ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic)最新文献_第5页

Unintended Detrimental Effects of Environmental Policy: The Green Paradox and Beyond 环境政策的意外有害影响:绿色悖论及超越

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2011-05-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1855899

E. van der Werf, Corrado Di Maria

引用次数: 0

Options for Returning the Value of CO2 Emissions Allowances to Households 向住户退还二氧化碳排放配额价值的方案

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2011-02-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1767411

D. Burtraw, I. Parry

引用次数: 6

Can Export Tax be Genuine Climate Policy? An Analysis on China’s Export Tax and Export VAT Refund Rebate Policies 出口税是真正的气候政策吗?中国出口税与出口增值税退税政策分析

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2011-01-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1737945

Xin Wang, Jifeng Li, Yaxiong Zhang

{"title":"Can Export Tax be Genuine Climate Policy? An Analysis on China’s Export Tax and Export VAT Refund Rebate Policies","authors":"Xin Wang, Jifeng Li, Yaxiong Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1737945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1737945","url":null,"abstract":"Export VAT refund rebate and export tax (EVRRET) measures have been adopted on energy intensive products in recent years in China. They are proclaimed to be climate policy, yet there is no explicit and unique carbon cost set on export - the implicit export carbon tax rates vary dramatically across sectors and over different periods. This paper provides a method of introducing an explicit and unique carbon cost into the current EVRRET. By setting a comparable carbon cost (2'9/tCO2 and 3'9/tCO2) for eight major energy-intensive sectors to which the EVRRET are massively applied, it derives the corresponding ad valorem average rate for each sector. This paper finds that the introduction of a carbon cost into export VAT refund rebate policy would not increase the current export VAT refund rebate rate (except for the chemical sector), but would simply define a ceiling, while the same introduction into the export tax policy would lead to an overall increase in sectoral export tax rates. This paper concludes by examining competitiveness and WTO concerns, suggesting that the better option for introducing a carbon cost into Chinese exports would be through reforming export VAT refund rebate policy.","PeriodicalId":176966,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122981249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Can Biofuels be a Solution to Climate Change? The Implications of Land Use Change Related Emissions for Policy 生物燃料能解决气候变化问题吗?土地利用变化相关排放对政策的影响

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2011-01-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1734798

M. Khanna, Christine Crago, Mairi J. Black

{"title":"Can Biofuels be a Solution to Climate Change? The Implications of Land Use Change Related Emissions for Policy","authors":"M. Khanna, Christine Crago, Mairi J. Black","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1734798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1734798","url":null,"abstract":"Biofuels have gained increasing attention as an alternative to fossil fuels for several reasons, one of which is their potential to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. Recent studies have questioned the validity of claims about the potential for biofuels to reduce GHG emissions relative to the liquid fossil fuels they are replacing when emissions due to direct and indirect land use changes (ILUCs) that accompany biofuels are included in the life-cycle GHG intensity of biofuels. Studies estimate that the GHG emissions released from ILUC could more than offset the direct GHG savings by producing biofuels and replacing liquid fossil fuels and create a “carbon debt” with a long payback period. The estimates of this payback period, however, vary widely across biofuels from different feedstocks and even for a single biofuel across different modeling assumptions. In the case of corn ethanol, this payback period is found to range from 15 to 200 years. We discuss the challenges in estimating the ILUC effect of a biofuel and differences across biofuels, and its sensitivity to the assumptions and policy scenarios considered by different economic models. We also discuss the implications of ILUC for designing policies that promote biofuels and seek to reduce GHG emissions. In a first best setting, a global carbon tax is needed to set both direct and indirect land use change emissions to their optimal levels. However, it is unclear whether unilateral GHG mitigation policies, even if they penalize the ILUC related emissions, would increase social welfare and lead to optimal emission levels. In the absence of a global carbon tax, incentivizing sustainable land use practices through certification standards, government regulations and market-based pressures may be a viable option for reducing ILUC.","PeriodicalId":176966,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126342344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Using ‘Cap and Trade’ to Contain Systemic Financial Risk 利用“总量控制与交易”控制系统性金融风险

