Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine最新文献

{"title":"EFFECTIVE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF AFRICAN WILD DOGS (<i>LYCAON PICTUS</i>) TO CANINE DISTEMPER VACCINATION WITH A LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE.","authors":"Robin Gieling, Anne Schmidt-Küntzel, Karina Flores-Pineda, Mick Bailey, Nicola Rooney, Laurie Marker","doi":"10.1638/2023-0088","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccinating African wild dogs (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>) against canine distemper virus (CDV) using live attenuated vaccines (LAV) has been controversial because of limitations in the vaccines' effectiveness and safety. However, CDV is a significant pathogen for African wild dogs, and CDV LAV are currently the only vaccines readily available on the African continent, making them a crucial tool for <i>in situ</i> conservation. There are few studies exploring immunogenicity of CDV LAV, and even less information pertaining to optimal vaccination protocols. This study reports the use of CDV LAV Vanguard^TM Plus 5/L in 16 African wild dogs from two sibling groups with initial inoculation at approximately 6-7 wk of age. The majority (81%, <i>n</i> = 13) of pups generated protective titers after initial vaccination. One pup died of CDV-suspected neurological disease within 17 d of initial vaccination. All remaining dogs received a second dose, and 100% of those achieved protective immunity (as per domestic dog reference values). Protective antibody titers were maintained throughout the sampling period of 284 and 373 d from the second vaccination. The risk of possible vaccine-induced disease cannot be excluded, but may be a sustainable risk compared with the protective potential of CDV LAV for African wild dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"148-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INTRAMUSCULAR MIDAZOLAM AND BUTORPHANOL ADMINISTERED PRIOR TO INTRAVENOUS ALFAXALONE PROVIDES SAFE AND EFFECTIVE ANESTHESIA IN GENTOO PENGUINS (<i>PYGOSCELIS PAPUA</i>).","authors":"Koji Ono, Satoshi Inoue, Hirofumi Hatakeyama, Miki Masatsugu, Toko Maehara, Hiroshi Satoh","doi":"10.1638/2023-0133","DOIUrl":"10.1638/2023-0133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>General anesthesia is a crucial tool in health care and clinical practice involving wildlife, including penguins. A balanced general anesthetic technique that combines multiple drugs is beneficial for achieving sufficient anesthesia while minimizing the side effects of individual agents. However, only a few studies have explored the use of multimodal anesthesia in penguins. This study examined the effects of midazolam (benzodiazepine) and butorphanol (mixed j-opioid agonist and weak l-opioid antagonist) as preanesthetic agents in gentoo penguins (<i>Pygoscelis papua</i>). Midazolam and butorphanol were administered intramuscularly at 0.25 mg/kg each, followed by anesthesia induction and maintenance with alfaxalone administered intravenously. Sedation level, required alfaxalone dose, recovery time, heart rate, and noninvasive blood pressure were evaluated during anesthesia. Sedation intensity increased over time after premedication. When midazolam and butorphanol were used as preanesthetics, the required alfaxalone dose for induction was 4.8 ± 0.8 mg/kg, and the mean infusion rate of alfaxalone required to maintain anesthesia was 0.12 ± 0.05 mg/kg per minute. Recovery from anesthesia took 3 (1-7) (median [interquartile range]) min for extubation and 20 ± 12 (mean ± SD) min for complete recovery. Heart rates were maintained within the normal physiological range, and noninvasive blood pressure remained stable. Compared with previous investigations on anesthesia induction and maintenance using alfaxalone alone, the intramuscular administration of 0.25 mg/kg midazolam and 0.25 mg/kg butorphanol reduced the alfaxalone dose requirement for anesthesia induction and maintenance, thereby shortening recovery times.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"8-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PHENOTYPIC RESISTANCE PROFILES OF SALMONELLA ENTERICA ISOLATED FROM WILD FELIDS IN COSTA RICA BETWEEN 2021 AND 2022.","authors":"Ernesto Rojas-Sanchez, Lohendy Munoz-Vargas, Mauricio Jimenez-Soto","doi":"10.1638/2023-0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella</i> spp. are one of the leading causes of illness, and in the last years there is an increasing interest in the role of different wild animals as reservoir of <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, especially multidrug resistant strains. To establish preventive and action strategies, it is essential to monitor bacterial resistance profiles and systematically collect information. This study aims to report <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and their resistance profile isolated from feces of wild felids that receive veterinary cares by the Hospital de Especies Menores y Silvestres, Costa Rica in 2021 and 2022. Overall, 100% (7/7) of <i>Salmonella</i> spp. isolates exhibited resistance against cefazoline, followed by 71% (5/7) to ciprofloxacin, and 43% (3/7) to nitrofurantoin. A single isolate was found to be multidrug resistant against Ampicillin/Sulbactam-Cefazolin-Ceftriaxone-Gentamicin-Ciprofloxacin-Nitrofurantoin. These resistant profiles highlight that <i>Salmonella enterica</i> isolation can represent a threat to public health and wildlife conservation, especially for those organisms