{"title":"Water Use in Uzbekistan’s Segment of the Zarafshan River: Analytical Review","authors":"A. R. Khaidarov","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2020-R1.V6-2/89-105.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2020-R1.V6-2/89-105.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"The Zarafshan River is one of the main water supply sources for different sectors of Uzbekistan’s national economy. The article aims to analyze water resources use in the Zarafshan River Basin, including calculating the amount of water that can be saved by introducing water-efficient irrigation technologies; testing the hypothesis of the possibility of restoring the Zarafshan’s runoff as a tributary of the Amudarya River, as it was in ancient time; reviewing the experience of developed countries in injecting wastewater into deep aquifers, and the possibility of introducing the corresponding practices in Uzbekistan. The distance from the Zarafshan to the Amudarya was calculated based on the map, and turned out that today it is 127 km. The deployment of water-efficient technologies will allow saving enough water and calculating the water volume necessary for restoring the runoff. The study results show that the saved water will be enough to restore the Zarafshan’s runoff, as well as to develop new irrigated land. The study findings likewise not only confirm the hypothesis of restoring the Zarafshan’s runoff up to the Amudarya, thus increasing the river’s water content, but also demonstrate that the saved water can be used to irrigate new farmland that can be further used for growing orchards and vineyards.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"56 24","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132940199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Water Quality of Lake Iskanderkul and Its Tributaries","authors":"Z. O. Normakhmedova, A. Mitusov","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2020-R1.V6-2/79-88.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2020-R1.V6-2/79-88.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the study results of the change dynamics in the chemical composition of water in Lake Iskanderkul and the rivers flowing into it, as well as the comparison of water quality in the water bodies of the Iskanderkul Basin and several mid-stream tributaries of the Zarafshan River. It was established that the chemical composition of water in Lake Iskanderkul and its tributaries meets the requirements of the corresponding state standard (GOST 2874-82 “Drinking Water”). However, in terms of dissolved oxygen, copper, zinc, lead and iron the water in Lake Iskanderkul does not satisfy fish farming requirements. The main water pollution sources in the area include such natural phenomena as floods, avalanches, mudslides, and rock dissolution.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125553047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MODIS Imagery Based Water Content Forecasting Methodology for Mountain Rivers in Central Asia","authors":"O. Kalashnikova, A. Gafurov","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2020-R1.V6-2/66-78.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2020-R1.V6-2/66-78.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"The article investigates the possibility of using snow cover satellite data for short-term hydrological forecasting for Central Asian rivers with high-altitude catchments. The research aimed to elaborate a methodology for forecasting mean 10-day (decadal) river discharge (MDD) of the Varzob and Tar Rivers based on MODSNOW-processed MODIS satellite imagery. The objectives of the study were to calculate the snow cover index (SCI) for high-altitude zones in 200 m increments for selected river basins, and to analyze the closeness of dependency between the corresponding SCIs and MDDs. The research resulted in equations applicable for producing operational river water content forecasts. Timely and reliable information on expected river water content during the forthcoming 10-day period allows decision makers (water management and hydropower agencies, emergency authorities) plan water supply for various economic sectors, as well as take measures to prevent hazardous hydrological phenomena on the rivers of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128385570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Алишер Джурабоевич Хайдаров, Казахстан Алматы ул. Пушкина Казахстанско-Немецкий университет
{"title":"Использование водных ресурсов узбекистанского сегмента бассейна реки Зарафшан: аналитический обзор","authors":"Алишер Джурабоевич Хайдаров, Казахстан Алматы ул. Пушкина Казахстанско-Немецкий университет","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2020-r1.v6-2/48-64.rus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2020-r1.v6-2/48-64.rus","url":null,"abstract":"Река Зарафшан является одним из основных источников водоснабжения для различных отраслей народного хозяйства Узбекистана. Цель данной статьи – анализ использования водных ресурсов в бассейне р. Зарафшан. Задачами являются: расчет количества воды, которую можно будет сэкономить при внедрении водосберегающих технологий в системе ирригации; проверка гипотезы возможности восстановления стока р. Зарафшан в качестве притока р. Амударья, как это было в древности; а также рассмотрение опыта развитых стран по закачке сточных вод в глубокие водоносные слои и возможность внедрения этого опыта в Узбекистане. Измерение расстояния от р. Зарафшан до р. Амударья проводилось при помощи карты, и выяснилось, что на сегодняшний день расстояние составляет 127 км. При внедрении водосберегающих технологий возможно сэкономить достаточно воды и вычислить объём, который необходим для восстановления стока. Результаты показали, что сэкономленной воды хватит на восстановление стока и на освоение новых орошаемых земель. По итогам исследования выяснилось, что гипотеза о восстановлении стока подтверждается и можно не только восстановить сток до р. Амударья, что позволит увеличить объём воды в реке, но также сэкономленную воду можно применять для орошения новых земель. Полученные орошаемые территории могут быть использованы для выращивания садов и виноградников.