Alfred Ayodele Meseko, O. Karpenko, Ridwan Adekunle
{"title":"Adoption of Real Options Valuation in Sub-Sahara Africa PPP Developments","authors":"Alfred Ayodele Meseko, O. Karpenko, Ridwan Adekunle","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3920325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3920325","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to apply ROA to the valuation of the option to abandon a toll road project. The research is aimed at providing an efficient technique for the valuation of real options in PPP projects in Africa. The research design is a cross sectional design. The derived model is a conceptual model based on binomial option pricing; it involves a stochastic movement i.e. the occurrence of tomorrow event is not determined by the past event. In relating this to the financial world, it can be said that the value for a given asset for a particular period is not always stationary for some periods to come. This model involves two probabilistic occurrences which are the success (p) and failure (q) stating that the value of an asset can either move upward or downward at a particular period of time. The paper shows that real options have a great potential in offering plausible explanations to existing relationships in project finance including strategic management in discovering new theories that will transform the field of PPP project in Africa as whole. In order to alleviate the problem of risk, public partners offer private partners numerous risk mitigation strategies such as MRG, TRC, and abandonment options, thus providing them flexibility to decide upon their investments during the project life. The ROA approach was introduced because traditional approaches to valuing investment opportunities do not consider managerial flexibility to revise decisions in the future.","PeriodicalId":177064,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometric Modeling: Derivatives (Topic)","volume":"19 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132061099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Note on the Alos Decomposition Formula","authors":"Frido Rolloos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3911280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3911280","url":null,"abstract":"The Alos decomposition formula is written down, but making use of Bachelier price formula instead of the Black-Scholes price formula. Due to the linearity of the Bachelier formula in volatility at the at-the-money strike, the decomposition formula gives an exact expression for the price of a volatility swap.","PeriodicalId":177064,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometric Modeling: Derivatives (Topic)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134196828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Feedback, Flow-induced Fire Sales, and Option Returns","authors":"Han Xiao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3881317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3881317","url":null,"abstract":"We identify a feedback loop between fire sales and equity option returns. The demand effect of fire sales induced by mutual fund extreme outflows decreases delta-hedged put option returns by 4-10% per year and increases the expensiveness by 2.5%. We address endogenous concerns using instrumental variable and difference-in-differences designs. The demand effect is more substantial under equity illiquidities than volatility, distress, sustainability risks, or short-sale constraints. Option returns also have anticipation effects on predicting fire sales, where information leakage in derivatives markets exacerbates extreme outflows.","PeriodicalId":177064,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometric Modeling: Derivatives (Topic)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129130488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Implied Equity Premium and Market Beta","authors":"Victor K. Chow, Jiahao Gu, Zhan Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3761471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3761471","url":null,"abstract":"Martin (2017) shows that the arbitrage-free measure of return-volatility mimicked by a portfolio of options contracts is a close approximation of ex-ante equity risk premium. We argue, nevertheless, the left-tail volatility-asymmetry downward bias his (symmetric) SVIX approach. This paper provides a simple procedure to correct this bias by adding a risk-neutral measure of volatility-asymmetry (AVIX2) to the SVIX2. The option-implied market beta of individual stocks is a weighted sum of that of SVIX and AVIX. Empirically, our findings suggest these implied betas possess significant predictability of return and the hedging ability against bear/crashing markets.","PeriodicalId":177064,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometric Modeling: Derivatives (Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130395899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 50-year Retrospect of the Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) Argument through Three Questions","authors":"Henry Wurts","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3758187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3758187","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a retrospect of the Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) argument that is used to derive the common BSM formula. The paper utilizes and builds upon a frame used to provide a retrospect of the Put-Call Parity (PCP) provided in Wurts (2018a). Accordingly, this paper fills a promise that lessons-learned from PCP analysis can be applied to more complex models for financial derivatives, and leads to a subsequent promise that lessons-learned from BSM analysis can also be applied to more-complex financial instruments and their models. The paper utilizes heuristics already developed for PCP analysis (as found in Wurts (2018a, 2018b, and 2019)) and introduces additional heuristics that can be useful in the corporate governance of model validation, including the micro corporate governance of financial instrument valuation models. The paper address three retrospect questions. (1) Should the BSM argument hold? (No.) (2) Has the BSM argument held? (Not necessarily.) (3) What are consequences for presuming the BSM argument has held? (Inconsistent logic, with added details.) The paper also provides an assessment regarding how other scholars have provided a different retrospect on the BSM model in general. And while other scholars have emphasized a naming of the BSM Formula (i.e., the seminal formula for a Call option) and the BSM Equation (i.e., the seminal fundamental partial differential equation for “all” derivatives, that leads to the BSM Formula), it is not clear that scholars have well characterized the BSM Argument. Hence, an introductory description of the BSM Argument is provided herein, in the context of what the BSM model and approach is.","PeriodicalId":177064,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometric Modeling: Derivatives (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126010765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prices and Volatilities of Oil Markets in 2020: Back to Bachelier","authors":"Roza Galeeeva, Ehud I. Ronn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3696081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3696081","url":null,"abstract":"Financial markets face occasional shocks, which may come from geopolitical, economic, financial or other sources. In this paper, we consider the reaction of financial markets to the onset of severe conditions in the aftermath of Feb. 15, 2020. In particular, we analyze the primary and derivative markets for equities and WTI (West Texas Intermediate) crude-oil futures contracts. We consider these effects in two ways. First, we quantitatively document the impact of the first two months in these markets, as well as the onset of conditions that conditionally anticipate a recovery. Second, motivated in part by the decline of the WTI futures contract into negative territory for one trading day, for the derivative markets on oil futures we consider an analytical contrast between the traditional Black model and its long-ago predecessor, the Bachelier model. Under crash conditions Bachellier model performs better than Black, showing much flatter smile and a weaker Samuelson.<br>","PeriodicalId":177064,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometric Modeling: Derivatives (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114365890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic Term Structure Models for SOFR Futures","authors":"Jacob Bjerre Skov, D. Skovmand","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3692283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3692283","url":null,"abstract":"The LIBOR rate is currently scheduled for discontinuation, and the replacement advocated by regulators in the US is the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR). The change has the potential to disrupt the $200 trillion market of derivatives and debt tied to the LIBOR. The only SOFR linked derivative with any significant liquidity and trading history is the SOFR futures contract, traded at the CME since 2018. We use the historical record of futures prices to construct dynamic arbitrage-free models for the SOFR term structure. The models allow you to construct forward-looking SOFR term rates, imply a SOFR discounting curve and price and risk and risk manage SOFR derivatives, not yet liquidly traded in the market. We find that a standard three-factor Gaussian arbitrage-free Nelson-Siegel model describes term rates very well but a shadow-rate extension is needed to describe the behaviour near the zero-boundary. We also find that the jumps and seasonal effects observed in SOFR, do not need to be specifically accounted for in a model for the futures prices. Finally we study the so-called convexity correction and find that it becomes significant beyond the 2 year maturity. For validation purposes we demonstrate that our model aligns closely with the methodology used by the Federal Reserve to publish indicative SOFR term rates.","PeriodicalId":177064,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometric Modeling: Derivatives (Topic)","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131720324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back to Basis: A Universal Return Predictor Across Asset Classes","authors":"Marat Molyboga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3690628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3690628","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows analytically that the basis between spot and futures contracts contains information about future returns of securities across the asset classes of commodities, equity indices, fixed income and foreign exchange. The bases in commodities are positively correlated with a leading indicator of the business cycle whereas the bases in the financial assets are negatively related to the short-term rate. The return predictability of the basis can be captured with a simple multi-asset long-short strategy which produces an out-of-sample Sharpe ratio of 0.5 and an alpha of 2.5%-4.5% per annum with respect to commonly used asset pricing models. Specifically, the analysis includes five Fama-French Factors, a bond index and futures risk premia of multi-asset momentum, value, time-series momentum, and four asset-specific carry factors. The strategy performance is counter-cyclical and robust to transaction costs.","PeriodicalId":177064,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometric Modeling: Derivatives (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123529117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Extreme Price Co-Movement of Commodity Futures and Industrial Production Growth: An Empirical Evaluation","authors":"Xiaoqian Wen, Yuxin Xie, A. Pantelous","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3681159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3681159","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies how the extreme price co-movement of commodity futures indicates industrial production (IP) growth. In this regard, we model synchronized movements and large price changes into one measure by characterizing upside and downside price extremes. We find that the derived price extremes are positively associated with IP growth over the next quarter. We further conclude that such impact is not symmetric, as the impact led by downside extremes is robust whereas that of upside extremes is not persistent. Our results reinforce the informational friction theory as well as those financial studies that emphasize downside risk.","PeriodicalId":177064,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometric Modeling: Derivatives (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127955840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Intermediaries in Derivatives Markets: Evidence from VIX Options","authors":"Kris Jacobs, A. Mai","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3635087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3635087","url":null,"abstract":"Consistent with models in which intermediaries absorb net demand pressure from end-users and respond by changing prices, net option demand is positively related to option prices in the market for VIX puts and VIX calls. These findings are consistent with existing results for S&P 500 index (SPX) options (Bollen and Whaley (2004)). They are very robust to variations in the empirical implementation. A joint analysis of net demand pressure in VIX and SPX option markets suggests that the VIX option markets are highly integrated with the SPX put market, but much less so with the market for SPX calls. The impact of net demand shocks on future prices is limited, but shocks to prices significantly affect future net demand.","PeriodicalId":177064,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometric Modeling: Derivatives (Topic)","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124822323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}