Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health最新文献_第8页

Bovine mastitis: Prevalence, Isolation and identification of major bacterial pathogens in selected areas of Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia 牛乳腺炎:埃塞俄比亚西南部Bench Maji地区选定地区主要细菌病原体的流行、分离和鉴定

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2018.0731

Teshome Gemechu, Hasen Awel Yunus, Morga Soma, Amare Beyene

{"title":"Bovine mastitis: Prevalence, Isolation and identification of major bacterial pathogens in selected areas of Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia","authors":"Teshome Gemechu, Hasen Awel Yunus, Morga Soma, Amare Beyene","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0731","url":null,"abstract":"A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of mastitis in bovines and to, isolate and identify the major bacterial pathogens of lactating cows in six selected woredas of Bench Maji Zone of Southwestern Ethiopia from June 2017-October 2017. Three hundred eighty four lactating cows were examined for mastitis by combination of udder physical examination, California Mastitis Test and subsequent bacteriological isolation. During the study period, 116 (30.21%) cows had mastitis, of which 35 (30.17%) and 81(69.83%) showed clinical and subclinical mastitis, respectively. The prevalence rates of mastitis in cross breed and local breed cattle were found to be 71.43 and 28.65%, respectively. Based on parity, higher prevalence (45.45%) was recorded in cows which had greater than 5 parturitions and the lower prevalence (13.04%) was recorded in cows with 1-2 parturitions. Based on lactation stage, the prevalence was (45%) in late stage, followed by middle stage (36.60%) and early stage of lactation (13.85%). The prevalence rates of mastitis based on different age groups of lactating cows were found to be 48.78 , 30.54 and 18.52% in cows of greater than 8 years old, 4-8 years old and in cows less than 4 years old, respectively. Except parity, the other associated risk factors (breed, lactation stage and age group) had significant association (P<0.05) with the prevalence of mastitis in the study animals. Upon subsequent bacterial culturing, the quarter milk samples yielded three types of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus (59.26%), Streptococcus agalactiae (38.27%) and Escherchia coli (2.47%) were the major isolates. In conclusion, the overall prevalence of mastitis in lactating cow of the study area was high and this suggests the need of improved hygienic practices and applies different methods for prevention and strategic control of the disease. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bacteria, cows, Ethiopia, mastitis, prevalence.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84135039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Comparative cost analysis of three injectable ivermectin preparations in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria 三种注射用伊维菌素制剂在尼日利亚贝努埃州马库尔迪控制绵羊胃肠道线虫的成本比较分析

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2018.0723

M. Adamu, Paul Amuta, Anthony I. Ameh, S. Ode

{"title":"Comparative cost analysis of three injectable ivermectin preparations in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria","authors":"M. Adamu, Paul Amuta, Anthony I. Ameh, S. Ode","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0723","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy and comparative cost analysis of three injectable ivermectin preparations was evaluated in West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Three anthelmintics: ivomec classic® (IVC), ivomec super® (IVS) and ivomec gold® (IVG) were administered at a dose rate of 200µg/kg to control gastrointestinal nematodes in three treatment groups comprising five animals each. The faecal egg counts (FEC) for each animal pre-treatment, and thereafter for a period of 16 weeks post-treatment was carried out using the modified McMaster technique. The results is a pre-treatment mean FEC for groups A, B and C of 970±550.36, 880± 279.55 and 1640±893.78 eggs per gram (epg), respectively and a mean FEC of zero for all treatment groups one week post treatment. The mean FEC of zero was maintained for 28, 35 and 56 days, respectively. A mean FEC threshold for re-treatment of 500 epg was exceeded at days 42, 49 and 84 for groups A (615±167.26), B (830±287.49) and C (737.5±448.10), respectively. The results were subjected into a deterministic model to estimate the costs of using IVC, IVS or IVG in an annual control program. The costs of a one-time treatment were $20.6, $20.8 and $21.0, respectively. The average annual costs were $82.39, $83.22 and $41.99 for groups A, B and C, respectively. Thus, veterinary service and labour are two variables that contributed more to cost of treatment when compared with the price of drugs and average weight of the animals treated. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Ivermectin, gastrointestinal nematodes, West African Dwarf sheep, efficacy, cost analysis.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88436755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Distribution and molecular characterization of avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV) in domestic and wild birds in Burkina Faso 禽戊型肝炎病毒(aHEV)在布基纳法索家禽和野鸟中的分布和分子特征