expressing resistant phenotypes to drugs commonly used in clinical settings. Fluoroquinolone resistant <i>Salmonella</i> spp. have been called by the World Health Organization a high priority for research. As these organisms are expanding beyond livestock and hospital associated environments, to understand the epidemiology and impact of fluoroquinolone-resistant <i>Salmonella</i> spp. we require a One Health approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"1071-1075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FOOT RADIOGRAPHY IN EUROPEAN BISON (<i>BISON BONASUS</i>).","authors":"Stefan Hoby, Susanne Guthruf, Adrian Steiner, Elke Van der Vekens, Maher Alsaaod","doi":"10.1638/2024-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone lengths of paired digits of front and hind limbs from 12 captive European bison (<i>Bison bonasus</i>) of different ages (from nine to 175 months) and sexes were measured on digital radiographs in palmarodorsal (PaD) and dorsoplantar (DPl) projections of each limb. All bone lengths were measured, and lateral/medial ratios calculated. The bone measurements included length of the canon bone condyle (LCBC), length of the first, second, and third phalanges (LP1, LP2, LP3), and overall digit length (OL). Furthermore, radiographic abnormalities such as new bone formation (NBF), soft tissue mineralization (SFT), osteolysis (OS), widened vascular channels (WVC), and soft tissue swelling (STS) were recorded using PaD, DPl, and oblique projections. NBF and SFT received a single combined grade as without radiographic changes (0), mild (one to 10 changes = 1), moderate (11 to 20 changes = 2), and severe (>20 changes = 3). OS, WVC, and STS were graded as 0 = absent and 1 = present. There were no significant differences (<i>P</i> > 0.1) of lateral to medial ratios for LCBC, LP1, LP2, and OL in front limbs as compared with hind limbs. Only LP3 was significantly longer (<i>P</i> = 0.004) in the lateral digit of the hind limbs as compared with the front limbs. For both the front and the hind limbs, the lateral LCBC, LP1, LP2, LP3 and OL were significantly longer than the respective measurements of the medial bones (<i>P</i> < 0.05), except for LP2 and LP3 of the hind limbs. Length measurement ratios did not vary significantly with age (<i>P</i> > 0.1). The most common radiographic changes were both NBF and SFT, observed in all animals from 39 months of age and older. This study provides baseline data on in vivo radiographic anatomy and evaluation of feet of European bison under field conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"885-892"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF ASPERGILLOSIS IN JUVENILE FALCONS IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: PREVALENCE AND EFFECT OF HYBRIDIZATION.","authors":"Panagiotis N Azmanis, Agustin I Anzoategui, Antonio Di Somma, Stergios Intzes, Marianthi Symeonidou, Tom Bailey","doi":"10.1638/2024-0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aspergillosis is the most important disease in hunting/racing falcons in the Middle East. Based on clinical observations, the gyrfalcon (<i>Falco rusticolus</i>) is considered to be more susceptible than other species of falcons, whereas it has been hypothesized that their hybrids might be more resistant. This retrospective study examined the endoscopic results of 3,754 captive-bred juvenile falcons of three different species and their hybrids, admitted to Dubai Falcon Hospital in their first year in the UAE over a 14-year period. A control cohort of confirmed genetic origin from Dubai Falcon Center was also examined. Aspergillosis was diagnosed in 887 falcons. The overall prevalence, regardless of species, was 24%. Gyrfalcons (<i>F. rusticolus</i>) had a prevalence of 27%, peregrine falcons (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>) of 18%, and saker falcons (<i>Falco cherrug</i>) of 26%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of aspergillosis between the total hybrid population and the total purebred population. Among purebreds, there was a statistically significant difference only between gyrfalcon and peregrine falcon, with the gyrfalcon being more sensitive. Additionally, the gyrfalcon had a statistically higher prevalence of aspergillosis than the total population of gyrfalcon hybrids. The most resistant hybrid proved to be the gyrfalcon × peregrine (prevalence 20%). This was also verified in the Dubai Falcon Center cohort. In assessment of two main gyrfalcon hybrids in accordance with their parental ancestors, the gyrfalcon-peregrine hybrid proved to be more resistant than the gyrfalcon ancestry, but not the peregrine ancestry. The gyrfalcon-saker presented numerically higher prevalence (30%) than both parents (gyrfalcon, saker falcon), showing outbreeding depression. There was no statistically significant difference between captive-bred sakers (prevalence 24%) and legally harvested wild-caught sakers from Mongolia (prevalence 26%). This work partially confirmed the clinical hypothesis of gyrfalcon sensitivity and hybrid superiority regarding aspergillosis prevalence, only in relation to the peregrine falcon and the gyrfalcon-peregrine hybrid.