Knowledge International Journal最新文献

{"title":"ANALYSIS OF BRAKE SYSTEMS IN MOTOR VEHICLES USING PRACTICAL EXAMPLES FROM THE ASPECT OF THEIR DIAGNOSTICS","authors":"S. Stefanović, S. Mladenović","doi":"10.35120/kij5403505s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/kij5403505s","url":null,"abstract":"The part of the braking system that has the task of transmitting the command activated by the driver to thebrakes is called the transmission mechanism. The transmission mechanism itself can be different depending on howit is constructed and conceptually executed. As for the conceptual solution, the question arises as to whether thetransmission method itself must be such that the driver's command is only transmitted to the brakes or the driver'scommand itself is handed over to a separate energy system. The energy system itself can be such that it additionallyhelps the activation of the brakes (servo brake force boosters) or completely takes over the activation of the brakes,with the creation of a certain braking force on the wheels, and these are the so-called mechanisms with full servoaction. Today we have the following transmission mechanisms in use: Mechanical transmission, hydraulic with orwithout servo amplification, hydraulic with full servo action, pneumatic with full servo action, hydro-pneumaticwith servo amplification or with full servo action. The very choice of these systems depends on a large number offactors, but the main one is - how much energy must be delivered to the brakes. Each of these systems is explainedseparately in the paper. A mechanical transmission mechanism is a system that does not have any additional servoamplification, but the command of the driver or the person operating the machine is directly transmitted to thebrakes. Based on this, we can conclude that the application of this transmission mechanism in brake systems is quitelimited. Today, this transmission mechanism is only used as a service brake on some slower trucks and tractors. Thehydraulic transmission mechanism is the system that is most common in brake systems of passenger, light cargo anddelivery vehicles. In the case of vehicles weighing up to 1000 kg, the driver alone is sufficient to develop thenecessary energy for braking, so it is not necessary to additionally support the braking force with servo boosters. Butthat's why smaller trucks and delivery vehicles need additional help from a servo booster to activate the brakingforce. Servo amplifiers have become an integral part of the equipment in passenger vehicles primarily due to thesafety, security and comfort of passengers. In contrast to the mechanical transmission, this system is morecomplicated in terms of performance and its operation is based on the transmission of pressure through the brakefluid from the main brake cylinder to the brake cylinder in the brakes. The pressure created by the brake fluid actson the pistons in the cylinder itself and in this way force is created and the brakes are activated. The main advantageof this system is the very safety and safer braking, because with the hydraulic system it is possible to make adistribution in several independent branches to the cylinders on the brakes, and this is one of the basic satisfactoryrequirements in the ECE regulation that the brake","PeriodicalId":17821,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge International Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90667547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HEALTH – TREND DURING COVID-19","authors":"Stanislav Germanov","doi":"10.35120/kij5404695g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/kij5404695g","url":null,"abstract":"We live in strange times - times of change, crises, pandemics, conflicts and even wars. Throughoutmillennia of written and unwritten history humanity has learned to change, evolve and survive. This same changeoccurred for all of us at the beginning of 2020 when a new strain of the genus coronaviruses (Coronaviridae), startedfrom a local epidemic with the first case at the end of 2019, was reported in a province of Wuhan China. It becamea pandemic that spread with incredible speed around the world, thus entering everyone's life. The massive shock ofthe new coronavirus plunged the economy into the worst recession since World War II, causing global supply toshrink and even stop and the subsequent stalling of globalisation. This study analyzes the main economic trends,market structure and economic impact on health after the beginning of COVID-19. The study looks at therelationship between physical and mental health, laboratory tests, protective goods, medicines, vaccines and servicesafter the onset of and during COVID-19. The behaviour of the market and the outlook for its future movements arefocused on health and whether the topic should be considered as a trend wave. The pandemic has created both aneconomic and health crisis. The analysis tracks the number of researches, the stock appreciation of pharmaceuticalcompanies and those developing vaccines, the increased rate of demand for drugs. People get sick in good times andbad, and the demand for medical care is constant. In the study, several major health trends will be analyzed andshown to be related to each other: (1) The increase in stress hormones (cortisol, prolactin) - causes: disruption ofroutine activities such as education, entertainment and other social activities; anxiety about family income andhealth left many people feeling fearful, angry and