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2018.0741

J. Ouoba, K. A. Traore, Alphonsine Kouassi Mbengue, S. Ngazoa, H. Rouamba, M. Doumbia, A. Traoré, P. Roques, N. Barro

{"title":"Distribution and molecular characterization of avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV) in domestic and wild birds in Burkina Faso","authors":"J. Ouoba, K. A. Traore, Alphonsine Kouassi Mbengue, S. Ngazoa, H. Rouamba, M. Doumbia, A. Traoré, P. Roques, N. Barro","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0741","url":null,"abstract":"Avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV), clinically important in poultry industry, can cause death and reduce egg production of chickens, resulting in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. However, little is known about this aHEV infection in Burkina Faso. This study presents the results of distribution and characterization of aHEV in domestic and wild birds without clinical disease. In total 173 birds liver samples were collected from four Burkina Faso provinces, between February 2015 and June 2016. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with aHEV specific degenerate primers was used to screen the presence of aHEV. RNA of aHEV was detected in 29 (16.8%) liver samples. Of these, the prevalence was diverse in different species of birds; the most frequent level was 35.3% in Numida meleagris, respectively followed by 23.5% in Gallus gallus domesticus, 13.3% in Streptopelia turtur, 13.3% in Columba livia, 6.7% in Anas platyrhynchos and 3.3% in Pternistis natalensis. The present study firstly revealed the prevalence of HEV infection in six species of birds in Burkina. It is therefore important to conduct further research on the impact on poultry mortality and egg production in our country. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Avian hepatitis E virus, zoonosis, birds, prevalence, Burkina Faso.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85799338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Health and welfare problems of pack donkeys and cart horses in and around Holeta town, Walmara district, Central Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚中部沃尔马拉区Holeta镇及其周边地区的驮驴和马车的健康和福利问题

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Pub Date : 2019-01-31 DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2017.0647

Chala Chaburte, Bojia Endabu, Feleke Getahun, A. Fanta, Zerihun Asefa, K. Aragaw

{"title":"Health and welfare problems of pack donkeys and cart horses in and around Holeta town, Walmara district, Central Ethiopia","authors":"Chala Chaburte, Bojia Endabu, Feleke Getahun, A. Fanta, Zerihun Asefa, K. Aragaw","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2017.0647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2017.0647","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted from October, 2013 to May, 2014 to identify and compare common health and welfare problems of pack donkeys and cart horses in and around Holeta town, central Ethiopia. The presence of the problems was directly assessed on 301 pack donkeys and 84 cart horses, and indirectly assessed in the areas where the study animals were living, grazing and working. Indirect assessments of the problems were also conducted using focus group discussions with 64 equine owners and 8 animal health professionals. Oral problems (2.3 and 16.7%), back sore (13.6 and 1.2%), girth sore (2.7 and 17.9%), tail base sore (15.6 and 0%), abnormal behavior (14.3 and 0%), epizootic lymphangitis (EL) (0 and 10.7%), wound (33 and 44%) and hoof overgrowth (62.5 and 35.7%) were identified on pack donkeys and cart horses, respectively. Indirect assessments indicated that the animals are affected by strangles, tetanus, anthrax, colic, lameness, EL, wounds, parasites, sarcoids, rabies, African horse sickness, owner abuses, shortage of feed and water, and housing problems in the area. This study revealed that back sore, tail sore and abnormal behavior were more frequently occurring in pack donkeys whereas girth sore and oral problems were more common in cart horses. Cart horses were highly affected by epizootic lymphangitis. Both species were more or less similarly affected by lameness, strangles, tetanus, colic, wounds, parasites, owner abuses, and lack of proper feeding, watering and housing. Therefore, awareness creation of the population about the use of these animals for working and good management system should be promoted by the government in the area. Capacity building services should also be delivered for local animal health professionals. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Donkeys, horses, health, welfare, Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87223213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