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"893-900"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HISTOPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS IN 10 CASES OF MORTALITY IN CAPTIVE MALAYSIAN FIRE SNAILS (<i>PLATYMMA TWEEDIEI</i>).","authors":"Peter Richards-Rios, Ian Ashpole, Julian Chantrey, Alberto Rodriguez Barbon","doi":"10.1638/2024-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malaysian fire snails <i>(Platymma tweediei)</i>, face threats to their environment, including habitat destruction and the illegal wildlife trade. Captive breeding projects are likely to play a role in the survival of this species; however, mortality in captive populations potentially presents a significant challenge. This paper presents the results of histopathologic examination of tissues from 10 <i>P. tweediei</i> casualties in a captive population at Chester Zoo. In October 2022, a captive breeding program was established with 20 wild-born <i>P. tweediei</i>. All adult founder animals died by July 2023, of which 10 were submitted for necropsy and histopathology of organs. Significant histologic abnormalities were present in all cases, primarily affecting the lung, integument, and heart. Histological analyses indicated a pneumonia-like condition was prevalent in all cases, suggesting potential environmental factors contributed to respiratory infections. A variety of possible etiologic or secondary infectious agents were present in sections including bacteria, fungi, and trematodes. There were some challenges in interpreting the histologic changes, emphasizing the need for more reference material and studies on the normal histologic anatomy of terrestrial gastropods. The findings underline the importance of understanding mortality events in captive populations to improve husbandry and environmental management. Additionally, the study recommends the submission of fresh specimens for necropsy to enhance diagnostic capabilities, such as bacterial culture, and suggests targeted sampling strategies for future research on captive snail species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"936-948"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC PRESENTATIONS OF YERSINIOSIS IN VARIOUS NONDOMESTIC SPECIES: AN INVESTIGATION OF <i>YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS</i> OUTBREAKS FROM FOUR NORTH AMERICAN ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS.","authors":"Melanie Peel, Emily Hardgrove, Julie Swenson, Meredith Clancy, Matt Marinkovich, Michael M Garner, Holly Haefele, Benjamín Alcantar Hernández, Steven V Kubiski","doi":"10.1638/2024-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2024-0024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yersiniosis due to <i>Yersinia psuedotuberculosis</i> can be associated with high morbidity and mortality in various species and has been a cosmopolitan management challenge in zoological institutions. This gram-negative, environmental bacterium thrives in cold, wet conditions and poses a risk to zoo species. Outbreaks can be costly and impact conservation efforts through loss of threatened and endangered species. Antemortem or clinical diagnosis can be challenging due to intermittent fecal shedding and nonspecific clinical signs. This case series describes common clinical presentations, typical postmortem findings, and response to treatment and prophylaxis at four North American zoological institutions. In total, five outbreaks occurred at four institutions during the winter months from 2013 to 2021. Artiodactyls were by far the most common species involved, and clinical signs included separation from the herd, lethargy, diarrhea, and unexpected death. Other species affected in these outbreaks included cheetahs (<i>Acinonyx jubatus</i>), a great-tailed grackle (<i>Quiscalus mexicanus</i>), a rainbow lorikeet (<i>Trichoglossus moluccanus</i>), and a squirrel monkey (<i>Saimiri sciureus</i>). Necrotizing enteritis with sepsis and pneumonia were common postmortem findings. Mortality rates were originally 76.7%, and herd prophylaxis with a third-generation cephalosporin reduced these rates. These data describe the observational and diagnostic tools to aid in timely diagnosis of a <i>Yersinia</i> outbreak across taxa. Aggressive treatment or prophylaxis were shown to improve survival rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"1095-1103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECT OF DIPOTASSIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID AND LITHIUM HEPARIN ANTICOAGULANT ON HEMATOLOGIC VALUES IN THE BEARDED DRAGON (<i>POGONA VITTICEPS</i>) IN A CLINICAL SETTING.","authors":"Daniel C Cutler, Stephen Divers, Mark A Mitchell, Lara Cusack, Jessica Comolli, Jörg Mayer","doi":"10.1638/2023-0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anticoagulant choice can have significant effect on complete blood counts of reptiles and has not been reported in bearded dragons (<i>Pogona vitticeps</i>). Whole blood was collected from 14 captive individuals and aliquoted into separate blood tubes containing dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and lithium heparin. Samples were shipped and processed within 24 h. A CBC, including a WBC count using a commercial phloxine method, was performed on blood from both tubes. A WBC estimate, WBC differential, and morphologic review were performed on blood smears made from the anticoagulated blood, as well as on a direct blood smear made from anticoagulant-free blood. Some CBC values were significantly different between the EDTA and lithium heparin samples. Hematologic data generated from direct blood smears were more similar to data from EDTA samples than to data from lithium heparin samples. Additionally, multiple lithium heparin samples had poor phloxine stain uptake and leukocyte clumping, so that many WBC parameters were altered or unreportable. These results support EDTA as an appropriate anticoagulant for bearded dragon hematologic evaluation and suggest it may be superior to heparin for some individuals in generating a WBC count using a commercial phloxine method.