concerned about their future; the following lockdown to reducethe risk of disease spread and the limited human contact, especially in the early stages of the pandemic. In women,there is an increase in thyroid problems and diseases like Hashimoto, Hypothyroidism and other autoimmunediseases. In men, cortisol levels are elevated and reproductive functions and libido are impaired. (2) Obesity andother weight problems due to the sudden stop of all movement with unchanged or even increased caloric intakeelevate the possibility for various diseases such as heart problems, diabetes type 2, osteoarthritis and asthma. As aresult an increased interest in products and services related directly or indirectly to COVID-19 will be found. Thefindings of the research will show how short-term and long-term impacts and interest in health can be called a\"trend\", and the attention and resources given to health, vaccines, medicines and remedies from the consumer in theeconomic market will continue their rapid growth.","PeriodicalId":17821,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge International Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77863103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECT OF COLLAGEN INDUCED ARTHRITIS ON ANTISTREPTOLYSIN TEST IN THE WHITE LABORATORY RAT","authors":"M. Spasov, I. Gjorgoski","doi":"10.35120/kij5403425s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/kij5403425s","url":null,"abstract":"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a serious health challenge as a disease with serious health consequences andthe potential to result in permanent disability. Most of the authors state that the reason for the occurrence of thedisease and its persistence is multifactorial, but above all it is a genetic predisposition as a result of the disruption ofthe control mechanisms of the immune system. The disease can occur at any age, but it is most common in patientsover sixty years of age who suffer from damage to the joints, resulting in impaired locomotion, reduced workcapacity, unproductive and poor quality of life. Animal models in RA disease research are useful for studying andevaluating the effect of potential antiarthritic drugs. The study of the disease in animal models provides usefulinformation about rheumatoid diseases and RA in humans because of the great similarity in their onset anddevelopment.Our research aimed to see how collagen type-II induced arthritis would cause an effect on the immune system andinter alia on ASTO in Wistar rats of both sexes, on the thirtieth and sixtieth days of immunization. ASTO is alsoused to diagnose RA secondary to streptococcal infections. Wistar rats, healthy seven-week-old male and femaleanimals, bred according to standard conditions for experimental animals at the laboratory animal farm at PMFSkopjewere used for the research. The experimental animals were divided into four groups; control group of maleanimals (n=20), control group of female animals (n=20), experimental group of male animals (n=30), which weretreated with collagen type-II and experimental group of female animals (n=30), which were also treated withcollagen. Analyzes of aliquots were performed on the thirtieth and sixtieth day of the test. We apply the highlypurified collagen type-II according to a defined protocol in the joint of the back right leg. We took blood for analysison the thirtieth and sixtieth day after immunization. The ASTO samples were tested on the computerized andthermostated Mini NEF TM Duinding Fait apparatus. The principle of the method is based on the fact thatpathogenic beta-hemolytic streptococci of group A produce streptolysin O, which stimulate the body to produceantistreptolysin. A titer greater than 1/200 is a positive value. From the studies that were done on the influence ofcollagen induced arthritis type-II on the value of ASTO in both sexes of animals, in both experimental periods, it canbe concluded that they are within the limits of normal values in all groups and in both sexes. All were <59,430IU/ml. In general, these studies of RA performed in animal models provide a good parallel for the course anddevelopment of RA in the human population.","PeriodicalId":17821,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge International Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88853456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"READING, WRITING AND COMPREHENSION IN DEAF CHILDREN OF THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PLACE IN WRITTEN FORM","authors":"Naim Salkić, Meliha Povlakić Hadžiefendić","doi":"10.35120/kij5404719s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/kij5404719s","url":null,"abstract":"Writing is an integral part of linguistic education of deaf persons which, due to the lack of auditorysensors, has an insurmountable difficulty achieving, so this shortcoming is directly reflected in the general literacyof deaf children. Many detailed studies in the world suggest that in order to become literate, a deaf child must learnthe language of the community. Je/she must first learn the letters and learn to write. About 50% of young deafpeople after high school read and write worse than a ten-year-old hearing child. The aim of this research is toexamine the usage, reading, writing, and comprehension in deaf children of the adverbial clause of place in writtenform and to determine the statistical significance of differences between deaf and hearing children. The study wasconducted on a sample of 140 