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121078117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Press Coverage of Gendered Labour Division in the Water Sector of Uzbekistan","authors":"M. Bozorova","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2020-R1.V6-2/42-65.ENG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2020-R1.V6-2/42-65.ENG","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the press coverage of gendered labour division in Uzbekistan’s water sector. The study focused on the content, types, methods, forms, techniques and principles of gendered labour division coverage in the Narodnoye Slovo [Popular Word], Pravda Vostoka [The Truth of the East], and Darakchi [The Reporter] newspaper periodicals. The research aimed to review the activities and approaches of Uzbekistan’s press to covering gendered labour division in the water sector, stereotypes in covering the topic, and ways to eliminate them. Three theoretical approaches were applied to the essence of journalism – i.e. agenda setting, framing and altercasting – to fulfill this task. The results of monitoring press materials indicate that whereas males more often serve as lead characters of publications as water management specialists, women are mostly depicted as housewives.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122352182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
З.О. Нормахмедова, Таджикистан Душанбе ул. акад. Раджабовых Таджикский национальный университет, А. Митусов, Н.Б. Курбонов, Казахстан Алматы ул. Пушкина Казахстанско-Немецкий университет
{"title":"Качество воды озера Искандеркуль и его притоков","authors":"З.О. Нормахмедова, Таджикистан Душанбе ул. акад. Раджабовых Таджикский национальный университет, А. Митусов, Н.Б. Курбонов, Казахстан Алматы ул. Пушкина Казахстанско-Немецкий университет","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2020-r1.v6-2/38-47.rus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2020-r1.v6-2/38-47.rus","url":null,"abstract":"В данной статье представлены результаты исследований динамики изменения химического состава воды озера Искандеркуль и впадающих в него рек, а также сравнение результатов качества воды водных объектов бассейна Искандеркуль и некоторых средних притоков реки Зарафшан. Установлено, что по химическому составу вода озера Искандеркуль и его притоков соответствует требованиям государственного стандарта (ГОСТ 2874-82 «Питьевая вода»). Однако вода озера Искандеркуль по показателям растворенного кислорода, меди, цинка, свинца и железа не удовлетворяет требованиям, предъявляемым для рыбоводства. Основными причинами загрязнения воды в регионе являются такие природные явления как наводнения, сходы лавин и селей, растворение горных пород.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130712134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Krupa, S. Barinova, S. Romanova, M. Aubakirova, N. Ainabaeva
{"title":"Heavy Metals in Fresh Waters of Kazakhstan and Methodological Approaches to Developing a Regional Water Quality Classification","authors":"E. Krupa, S. Barinova, S. Romanova, M. Aubakirova, N. Ainabaeva","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2020-r1.v6-2/19-41.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2020-r1.v6-2/19-41.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to define the classes in the Heavy Metals Section of the Regional Environmental Ranking System based on long-term data (1997-2017). When distinguishing water quality classes, the following factors were taken into account: background content of heavy metals, content of heavy metals in water bodies exposed to different levels and character of anthropogenic pollution, and response of biological communities to toxic pollution of their natural habitats. According to the proposed classification, the non-contaminated water of Сlass 1 contains the following: Cd<0.2, Cu<2.5, Zn<4, Pb<3, Cr<0.5, and Ni<0.5 μg dm-3. Class 2 water is characterized by Cd<0.5, Cu<6, Zn<6, Pb<7, Cr<1, and Ni<2 μg dm-3 content. Moderately polluted water of Class 3 contains Cd<3, Cu<10, Cr<10, Ni<10, Zn<20, and Pb<20 μg dm-3. Concentrations of all heavy metals increase proportionally and exceed 30-100 μg dm-3 in the most polluted water of Class 6. The proposed methodological approach assesses not only the local content of heavy metals in water bodies of Kazakhstan but also the degree of toxic pollution of their vast catchment basins. The proposed methods are applicable to other arid regions with similar physical and climatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134187109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mirzakhayot Ibrakhimov, Usman Khalid Awanb, M. Sultanov, A. Akramkhanov, Kakhramon Djumaboev, C. Conrad, J. Lamers
