/6.0000005
K. Schoeffmann, F. Hopfgartner, Oge Marques, Laszlo Boeszoermenyi, J. Jose
{"title":"Video browsing interfaces and applications: a review","authors":"K. Schoeffmann, F. Hopfgartner, Oge Marques, Laszlo Boeszoermenyi, J. Jose","doi":"10.1117/6.0000005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/6.0000005","url":null,"abstract":"We present a comprehensive review of the state of the art in video browsing and retrieval systems, with special emphasis on interfaces and applications. There has been a significant increase in activity (e.g., storage, retrieval, and sharing) employing video data in the past decade, both for personal and professional use. The ever-growing amount of video content available for human consumption and the inherent characteristics of video data-which, if presented in its raw format, is rather unwieldy and costly-have become driving forces for the development of more effective solutions to present video contents and allow rich user interaction. As a result, there are many contemporary research efforts toward developing better video browsing solutions, which we summarize. We review more than 40 different video browsing and retrieval interfaces and classify them into three groups: applications that use video-player-like interaction, video retrieval applications, and browsing solutions based on video surrogates. For each category, we present a summary of existing work, highlight the technical aspects of each solution, and compare them against each other.","PeriodicalId":178733,"journal":{"name":"Spie Reviews","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132875197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spie ReviewsPub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1117/1.3028349
A. Al-hetar, A. Supa’at, A. .. Mohammad, I. Yulianti
{"title":"Multimode interference photonic switches","authors":"A. Al-hetar, A. Supa’at, A. .. Mohammad, I. Yulianti","doi":"10.1117/1.3028349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3028349","url":null,"abstract":"Photonic switches are becoming key components in advanced optical networks due to their various applications in optical communication. One of the key advantages of photonic switches is the fact that they redirect or convert light without any optical to electronic conversions and vice versa. As one type of optical switch, multimode interference (MMI) switches have received more attention in recent years due to their significant role. The structure and operation principle of various types of MMI switches are introduced, and the recent progresses of MMI switches are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":178733,"journal":{"name":"Spie Reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126441815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spie ReviewsPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1117/6.0000007
A. Luis
{"title":"Quantum-limited metrology with nonlinear detection schemes","authors":"A. Luis","doi":"10.1117/6.0000007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/6.0000007","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum mechanics limit the resolution of detection schemes. Typical arrangements are based on linear processes, so that the corresponding quantum limits are usually understood as unsurpassable and ultimate. Recently it has been shown that nonlinear schemes allow signal detection and measurement with larger resolution than linear processes. In particular, this affects the quantum limits. We review the proposals introduced so far in this novel area of quantum metrology.","PeriodicalId":178733,"journal":{"name":"Spie Reviews","volume":"12 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114116409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spie ReviewsPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1117/2.1200602.0140
C. Granqvist
{"title":"Electrochromics: Finally a Technology for Large-Scale Appli-cations?","authors":"C. Granqvist","doi":"10.1117/2.1200602.0140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/2.1200602.0140","url":null,"abstract":"Windows that can change their throughput of visible light and solar energy have long been a dream of architects and automobile manufacturers. Such windows can provide comfort and energy efficiency: simultaneously! The materials that enable the variable transmittance are often referred to as ‘chromogenic’ (a term introduced in a book published by SPIE in 1990). The optical change is induced by different factors in different materials: ultraviolet irradiation in photochromic materials, a temperature change in thermochromic materials, exposure to a reducing or oxidizing gas in gasochromic materials, an electrical voltage in electrochromic (EC) materials, etc. The EC materials allow easy user control and have the widest range of application. They can be used not only for ‘smart windows’ in buildings and cars, but also in information displays, eyewear, and in many other applications. What is an EC device? Figure 1 shows a five-layer structure on a transparent substrate (or between two such substrates). The center layer is an electrolyte, usually a polymer layer or a thin film of a hydrous oxide. On one side is a thin film of an EC layer, typically an oxide (with WO3 being widely used) or a suitable organic film. The other side of the electrolyte has a thin film serving as ion storage, with or without electrochromism. Again one can use an oxide (with NiO or IrO2 being two candidates with particularly good properties) or an organic film. Thin films of a transparent and electrically-conducting material (such as Sndoped In2O3, often referred to as ITO) are on the two sides of the central three-layer stack. Applying a voltage of only 1–2V dc to the ITO films moves charge into or out of the EC film, for which the optical absorption is then changed. If everything else in the Figure 1. Shown is the EC device design and how the ions move under an externally-applied electric field.","PeriodicalId":178733,"journal":{"name":"Spie Reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128626330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spie ReviewsPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1117/1.3534910
