{"title":"Conditional suffixes in Assamese: Structure and function","authors":"Seuji Sharma","doi":"10.5070/h91150994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/h91150994","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Sharma, Seuji | Abstract: The present paper is an attempt to analyze and discuss some important concepts relating to the conditional conjunctions in Assamese, an Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in Assam. This study explores the form, function and distribution of conditional conjunctions which are used to describe a condition. Conditional conjunctions enable non-finite forms to express conditionality and temporal circumstances. The study focuses on one important way of introducing the structure of condition in Assamese by suffixation to the verb root. The verb of the dependent clause of a conditional sentence carries the inflectional morpheme as a non-finite form, which is not fully inflected for tense and person. The non-finite forms which are used to indicate the function of conditional marker will be discussed. While discussing the function of conditional conjunction as part of sentence structure, the subject-verb agreement of the dependent clause and the temporal expression of the inflectional form will be examined. Most of the examples in this paper are taken from the author’s own native speakers introspection, but some of the examples were first observed in The CIIL-Lancaster Assamese Corpus.","PeriodicalId":176164,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Linguistics","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127223670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A geolinguistic study of directional prefixes in the Qiangic language area","authors":"Satoko Shirai","doi":"10.5070/h919142521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/h919142521","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Shirai, Satoko | Abstract: This study examines directional prefixes in Qiangic languages from a geolinguistic perspective. Among Qiangic languages, the northern languages tend to have more directional prefixes. This fact suggests the areal development of directional prefixes. The present paper discusses the following four groups of directional prefixes: (i) “upward”; (ii) “downward”; (iii) “inward,” “upriver,” “eastward,” and related movements; and (iv) “outward,” “downriver,” “westward,” and related movements. First, I show the geographical distribution of the forms of prefixes for each directional category. Then, I examine the relative time depth of each form using a geolinguistic method and make hypotheses on the historical development of directional prefixes. This study reached the following conclusion: In Qiangic, the basic directional prefixes among these four groups are “upward,” “downward,” “inward,” and “outward.” The other categories involved in (iii) and (iv) were developed later, since the “upriver” and “downriver” prefixes show variety of forms among local areas, whereas the “eastward” and “westward” prefixes are found in limited areas. The following are the oldest types of initial of each directional prefix: dental plosive for the “upriver” prefixes; dental nasal for the “downward” prefixes; voiceless velar plosive for the “inward” prefixes; and voiced velar plosive for the “outward” prefixes.","PeriodicalId":176164,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Linguistics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129132301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Funk, Corinne Mittaz, Sara Rüfenacht, Sereina Waldis
{"title":"The Brokpa lexicon: Notes on selected semantic fields","authors":"D. Funk, Corinne Mittaz, Sara Rüfenacht, Sereina Waldis","doi":"10.5070/h919146915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/h919146915","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Funk, Damian; Mittaz, Corinne; Rufenacht, Sara; Waldis, Sereina | Abstract: A selection of semantic fields of the Brokpa lexicon are examined in some detail, focusing on both cross-linguistically salient as well as locally distinct concepts. Kinship terminology reflects traditional marriage customs through conflating in-laws with paternal aunts, maternal uncles and male cross-cousins. Different kinds of livestock such as yaks and cows are crossbred, giving rise to a wide variety of distinctly named hybrid offspring. Domestic animals receive characteristic onomatopoeic renderings of their vocalizations, and specialized summoning calls. A number of body parts are lexically not differentiated, such as hand and arm, foot and leg, finger and toe, while others like hair distinguish numerous types. Honorifics are found for body parts and kinship terms, among others. Finally, numerals mix a decimal with a more archaic vigesimal system.","PeriodicalId":176164,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Linguistics","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127927927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deverbal nominalization in Brokpa","authors":"Sereina Waldis","doi":"10.5070/h919146913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/h919146913","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to provide a first description of deverbal nominalizers in Brokpa and the range of functions they carry. Brokpa exhibits four productive deverbal nominalizers as well as an unproductive one. They all form clausal nominalizations which can function as complement clauses or as modifiers of other nominals in the form of relative clauses. I argue that Brokpa allows three different types of relative clauses: pre-headed, post-headed and internally headed relative clauses. This paper furthermore shows that two nominalizers developed temporal reference and can now also function as finite tense markers.","PeriodicalId":176164,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Linguistics","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132609717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tshering Leki, D. Funk, Pascal Gerber, Selin Grollmann, Corinne Mittaz, Sara Rüfenacht, Sereina Waldis
