Journal of virological methods最新文献

{"title":"A split GFP approach to assay SARS-CoV-2 spike-dependent cell fusion","authors":"M. Jane Morwitzer,&nbsp;Ying Yi Zheng,&nbsp;Heather Friberg,&nbsp;Jeffrey R. Currier","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein plays a central role in viral entry through receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a key target for therapeutic interventions. While existing assays for studying spike-mediated fusion can be complex and lack real-time monitoring, we present a split GFP-based cell fusion assay that provides a straightforward and adaptable platform for evaluating fusion dynamics. This assay utilizes a split GFP system in non-adherent 293-F cells to detect fusion events, allowing for reliable assessment of spike-targeting monoclonal antibodies and fusion inhibitors. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach in evaluating the inhibitory potential of therapeutics against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. The results highlight the assay’s ability to distinguish variant-specific fusion characteristics and inhibitor responses, particularly in the context of Omicron’s altered entry pathways. By enabling the quantitative, real-time assessment of spike-mediated fusion, this platform provides a valuable tool for therapeutic screening, supporting future efforts to develop antiviral strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging coronaviruses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145431527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of rabies virus production in neuroblastoma cells using quality by design principles for vaccine and diagnostic applications","authors":"Nayara Ugeda ,&nbsp;Orlando Garcia Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Elaine Raniero Fernandes ,&nbsp;Fernanda Guedes ,&nbsp;Sandriana Dos Ramos Silva ,&nbsp;Iana Suly Santos Katz","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient production of high-titer rabies virus (RABV) stocks is critical for vaccine development, diagnostic assay design, and virological research. This study employed a Quality by Design (QbD) framework to optimize RABV propagation in Neuro-2a (N2a) cells, targeting infectious titers ≥ 8.0 log₁₀ FFU/mL and cell viability ≥ 85 %. Three genetically distinct RABV strains were evaluated: the laboratory-adapted CVS-11 strain for vaccine production and two field isolates, MN-18 and V-M, relevant to diagnostics and research. A 2 ³ full factorial Design of Experiments (DOE) was implemented to assess the impact of multiplicity of infection (MOI), incubation temperature, and culture medium composition on critical quality attributes (CQAs). Distinct strain-specific responses were observed: CVS-11 and V-M were significantly influenced by MOI (p &lt; 0.05), whereas MN-18 demonstrated a more stable replication profile. Enriched medium significantly enhanced viral titers and cell viability across all strains (p &lt; 0.001). Monte Carlo simulations (n = 10,000) delineated an optimal operational space—MOI 0.1–1.0, temperature 34–35°C, enriched medium—ensuring process robustness with 95 % confidence. This QbD-guided strategy provides a scalable, reproducible platform for generating high-quality RABV stocks, facilitating the manufacture of CVS-11-based vaccines and supporting the diagnostic use of field isolates as biologically standardized reference reagents for diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic surveillance of emerging viruses in mosquito populations from high-risk regions of Iran","authors":"Ebrahim Abbasi","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mosquito-borne arboviruses pose a growing threat to public health, particularly in ecologically vulnerable and climatically dynamic regions. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of emerging arboviruses in mosquito populations from high-risk provinces in southern and southeastern Iran using a metagenomic surveillance approach.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Adult mosquitoes were collected from 36 sites across Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Khuzestan provinces. Specimens were pooled by species and location, followed by RNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify viral taxa and assess phylogenetic relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 4275 mosquitoes representing six species were analyzed. Virome analysis revealed 43 viral taxa, including medically important arboviruses such as dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and West Nile virus (WNV). Multiple novel viral sequences were also detected, including putative members of <em>Phenuiviridae</em> and <em>Orthomyxoviridae</em>. Viral diversity was highest in Hormozgan province and positively correlated with ambient temperature.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides the first comprehensive metagenomic insight into mosquito viromes in Iran, revealing both endemic and potentially novel arboviruses. These findings underscore the need for integrated genomic surveillance and regional vector-borne disease preparedness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115301"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145556892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel methodology for assessing contact tracing precision: Phylogenetic validation of a contact tracing program for COVID-19 in Belgium","authors":"Jonathan Thibaut ,&nbsp;Fabiana Gámbaro ,&nbsp;Caspar Geenen ,&nbsp;Samuel L. Hong ,&nbsp;Joren Raymenants ,&nbsp;Sarah Gorissen ,&nbsp;Lize Cuypers ,&nbsp;Piet Maes ,&nbsp;Guy Baele ,&nbsp;Simon Dellicour ,&nbsp;Emmanuel André","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the COVID-19 pandemic, contact tracing was widely used to limit virus propagation and implement targeted disease control measures. It can however be difficult to assess whether infected cases are actually linked to the traced index case. In this study, we developed and applied an analytical pipeline using genomic data to assess the precision of contact tracing, defined as the proportion of transmission events suggested by contact tracing that are not contradicted by genomic analysis. We exemplify our approach by examining the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among students at Belgium’s largest