respondents. The first subsample of subjects, the experimental group consisted of 70deaf students, and the second subsample, a control group of 70 hearing students, of the same chronological age. Themeasurement instrument “Test of writing, and comprehension of an adverbial clause of place” was applied. Thefrequencies and percentages of respondents' responses to the variables were calculated. The F (Fisher) test was usedto determine the statistical significance of the differences between deaf and hearing subjects. The results showed that1.40 % of deaf children are completely successful in reading and writing priloske odredbe, and thaat 90 % of deafchildren use prislocke odredbe partially successfully. The percentage of children that do not use priloske odredbe inany form in their written communication is 8.60%. The order of use of adverbial clause of place by frequency is asfollows: \"in\", \"on\", \"below\", \"behind\", \"next to\", and \"between\". The largest number of deaf children use theadverbial clause of place \"in\" in their written expression, 65.70% of them. Then, the adverbial clause of place \"on\"51.14%, the adverbial clause of place \"below\" 47.14%, the adverbial clause of place \"behind\" 31.43%, the adverbialclause of place \"beside\" 30%, and the adverbial clause of place \"between\" 22.85%.There is a statistically significant difference between deaf and hearing children in the use of the adverbial clause ofplace at the level of statistical significance of p=0.000.","PeriodicalId":17821,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89133965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PREDICTION OF NITRATE CONCENTRATION IN GROUNDWATER USING MLR AND AGRICULTURAL INDICATORS","authors":"Lidija J Stamenković, T. Milanović, G. Bogdanović","doi":"10.35120/kij5403415s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/kij5403415s","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental pollution results in the degradation of all segments of nature. Groundwater, as one of thesignificant sources of drinking water at the global level, is increasingly exposed to various types of pollutants thatare mainly the result of anthropogenic action. Nitrate are one of the pollutants that can persist for a long time ingroundwater and their concentrations can reach high levels. Namely, the fact that groundwater is used for variouspurposes such as: irrigation, food production, drinking, special attention is focused on monitoring the concentrationof nitrate in groundwater. In this sense, EU legislation also prescribed a standard for drinking water in terms ofnitrate concentration in order to avoid possible threats to human health. The main sources of nitrate in groundwaterare agricultural activities, which primarily involve the use of chemical fertilizer, animal farms, waste water fromindustries that produce chemical fertilizer. In this paper, the prediction of average annual concentrations of nitrate ingroundwater at the national level was performed. Bearing in mind the mentioned sources of nitrate in groundwater, atotal of seven agricultural indicators were selected in this paper, which were assumed to contribute to higher nitrateconcentrations, namely: the area used for agriculture, meat production on farms, the balance of indicators - whichrepresents the total potential environmental risk caused by excess or deficit of N and P in agricultural soils, areaused for organic agricultural production, consumption of chemical fertilizer, sale of pesticides and percentage ofpopulation associated with at least secondary wastewater treatment. The prediction was made using multiple linearregression, where agricultural indicators were used as input parameters, i.e. independent variables, a total of seven,while the dependent variable was the average annual concentration of nitrate in groundwater at the national level. Inthis paper, five EU countries were selected for nitrate prediction: Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germanyand France. For the development of the MLR (Multiple linear regression) model, available data from 2011 to 2015were used for all eight variables. Before developing the model, a correlation analysis was first performed todetermine whether the selected independent variables were correlated with the dependent variable. The results of thecorrelation analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between the independent and dependent variables.The developed MLR model showed good prediction results with a value of coefficient of determination R2 - 0.96.The results of the one year prediction by the MLR model showed satisfactory results, the biggest deviations betweenthe measured and model predicted values are in the case of Germany and France. Based on the obtained results, itcan be concluded that the MLR model can be applied as one of the alternatives in the assessment of nitrateconcentration in groundwater.","PeriodicalId":17821,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge International Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86511236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TIME SUBORDINATORS AND TIME RELATIONS IN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN","authors":"Arta TİKA BEKTESHİ","doi":"10.35120/kij5405793t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/kij5405793t","url":null,"abstract":"Language in general is a complex apparatus of the human beings through which we express our innerfeelings, thoughts and ideas. This study