{"title":"Brokpa texts, glossary and verb stems: Appendices to Aspects of Brokpa Grammar","authors":"Tshering Leki, D. Funk, Pascal Gerber, Selin Grollmann, Corinne Mittaz, Sara Rüfenacht, Sereina Waldis","doi":"10.5070/h919149037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/h919149037","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Leki, Tshering; Funk, Damian; Gerber, Pascal; Grollmann, Selin; Mittaz, Corinne; Rufenacht, Sara; Waldis, Sereina | Abstract: The appendices to Himalayan Linguistics 19.1: Aspects of Brokpa Grammar consist of three parts, namely the text collection compiled by the Brokpa Documentation and Description Project (BDDP) at the Department of Linguistics of Bern University (Appendix A), a commented Brokpa glossary with etymologies (Appendix B) as well as the list of verb stems attested so far, indicating stem alternations (Appendix C).","PeriodicalId":176164,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Linguistics","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125405243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A short overview of the word classes in Brokpa","authors":"Corinne Mittaz","doi":"10.5070/h919146804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/h919146804","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Mittaz, Corinne | Abstract: This paper presents a first overview of the word classes in Brokpa and how they differ structurally from each other. Brokpa distinguishes eleven word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, copulas, relator nouns, pronouns, numerals, quantifiers, conjunctions and particles. Semantic, morphological and syntactic aspects of these word classes will be presented and set in relation to each other.","PeriodicalId":176164,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Linguistics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123957546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Old Tibetan verb morphology and semantics: An attempt at a reconstruction","authors":"Joanna Bialek","doi":"10.5070/h919145017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/h919145017","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Bialek, Joanna | Abstract: The paper presents the first complete reconstruction of the Old Tibetan (OT) verb morphology and semantics. Old Tibetan had a productive verb inflection with meaningful inflectional affixes b-, g-, ɣ-, d-, -d, and -s. The distribution of the prefixes was asymmetric and closely related to transitivity of a verb. Verbs of highest transitivity formed four distinct stems, whereas intransitive verbs inflected for one or two stems only. Grammatical voice is the only category that can explain the disproportion in the markings of transitive and intransitive verbs. Because the basic opposition was that between active and passive voice, intransitive verbs could only form active forms, whereas both active and passive forms were available for the majority of transitive verbs. In addition, both groups of verbs inflected for aspect, distinguishing between perfective and imperfective aspect. The OT inflectional system seems to have been a local innovation, only marginally related to verb morphology of other Tibeto-Burman languages.","PeriodicalId":176164,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Linguistics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116964173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Copulas in Brokpa","authors":"D. Funk","doi":"10.5070/h919146770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/h919146770","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Funk, Damian | Abstract: Like many Tibetic languages, Brokpa boasts an intricate system of copulas. Six present tense copulas, one past tense copula, and two modal copulas are identified, including a distinction between sets of equative and existential copulas and a three-way epistemic contrast akin to Lhasa Tibetan, and more elaborated than that found in Brokpa’s Bhutanese relatives Dzongkha or Chocha-ngachakha. In particular, Brokpa features an egophoric category next to a contrast between, in DeLancey (2018)’s terms, evidential and non- evidential factual which is reminiscent of the opposition between acquired and assimilated knowledge proposed for Dzongkha by van Driem (1998). The discussion of the sophisticated epistemic semantics of Brokpa copulas is complemented by some suggestions as to its diachronic origins.","PeriodicalId":176164,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Linguistics","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130602441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A preliminary phonology of Brokpa","authors":"D. Funk","doi":"10.5070/h919146769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/h919146769","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Funk, Damian | Abstract: A preliminary synchronic analysis of Brokpa phonology finds eleven vowel phonemes, including two degrees of vowel length; 35 consonant phonemes; and three tonal values (level low, level high, and contour falling). Based on a sample of 134 words, the phonological description is supported by a phonetic analysis investigating the acoustic correlates of phonemic distinctions: formant values for vowel quality, length measurements for vowel length, pitch measurements for tone, and voice onset time for aspiration in plosives and affricates. A presentation of the basic phonotactic patterns of the language concludes the sketch. Some noteworthy features of Brokpa phonology include its developing tonal system; the relative lack of open vowels, front rounded vowels, and voiced fricatives; the presence of five series of plosives; and some archaic consonant clusters.","PeriodicalId":176164,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Linguistics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132435132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Segmental and suprasegmental features of Brokpa","authors":"Pema Wangdi","doi":"10.5070/h919148641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/h919148641","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Wangdi, Pema | Abstract: This paper analyzes segmental and suprasegmental features of Brokpa, a Trans-Himalayan (Tibeto-Burman) language belonging to the Central Bodish (Tibetic) subgroup. Segmental phonology includes segments of speech including consonants and vowels and how they make up syllables. Suprasegmental features include register tone system and stress. We examine how syllable weight or moraicity plays a determining role in the placement of stress, a major criterion for phonological word in Brokpa; we also look at some other evidence for phonological words in this language. We argue that synchronic segmental and suprasegmental features of Brokpa provide evidence in favour of a number of innovative processes in this archaic Bodish language. We conclude that Brokpa, a language historically rich in consonant clusters with a simple vowel system and a relatively simple prosodic system, is losing its consonant clusters and developing additional complexities including lexical tones.","PeriodicalId":176164,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Linguistics","volume":"685 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114000171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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