{"title":"Combining remote sensing and modeling approaches to assess soil salinity in irrigated areas of the Aral Sea Basin","authors":"Mirzakhayot Ibrakhimov, Usman Khalid Awanb, M. Sultanov, A. Akramkhanov, Kakhramon Djumaboev, C. Conrad, J. Lamers","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-2/64-81eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2019-r1.v5-2/64-81eng","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate assessment of the soil salinization is an important step for mitigation of agricultural land degradation. Remote sensing (RS) is widely used for salinity assessment, but knowledge on prediction precision is lacking. A RS-based salinity assessment in Khorezm allows for modest reliable prediction with weak (R2=0.15–0.29) relationship of the salinity maps produced with RS and interpolation of electromagnetic EM38 during growth periods and more reliable (R2=0.35–0.56) beyond irrigation periods. Modeling with HYDRUS-1D at slightly, moderately and highly saline sites at various depths showed that irrigation forces salts to move to deeper layers: salts reappear in the upper profile during dry periods. Beyond irrigation events, salts gradually accumulated in the upper soil layers without fluctuations. Coupling RS techniques with numerical modeling provided better insight into salinity dynamics than any of these approaches alone. This should be of interest to farmers and policy makers since the combination of methods will allow for better planning and management.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"182 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114002379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Проблемы управления трансграничными водными ресурсами в Афганистане","authors":"Сайед Момин Нори","doi":"10.29258/CAJWR/2020-R1.V6-1/19-43.RUS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2020-R1.V6-1/19-43.RUS","url":null,"abstract":"Афганистан имеет пять крупных речных бассейнов, четыре из которых являются трансграничными и используются совместно с Ираном, Пакистаном и странами Центральной Азии (Таджикистан, Узбекистан, Туркменистан). Управление трансграничными водными ресурсами, двусторонние или региональные соглашения и сотрудничество с прибрежными странами всегда были сложными задачами для Афганистана. Непрерывная война и отсутствие безопасности ослабили систему управления в Афганистане. Отсутствие человеческого потенциала в области разработки политики и стратегического планирования, слабая экономика, с одной стороны, и ограниченные гидрометеорологические данные и технические знания в области управления водными ресурсами, с другой стороны, отдалили Афганистан от всех механизмов сотрудничества на реке Амударья и двух других ее крупных речных бассейнах. В данной статье анализируются инициативы и планы, реализованные афганским правительством и международным сообществом по укреплению человеческого потенциала и сбору гидрометеорологических данных для разработки подходящего механизма управления трансграничными водами в целях экономического роста Афганистана и регионального сотрудничества по трансграничным водам между Афганистаном и прибрежными странами. Однако некоторые проблемы в области управления водными ресурсами в Афганистане все еще остаются нерешенными. На основе академических и политических источников рассматриваются проблемы, с которыми Афганистан столкнулся за последние сорок лет в секторе управления водными ресурсами, и предлагаются некоторые решения для преодоления этих проблем. В заключение предлагаются шаги и меры, которые в дальнейшем должны быть выдвинуты афганским правительством и международным сообществом для достижения рамок регионального сотрудничества по трансграничным водам между Афганистаном и другими прибрежными странами.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114390469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Salmukhanbetova, D Timiryazev St. Almaty Kazakhstan Phyto-Introduction, A. Imanalinova, L. Dimeyeva, N. Zverev
{"title":"State of Saxaul Plantations in Kazakhstan’s Section of the Aral Sea Region","authors":"Z. Salmukhanbetova, D Timiryazev St. Almaty Kazakhstan Phyto-Introduction, A. Imanalinova, L. Dimeyeva, N. Zverev","doi":"10.29258/cajwr/2020-r1.v7-1/128-157.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2020-r1.v7-1/128-157.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to assess the survival rate of saxaul plantations on the dry seabed of the Aral Sea (DSAS) and these close to the villages along the original seacoast. Protective black saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron) plantations on the DSAS were established in the course of 2009-2019 with the grant support of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS), Japan’s environmental funds, UNDP Kazakhstan, as well as under the Grass-Roots Program of the Embassy of Japan in Kazakhstan. During September 1-14, 2020, the target plantation plots at 24 sites adjacent to the villages of Aralkum and Karateren underwent examination, including forest surveying, projected species cover determination, as well as seed regeneration and survival rate assessment. The findings of 2020 revealed the varying condition of target saxaul plantations. Thus, the survival rate of saxaul inside forest plantations ranged between 0.12 and 78.0%. The actual number of saxaul trees varied from 1 (one) to 1,000 per ha on the DSAS and from 888 to 2,633 per ha in Aralkum village. The novelty of the obtained results is due to the fact that they clearly demonstrate that the survival rate and development of forest plantations, as well as saxaul seed self-renewal, above all, depend on the overall ecological conditions at specific sites. Saxaul demonstrated the best survival rate and growth at the sites with sandy loam and saline light loamy soils with sandy cover, and the worst – at the sites with crusty and takyr (dry-type playa) saline soils.","PeriodicalId":177314,"journal":{"name":"Central Asian Journal of Water Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121436420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}