was initiated due to the importance of language in general. However, toknow a language does not only mean to know its vocabulary, but how to link the words, the word order in a clauseas well as the order of clauses in a sentence, their role and their relations to each other. The relationship of theclauses in a sentence is especially important concerning complex sentences, in which the clauses are not of the samelevel but show a dependency. So, precisely the adverbial clauses of time are the ones that are highly complicated andcreate confusion. For this reason, most of the people try to avoid them, and use simple clauses instead, nevertheless,this somehow loses the meaning and originality of the idea. This means that although complex, adverbial clauses oftime are crucial in explaining our ideas and thoughts. Based on the great number of the adverbial clauses of time, onthe meanings that they convey as well as on the manner how the meaning is expressed, this study will concentrate ona contrastive analysis of the adverbial clauses of time in English and Albanian. It will focus on the time relations thattime subordinators of time express in both languages. The methodology that is used in this paper is mainlydescriptive and comparative. The paper is based on the analysis of Jack London’s novel White Fang which wastranslated into Albanian under the title Dhëmbi i Bardhë by Bujar Doko. A comparison of the adverbial clauses oftime in both languages is done in order to find their differences and commonalities. Afterwards, a detaileddescription of the data extracted from the comparison is carried out, which will play a major role in proving thehypothesis and coming to a conclusion. The general hypothesis of this study is that most of the adverbial clauses oftime as well as their subordinators will be equivalent in both English and Albanian. The results of the analysis showthat adverbial clauses of time do have a similar structure as well as correspondence in English and Albanian: theoverall structure of both English and Albanian adverbial clauses of time is the same; the subordinators in bothlanguages correspond to their counterparts in expressing time relations, being a fixed time, duration, simultaneity,anteriority or posteriority; both types of clauses are movable, which means that they can take the initial, medial andfinal position in a sentence; and the use of commas is the same as well. There is also a similarity in the word orderof the time clauses. Another similar feature of the adverbial clauses of time in both English and Albanian is that theyare expressed by finite and non-finite clauses.","PeriodicalId":17821,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge International Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81829108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN LEADING FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND PROPOSED DIETARY MODELS AS NUTRITION THERAPY","authors":"Eleonora Delinikolova, V. Jankuloska","doi":"10.35120/kij5403431d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/kij5403431d","url":null,"abstract":"People’s way of life is being formed under influence of the geographical, ecological, political, culturaland religious environment and it is about the characteristics of the population in certain region, place and time. Thehealth of one’s person, the physical, social and mental well - being are under influenced by the lifestyle. The way ofliving, working and functioning can be a reason for development of a certain conditions called illness of thelifestyle. They include: obesity, heart diseases, diabetes, cancer etc. These illnesses usually develop slowly and iftimely intervention is made, through changing the habits that decrease the exposure of potential risk factors, canprevent or delay the beginning of the disease. Main risk factors for development of insulin resistance and diabetesare nutrition and lifestyle habits. On the other hand, they are also main tools that can help in prevention andimprovement of the condition.This research assesses the influence of certain risk factors and quality of the lifestyle in people with insulinresistance that have increased body mass. It is chosen a group of 175 people, from which 103 are women and 73men, aged above 25 years, and have increased body mass index (BMI) (BMI>25 kg/m2) and have hyperinsulinemia.A statistically significant difference was determined (p˂0,028), between BMI and HOMA-IR. Most of them have asedentary lifestyle. From the group that is in employment (69 people), the work isn’t related to physical activity.Most often, they practice walking as an additional physical activity, once or twice a week, in duration of 30 to 45minutes. Biggest part of the people in the selected group (118 people), have regular sleep-in duration of one day.Professional support with instructions for a hygienic-diet regimen that would reduce body mass, education fornutrition and changing of lifestyle habits are needed, to achieve timely prevention and decrease of the insulinresistance, and with that to stop or to delay its progression towards diabetes.","PeriodicalId":17821,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge International Journal","volume":"518 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77169512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PHRASE STYLISTICS - OBSERVATIONS ON PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN NAYDEN GEROV'S