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"1042-1048"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROFOUND HYPOGLYCEMIA AND BLOOD GLUCOSE TESTING METHODOLOGIES IN FLORIDA MANATEES (<i>TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS</i>) PRESENTED TO A CRITICAL CARE CENTER.","authors":"Rachel B Long, Meredith E Persky, Yousuf S Jafarey, Nicole I Stacy","doi":"10.1638/2023-0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2023-0079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Florida manatees (<i>Trichechus manatus latirostris</i>) continue to experience pressure from various stressors that frequently result in the need for rescue and veterinary assistance. Interestingly, a subset of rescued manatees in critical condition exhibits profound hypoglycemia. The goals of this study were to enhance our understanding of this important aspect of manatee care by 1) characterizing the clinical presentation and factors associated with manatees that present with profound hypoglycemia, and 2) assessing agreement across blood glucose testing modalities [glucometer (whole blood), in-house bench-top analyzer (whole blood), a point of care analyzer (whole blood), and a local human hospital laboratory analyzer (serum)]. Twenty-five manatees were admitted to the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens from 2017 to 2021. Seven manatees were profoundly hypoglycemic on presentation with blood glucose concentrations of < 30 mg/dL. Hypoglycemic manatees were admitted due to cold stress syndrome (n = 3; 1 calf, 2 adults) or emaciation consistent with an unusual mortality event (n = 4; 2 calves, 2 adults). Physical examination findings in hypoglycemic animals included emaciation (n = 7, 100%), lethargy (n = 7, 100%), and intermittent mild muscle fasciculations of the muzzle (n = 3, 42.8%). Hypoglycemia resolved with intense supportive care and monitoring in all affected animals within 32 h of admission. No associations were identified between hypoglycemia on presentation and life-stage, sex, transport distance to JZG's critical care facility, or rehabilitation outcome (death/euthanasia vs. release). Statistical agreement was observed between all blood glucose testing modalities except for the glucometer vs. the human hospital analyzer. Despite the limited sample size, these findings inform on the clinical presentation of severe hypoglycemia, the importance of close blood glucose monitoring after admission, blood glucose testing modalities, and clinical decision-making in Florida manatees admitted to critical care centers.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"915-925"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RENAL FUNCTION PARAMETERS OF HEALTHY CAPTIVE AND SEMICAPTIVE AMAZONIAN MANATEES (<i>TRICHECHUS INUNGUIS</i>).","authors":"Daniela M D de Mello, Christian P Lourinho, Vera M F da Silva","doi":"10.1638/2022-0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1638/2022-0078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evaluating renal function is essential for managing captive wild animals, particularly threatened species like the Amazonian manatee (<i>Trichechus inunguis</i>) in rehabilitation and prerelease programs. A series of urine diagnostic tests, such as gross appearance, semiquantitative chemical analyses, microscopic review of sediments, and quantitative analyses of urea and creatinine, were performed in 57 free-catch urine samples. On the same occasion, 52 serum samples from the same individuals were analyzed for creatine kinase activity, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations; serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) was measured for the first time in the species. Females had higher urine creatinine concentration (21.7 ± 11.8 mg/dl) and specific gravity (1.003 ± 0.003 mg/dl) than males (11.9 ± 8.5 mg/dl and 1.001 ± 0.002 mg/dl) (<i>P</i> < 0.01 for both). Males presented higher urine creatinine:urea ratio than females (24.8 ± 29.2 and 20.5 ± 29.2, respectively) (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Urine pH was lower in manatees from the semicaptive area (7.8 ± 0.6) than in manatees under human care (8.5 ± 0.6) (<i>P</i> = 0.02) using the benchtop pH meter but showed no difference between areas in the dipstick reaction (<i>P</i> = 0.71), given its lower sensitivity and narrower range detection. Furthermore, 18 and 75% of urine samples were positive for the presence of blood and/or nitrite, respectively, in the dipstick reaction, possibly because of sample contamination. Significant correlation was observed between serum blood urea nitrogen and urine urea concentrations (<i>P</i> = 0.02), and between serum and urine creatinine concentrations (<i>P</i> = 0.01). Serum SDMA did not differ between sex or between captive and semicaptive individuals. However, it positively correlated with urine (<i>P</i> = 0.02) and serum creatinine (<i>P</i> = 0.01) demonstrating its potential as a bioindicator of kidney function. The renal function of Amazonian manatees can be effectively assessed by urinalysis, especially when combined with serum biochemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":17667,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"1005-1018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}