university, in Leuven, during the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 epidemic waves. We analysed 459 case-contact pairs identified through contact tracing. We then aimed to determine whether the pairs, where patients were infected with the same variant, clustered together within a time-scaled phylogeny. Our findings indicate that 34.6 % of transmission events suggested by contact tracing were not invalidated by our combined phylogenetic and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Only considering non invalidated transmission events, we estimated serial intervals with a smaller standard deviation than with all case-contact pairs. Our genomic-based pipeline allows us to assess the ability of our contact tracing program to correctly identify transmission chains. While contact tracing is crucial for early outbreak detection and control, monitoring its precision is vital for using this data in public health decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145308422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a dual-label time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay platform for simultaneous detection of canine distemper virus and parvovirus","authors":"Laiqing Li ,&nbsp;Hongrui Lai ,&nbsp;Huankun Liang ,&nbsp;Guiling Guo ,&nbsp;Cuicui Chen ,&nbsp;Qiang Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) are two highly contagious and severely pathogenic viruses commonly found in dogs, particularly lethal to puppies. This study aimed to establish a double-labeling time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) to test and distinguish CDV and CPV-2 infection.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A sandwich TRFIA method was established and optimized using europium(III) (Eu^3 +)/samarium(III) (Sm³⁺) chelates dual labeling. Subsequently, it was formulated into a kit and constructed the TRFIA platform, and both its laboratory performance (limit of detection, specificity, accuracy and stability) and its ability to detect target viruses in canine clinical samples were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A dual-label TRFIA platform for simultaneous CDV and CPV-2 detection was constructed and rigorously validated. The TRFIA platform exhibited limit of detection of 0.43 ng/mL for CDV and 0.73 ng/mL for CPV-2, with high specificity for both targets. Clinical cut-offs were established at 5.47 ng/mL (CDV) and 6.96 ng/mL (CPV-2). Intra-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 1.11 % to 5.53 %, with spike-recoveries between 104.74 % and 108.50 %. Concordance with PCR was excellent (Pearson’s χ² test, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Clinical validation yielded diagnostic sensitivities/specificities of 90.24 %/97.37 % for CDV and 88.37 %/98.65 % for CPV-2, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A TRFIA platform for simultaneous detection of CDV and CPV-2 demonstrated robust limit of detection, specificity, accuracy, plus reliable clinical sensitivity and specificity. It offers an additional tool for distinguishing CDV from CPV-2 infections and may enhance future disease-prevention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145574029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a LAMP-based diagnostic method for HTLV-1 using Iranian clinical samples","authors":"Yousef Douzandegan ,&nbsp;Ali Kargar Kheirabad ,&nbsp;Sayed‑Hamidreza Mozhgani ,&nbsp;Gholamreza Tavoosidana ,&nbsp;Abbas Rahimi Foroushani ,&nbsp;Mehdi Norouzi","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a delta-retrovirus responsible for severe diseases such as adult<!--> <!-->T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Accurate and<!--> <!-->accessible diagnostic tools are required, especially in endemic regions such as Iran, to manage reasonably and prevent HTLV-1 infections.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to develop and validate an HTLV-1 detection protocol using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method on clinical samples from Iranian<!--> <!-->patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A LAMP assay was designed using optimized primers targeting the HTLV-1 genome. It was validated with clinical samples, and its sensitivity and specificity were evaluated compared to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)<!--> <!-->method. Reaction conditions were optimized for fast and specific amplification, and results were visually analyzed utilizing a Luminator device and a real-time thermocycler.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The LAMP assay revealed a sensitivity<!--> <!-->of 100 % and specificity of 94.7 % for HTLV-1 detection. Within 15–30 min, the method produced results in isothermal conditions<!--> <!-->with good performance. The fluorescence-based detection approach is easy to<!--> <!-->use. It does not need a sophisticated laboratory facility and has a limit of detection of 2.5 copies/µL.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrates the feasibility of a LAMP-based method for HTLV-1 detection that is rapid, cost-effective, and accessible compared to PCR. For this reason,<!--> <!-->this alternative could enhance HTLV-1 diagnosis in both qualitative or quantitative form in endemic and low-resource scenarios. Future research should explore further validation in more diverse populations and integration with new<!--> <!-->technologies for digital detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145549275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of a molecular assay for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, influenza B, and respiratory syncytial virus from municipal wastewater in British Columbia","authors":"Jennifer Kopetzky ,&nbsp;Sarah C. Mansour ,&nbsp;Rachel Floyd ,&nbsp;Liam Byrne ,&nbsp;Christine Tchao ,&nbsp;Natalie Prystajecky","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to monitor the prevalence of respiratory viruses in a community depends on testing infrastructure, surveillance programs, and community engagement. Wastewater-based surveillance has recently evolved as a tool to monitor disease at a population level with reduced costs, diverse surveillance coverage, and inherently passive population participation. This study designed a molecular assay for the detection and quantification of multiple respiratory