The neglected welfare statue of working donkeys in Ethiopia: The case of Dale district in Southern Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚被忽视的驴福利雕像:以埃塞俄比亚南部戴尔地区为例

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Pub Date : 2019-01-31 DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2018.0717

B. Tanga, A. Gebremeskel

{"title":"The neglected welfare statue of working donkeys in Ethiopia: The case of Dale district in Southern Ethiopia","authors":"B. Tanga, A. Gebremeskel","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0717","url":null,"abstract":"A cross sectional study was conducted on A total of 246 working donkeys from October 2015 to May 2016 with the objectives of assessing the welfare problem and harness related wound in dale district of Sidama Zone. The data were collected using direct (animal-based, using the hand tool) and indirect (owners resource-based, through questionnaire survey) methods. Indirect data was collected on the working management of donkeys whereas direct data was collected through observation of behavior (emotion and energy state), body condition score, wound, lameness and other signs of diseases. The qualitative behavior assessment (QBA) was employed to assess the behavior and communication of donkeys. The overall prevalence of wound occurrence was 43.1% whereas; prevalence of lameness was 22.7%. Majority of donkeys examined for emotional and energy state by QBA showed 39.8% with high-energy state, reflecting poor behavior and communication. The common sites of wound in donkey’s were back sore, tail sore, chest wound, bit, girth and bite. From the total of 246 donkeys working, only 57 (23.1) were using improved harness. The occurrence of wounds was found to be statistically significantly associated with age (P=0.000) and use of improved harness (P=0.002). In conclusion, illiteracy and not using of improved harness contributed to the compromised welfare. Therefore, there should be massive awareness creation on animal welfare, sentient being and health management. There should be also significant endeavor at multiple stages; community, local service providers and policy level to improve the welfare statue of working donkeys in the area in particular and in the country in general. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Dale District, harness, welfare problems, working donkey, wound.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"474 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76696846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal nematodes infection in sheep and goats in semi-intensively managed farm, South Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚南部半集约经营农场绵羊和山羊胃肠道线虫感染的流行程度和强度

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Pub Date : 2019-01-31 DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2018.0705

Bekalu Kuma, R. Abebe, Berhanu Mekbib, D. Sheferaw, Mesele Abera

{"title":"Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal nematodes infection in sheep and goats in semi-intensively managed farm, South Ethiopia","authors":"Bekalu Kuma, R. Abebe, Berhanu Mekbib, D. Sheferaw, Mesele Abera","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0705","url":null,"abstract":"Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) severely affect small ruminant's health and compromise their productivity and reproductive performances and can be a major cause of economic losses in small ruminant production. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2017 in semi-intensively managed sheep and goats farm to determine the prevalence and intensity, and to identify the major genera of GIN. Faecal samples collected from a total of 192 small ruminants (60 sheep and 132 goats) were examined by McMaster technique and those samples positive for GIN were cultured for identification of the major genera. Furthermore, blood samples were collected from 112 goats for determination of the packed cell volume (PCV). The prevalence of GIN infection in the current study was 83.3 and 87.9% in sheep and goats, respectively. There was no statistically significant (p>0.05) difference in prevalence between sheep and goats. The faecal egg count (FEC) result showed that 60% of sheep and 48.3% of goats examined were heavily infected. No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was noted in mean FEC between sheep and goats. The mean PCV was significantly (p<0.05) lower in parasitaemic goats (23.2±0.35 SE) than aparasitaemic ones (26.9±0.73 SE). Faecal culture from positive animals revealed the same genera of GIN in both sheep and goats. These are Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum and Trichuris species in order of their abundance. In general, the present study showed a high prevalence and intensity of GIN infection in both sheep and goats in the study farm demanding strategic deworming practice and appropriate pasture management.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80159200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Reproductive health problems and associated risk factors in intensively managed dairy cows in Alage, Southern Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚南部阿拉奇集约化管理奶牛的生殖健康问题及相关风险因素

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Pub Date : 2019-01-31 DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2018.0713