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2010-12-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1723721

A. Milne

{"title":"Using ‘Cap and Trade’ to Contain Systemic Financial Risk","authors":"A. Milne","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1723721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1723721","url":null,"abstract":"Systemic risk depends upon aggregate exposure for the entire financial sector, as well as the pattern of exposures between firms. There is a parallel with global warming, where the rise in the Earth’s temperature depends upon the aggregate volume of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This suggests that ‘cap and trade,’ issuing licenses that limit aggregate financial sector ratios but allowing firms to trade licenses with each other so that their individual contributions can vary, is a useful approach to containing systemic financial risk. In particular it avoids potentially costly direct control of individual firm liabilities. Cap and trade does not appear difficult to implement for controlling aggregate maturity mismatch, and unlike many other regulations can be introduced on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis, without being undermined by cross-border arbitrage or by the movement of risk into the unregulated sector. The main requirement is a comprehensive liability register, which will in any case be very useful to regulators both for risk monitoring and for resolution of failed institutions. Industry will object that this requires a major change in their business models, but this could reduce financial market volatility and hence provide further benefits to investors.","PeriodicalId":176966,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123918770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Taxes Versus Cap-and-Trade in Climate Policy When Only Some Fuel Importers Abate 当只有部分燃料进口商减少时，税收与限额与交易的气候政策

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2010-11-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1705111

J. Strand

引用次数: 8

Why Does Environmental Policy in Representative Democracies Tend to Be Inadequate? A Preliminary Public Choice Analysis 为什么代议制民主国家的环境政策往往不足?初步的公共选择分析

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2010-10-27 DOI: 10.3390/SU2123710

Andrea Kollmann, F. Schneider

引用次数: 37

Interjurisdictional Spillovers, Decentralized Policymaking and the Elasticity of Capital Supply 区际溢出、分权决策与资本供给弹性

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2010-10-25 DOI: 10.1257/AER.102.5.2349

T. Eichner, M. Runkel

引用次数: 68

Mapping the Characteristics of Producer Subsidies: A Review of Pilot Country Studies 生产者补贴特征制图:试点国家研究综述

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2010-09-21 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1680415

D. Koplow, A. Jung, Lucky Lonton, Cynthia Lin, C. Charles

{"title":"Mapping the Characteristics of Producer Subsidies: A Review of Pilot Country Studies","authors":"D. Koplow, A. Jung, Lucky Lonton, Cynthia Lin, C. Charles","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1680415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1680415","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is published as part of the series Untold Billions: Fossil-fuel subsidies, their impacts and the path to reform. Prepared by the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) in conjunction with Earth Track, this study helps increase the body of knowledge about the data sources that hold information on subsidies to fossil-fuel producers, by reviewing available data in a series of countries, diverse in terms of their level of data transparency, governance systems, energy markets and stages of economic development. Using a detailed matrix setting out the main subsidy policies, the type of fuel, and their main data sources, pilot studies have been completed for China, Germany, Indonesia and the United States. The project team for each country evaluated commonly referenced data sources, such as databases collected by international bodies, and summarized how each source gathers information, including an assessment of their strengths and limitations. The study found that fossil-fuel producers are supported by a multitude of policies, ranging from direct payments to preferential access to government-owned lands. While direct payments were relatively easy to identify in government budget reporting, data was not always provided at a sufficient level of disaggregation to allow proper attribution to beneficiaries. Pilot studies also found that information on these support measures was held by a variety of government ministries and non-governmental organizations. The pilot studies provide a road map and starting point for more in-depth country case studies needed to fully quantify the extent of fossil-fuel subsidies in each country, as in some areas, the financial value of producer subsidy programs can only be estimated more precisely by developing more investigative methods and conducting country-specific studies. The GSI has commissioned two such studies into producer subsidies in Indonesia and Canada, which will become available during the second half of 2010.","PeriodicalId":176966,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130288858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Atmospheric Externalities and Environmental Taxation 大气外部性与环境税收

ERN: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes & Subsidies (Topic) Pub Date : 2010-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1680478

A. Sandmo

引用次数: 20