viruses—SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, influenza B, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)—from wastewater samples. The presence of inhibitory substances in the wastewater matrix and multiple molecular targets did not prove to be limiting factors for the performance of the assay. Evaluation of the assay using municipal wastewater treatment plant samples showed a strong concordance with publicly available surveillance and clinical case data in British Columbia, Canada. Existing and future community testing programs for respiratory viruses should integrate wastewater-based surveillance to capture asymptomatic/non-testing populations, expand surveillance coverage, and provide greater insight into the community dynamics of respiratory viruses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145471344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of monoclonal antibody based SPCE logistic regression model to predict the protective status of animals vaccinated against FMD virus type A","authors":"Rajamanickam Hema Sayee ,&nbsp;Madhusudan Hosamani ,&nbsp;Narayanan Krishnaswamy ,&nbsp;Subramaniyan Shanmuganathan ,&nbsp;Manchikanti Sri Sai Charan ,&nbsp;Dasu Ramadoss Vignesh ,&nbsp;Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In enzootic regions like India, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is managed through vaccination and strict biosecurity. Traditionally, FMD vaccine potency is assessed via <em>in vivo</em> challenge, which raises animal welfare concerns. As an alternative, this study evaluated a serology-based indirect potency test using 87 serum samples derived from calves 28 days post-vaccination. Samples were analyzed via virus neutralization test (VNT) and SPCEs employing polyclonal (pAb) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs 2C4G11 and 6E8D11). Log₁₀ serum titres (<em>ti</em>) were correlated with protection outcomes from live virus challenge (FMDV serotype A/40/2000) using logistic regression. Four logit models were developed, and ROC analysis determined <em>ti</em> cut-offs for 50 %, 75 %, and 95 % protection probabilities (<em>pi</em>). VNT and mAb SPCEs showed sigmoid logit curves, indicating strong <em>ti–pi</em> correlation. Based on AIC and Somers’ D, mAb 2C4G11 SPCE was the best-fit model. At 75 % <em>pi</em>, <em>ti</em> thresholds for VNT, pAb, mAb 2C4G11, and mAb 6E8D11 were &gt; 1.204, &gt; 1.041, &gt; 1.204, and &gt; 1.204, respectively, with mAb 6E8D11 showing highest accuracy. Thus, mAbs 2C4G11 and 6E8D11 SPCEs are promising tools for predicting homologous protection. Further validation with larger sample sizes is recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115299"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145477071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for analyzing surface structures of nervous necrosis virus and detecting virus-specific antibodies: A technical review","authors":"Hyun Jung Gye ,&nbsp;Toyohiko Nishizawa","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a quantitative immunoassay used to detect antigens and antibodies. In the field of fish diseases, the usefulness of ELISA has been largely overlooked due to its low reproducibility and high background optical density (OD). Nevertheless, ELISA is indispensable for evaluating specific immunity in vaccinated fishes, tracking infection history and analyzing the conformational structures and functions of the surface proteins of fish pathogens. Therefore, a highly quantitative and reproducible ELISA is important and necessary for fish disease research and diagnosis. In this technical review, we used nervous necrosis virus (NNV) as a model to compile the existing knowledge on improving background OD and increasing the reproducibility of ELISA. The issues associated with this method are primarily caused by non-specific reactions of immunoglobulins (Igs) to viral particles and changes in the aggregation states of viral particles. The countermeasures include methods for <em>in vitro</em> virus culture, purification of virus particles, immobilization of virus particle antigens and fish Igs on ELISA plate wells, consideration of physicochemical properties of virus particles and reaction order of the antigens and antibodies. This information will improve the detection of fish viruses other than NNV and specific antibodies against them using ELISA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115290"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145329441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of monoclonal antibodies against goose astrovirus 2 ORF2 protein and establishment of an indirect competitive ELISA detection method","authors":"Anping Wang,&nbsp;Zhi Wu,&nbsp;Qingkang Zhou,&nbsp;Xiaolu Zhang,&nbsp;Li Liu,&nbsp;Shanyuan Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gosling gout, caused by goose astrovirus 2 (GAstV-2), poses a significant threat to the goose industry due to its high morbidity and mortality, while effective control measures remain unavailable. The development of specific countermeasures is hindered by a limited characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and epitopes against the major ORF2 antigen. To address this, we generated two mAbs (A12G1 and A10D12) against GAstV-2 ORF2 using hybridoma technology. Epitope mapping identified two novel linear B-cell epitopes, ₁MADRA₅ (A12G1) and ₃₆YKPQKLPMKA₄₅ (A10D12), residing in the conserved S domain. These epitopes were highly conserved among GAstV-2 isolates but demonstrated notable divergence from other avian astroviruses. The specific reactivity of both mAbs with GAstV-2 was confirmed by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, leveraging mAb A10D12, we established a highly sensitive and specific indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) for detecting GAstV-2 antibodies in goose serum. The icELISA demonstrated excellent reproducibility, high sensitivity, and no cross-reactivity with antisera against other common waterfowl pathogens. This study not only expands the known epitope repertoire of GAstV-2 ORF2 but also provides valuable mAbs and a robust serological tool for functional studies of ORF2 and for monitoring GAstV-2 infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115306"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}