A. Ahmed, Yun Zhang, S. Nichols
{"title":"Review and evaluation of remote sensing methods for soil-moisture estimation","authors":"A. Ahmed, Yun Zhang, S. Nichols","doi":"10.1117/1.3534910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3534910","url":null,"abstract":"Soil-moisture information plays an important role in disaster predictions, environmental \u0000monitoring, and hydrological applications. A large number of research papers have \u0000introduced a variety of methods to retrieve soil-moisture information from different types of \u0000remote sensing data, such as optical data or radar data. We evaluate the most robust methods for \u0000retrieving soil-moisture information of bare soil and vegetation-covered soil. We begin with an \u0000introduction to the importance and challenges of soil-moisture information extraction and the \u0000development of soil-moisture retrieval methods. An overview of soil-moisture retrieval methods \u0000using different remote sensing data is presented-either active or passive or a combination of \u0000both active and passive remote sensing data. The results of the methods are compared, and \u0000the advantages and limitations of each method are summarized. The comparison shows that \u0000using a statistical method gives the best results among others in the group: a combination of \u0000both active and passive sensing methods, reaching a 1.83% gravimetric soil moisture (%GSM) \u0000root-mean-square error (RMSE) and a 96% correlation between the estimated and field soil \u0000measurements. In the group of active remote sensing methods, the best method is a backscatter \u0000empirical model, which gives a 2.32-1.81%GSM RMSE and a 95-97% correlation between the \u0000estimated and the field soil measurements. Finally, among the group of passive remote sensing \u0000methods, a neural networks method gives the most desirable results: a 0.0937%GSM RMSE \u0000and a 100% correlation between the estimated and field soil measurements. Overall, the newly \u0000developed neural networks method with passive remote sensing data achieves the best results \u0000among all the methods reviewed.","PeriodicalId":178733,"journal":{"name":"Spie Reviews","volume":"6 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129979643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spie ReviewsPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1117/6.0000003
T. Mackay, A. Lakhtakia
{"title":"Negatively refracting chiral metamaterials: a review","authors":"T. Mackay, A. Lakhtakia","doi":"10.1117/6.0000003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/6.0000003","url":null,"abstract":"Chirality extends the class of negatively refracting metamaterials by endowing a richer palette of electromagnetic properties. Chiral metamaterials can support negative refraction, which must be assessed in light of the closely related phenomenons of negative phase velocity and counterposition. Two categories of chiral metamaterials are being examined these days: (a) homogeneous and homogenizable chiral materials, as exemplified by isotropic chiral materials, Faraday chiral materials, and materials with simultaneous mirror-conjugated and racemic chirality characteristics; and (b) structurally chiral materials, as exemplified by helicoidal bianisotropic materials and ambichiral materials. The planewave response of a half-space occupied by a chiral metamaterial is complex, and important distinctions between negative refraction, negative phase velocity, and counterposition emerge.","PeriodicalId":178733,"journal":{"name":"Spie Reviews","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132965888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spie ReviewsPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1117/6.0000002
Binbin Luo, Xiaojun Zhou, Mingfu Zhao, Nianbing Zhong, Sao-fei Wang
{"title":"Recent developments in microstructured fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors","authors":"Binbin Luo, Xiaojun Zhou, Mingfu Zhao, Nianbing Zhong, Sao-fei Wang","doi":"10.1117/6.0000002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/6.0000002","url":null,"abstract":"Refractive index measurement by optical fiber sensors has proved to be effective in the research of biochemical and biomedical applications. The theoretical principles and technology underlying several microstructured fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors developed over the past decade are classified and briefly summarized, and their future developments are considered.","PeriodicalId":178733,"journal":{"name":"Spie Reviews","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131941214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spie ReviewsPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1117/6.0000001
Z. Zalevsky
{"title":"Extended depth of focus imaging: a review","authors":"Z. Zalevsky","doi":"10.1117/6.0000001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/6.0000001","url":null,"abstract":"We review approaches for extending the depth of focus of different imaging systems including the human vision system. Approaches involving digital postprocessing as well as different types of all-optical techniques are discussed. C 2010 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation","PeriodicalId":178733,"journal":{"name":"Spie Reviews","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133165066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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