DICTIONARY","authors":"A. Baeva","doi":"10.35120/kij5405799b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/kij5405799b","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of the article is phraseology in Nayden Gerov's dictionary. The purpose of the article is topropose a classification of phraseological units that differs from the facts. It is known that many of the questionsrelated to the study of the phraseological fund of languages are debatable. One of these questions is about semanticclassification and its value for phraseology as a relatively new branch of linguistics. The article assumes anintermediate level between phraseology and stylistics, in view of which an attempt is made at classification.","PeriodicalId":17821,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge International Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83518095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABOUT THE ALPHABETICAL PRAYER BY KONSTANTIN BREGALNICKI","authors":"Milena Ristova-Mihajlovska, Verica Miloradova","doi":"10.35120/kij5405811r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/kij5405811r","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the elaboration of this topic for this paper is to bring closer the character and the work ofKonstantin Preslavski, who is one of the students of the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius. It was especiallyimportant to approach his \"Alphabetic Prayer\" in a creative way. When we started working on the topic, wehypothesized that due to the lack of representation of Preslavski in primary and secondary education programs,young people would not have knowledge about his Alphabetic Prayer. To confirm our assumption, we conducted asurvey before a relevant sample of 102 respondents. The survey confirmed the hypothesis. A small percentage ofrespondents have knowledge of the Alphabetic prayer. Through this thesis, through a multimedia approach, we willbring closer the value of the Alphabetic Prayer. With that, we will expand the knowledge of the students of the holybrothers Cyril and Methodius.","PeriodicalId":17821,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge International Journal","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76201675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCES AND CONTENT OF THE UNDEGRADUATE PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMMES IN EUROPE","authors":"V. Aleksandrova, K. Dokova","doi":"10.35120/kij5404707a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/kij5404707a","url":null,"abstract":"Sufficient number of competent public health professionals are an important prerequisit for the normalfunctioning of the health systems. At present, the number and type of institutions carrying out undergraduate educationand training in public health varies broadly both in Europe and the USA. There is a lack of clarity on how much therequirements for professional public health competencies are covered by the content of undergraduate public healthprograms in Europe. Purpose: To analyse the content of Bachelor Public Health programmes in Europe, in relation tothe requirements for professional competences introduced by ASPHER in 2014 (Association of Schools of PublicHealth in the European Region). Methods: An online questionnaire was developed and distributed via the Internetplatform Google Forms to 214 universities in Europe. The electronic survey included 50 questions clarifyingavailability of study subjects and topics from 7 main areas of competences proposed by ASPHER: Methods in PublicHealth; Population Health and Determinants; Health Policy; Economics and Management; Health Education andHealth Promotion; Interdisciplinary subjects; Practical Training and Others. Similar information was extracted from theeducational documentation accessible from the web pages of 74 higher educational institutions offering undergraduateprograms in public health from 19 European countries. Results: Information for 59 undergraduate public healthprogrammes was retrieved, 45 from west and 14 from east Europe. Subjects related to “Health Inequalities”, “GlobalHealth”, “Information Technologies”, “Ageing”, “Leadership”, “Genomics” are available in less than 50% of theprogrammes in both west and east Europe. There is a clear difference between west and east programmes in someaspects. In the central focus of training in PH in Bulgaria and the countries from Eastern Europe are the specializedprevention disciplines related to hygiene and epidemiology of communicable diseases and a considerable number ofclinical disciplines. The latter are less presented in the training in Western European programmes, which are moreoriented towards health policy and management. Conclusions: There is a significant variation in the content and as aresult the professional competences provided by the undergraduate PH education programmes in Europe. Both westand east European undergraduate PH programmes fail to address adequately the present global challenges in the areastarting with existing health inequalities. Recommendation: There is an urgent need for regulation of public health as abasic regulated health profession in the European Union, which will entail standardization of the content of thebachelor education and will stimulate the recognition and the importance of the profession across Europe as well.","PeriodicalId":17821,"journal":{"name":"Knowledge International Journal","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77351244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}