A. Gebremeskel, B. Tanga, Yohannes Nigatu, Chala Feyera Olkeba

{"title":"Reproductive health problems and associated risk factors in intensively managed dairy cows in Alage, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"A. Gebremeskel, B. Tanga, Yohannes Nigatu, Chala Feyera Olkeba","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0713","url":null,"abstract":"Cross sectional study was conducted in Alage dairy farm with the objectives of determining the causes of reproductive wastages, their prevalence and the risk factors on 173 dairy cows (68 Holstein Friesian (HF) and 105 Borena breed) from November 2017 to April 2018. Additionally, a one year data, from September, 2016 to September, 2017 on a total of 172 cows were analyzed. From the one year record data, 33.72% (n=58) of the cows has showed either one or more of major reproductive health problems. In the cross sectional survey, out of the total cattle 31.79% (n=55) were found to be affected either with one or more of major reproductive health problems. The common causes of reproductive wastages identified include repeat breeder, metritis, retained fetal membrane (RFM), abortion, anoestrus, and dystocia with prevalence of 16.18, 6.36, 5.78, 4.05, 3.47 and 2.9%, respectively. The breed and body condition of cattle were found to statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of reproductive problems (p 0.05). In conclusion, there were high reproductive wastages and multiple causes leading to reproductive wastages in Alage dairy farm, which needs due attention. Appropriate strategies to improve reproductive health in farm including training of farm workers to improve heat detection and artificial insemination efficiency, and enhancement of the general health management of the cows by applying appropriate herd health programs is recommended. Identification of etiologies of infectious diseases and their potential risk factors should be further studied in dairy cows. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Alage, dairy cows, reproductive health problems, risk factors.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"150 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77414981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Strategies for animal disease control in Ethiopia: A review of policies, regulations and actors 埃塞俄比亚动物疾病控制战略:对政策、法规和行动者的审查

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.5897/jvmah2018.0711

B. Adam, A. Dawit, Teklewold Tilaye, L. Henrietta, Hodge Catherine, Berg Stefan

引用次数: 6

Study on prevalence and associated risk factors of mange mite infestations in cattle in Damot Woyde District, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚南部Wolaita区Damot Woyde区牛中管理螨感染流行情况及相关危险因素研究

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2018.0729

Sitotaw Kolato Koche, Gemechu Chala Hunderra, M. Aynalem, efro Getahun

{"title":"Study on prevalence and associated risk factors of mange mite infestations in cattle in Damot Woyde District, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Sitotaw Kolato Koche, Gemechu Chala Hunderra, M. Aynalem, efro Getahun","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0729","url":null,"abstract":"A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to April 2018 in Damot Woyde District of Wolayta Zone to estimate the prevalence of mange mite infestation in cattle and identify the associated risk factors. Out of 375 animals examined, 41 (10.9%) were found positive for mange mite infestations. No statistically significant difference was noted among sex, age, breed and management categories (p>0.05); however, the prevalence differences noted between animals with different body condition score were statistically significant (p<0.05). The highest prevalence was recorded in animals with poor body conditions (27.71%), followed by those with medium (9.97%) and good body conditions (0.83%). Four mite genera were found in the area namely; Sarcoptes 19 (46.3%), Psoroptes 5 (12.2%), Demodex 13 (31.7%) and Chorioptes 4 (9.8%). Mange was frequently recovered from dewlap, followed by neck, tail head, face, brisket and leg. The overall prevalence (10.9%) shows that mange is an important disease that needs attention in the area. Therefore, farmers need to be made aware on the strategic use of acaricides following veterinary recommendation. Moreover, there is a need for regular research on the sensitivity of the parasites to the drugs in use. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Damot Woyde, dewlap, cattle, mange mites, sarcoptes.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"04 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86092373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Dosage regimen associated immuno modulatory effect of levamisole on humoral response of broilers against inactivated avian influenza virus H7N3 adjuvanted vaccines 剂量方案相关左旋咪唑对肉仔鸡抗H7N3禽流感病毒灭活佐剂疫苗体液应答的免疫调节作用

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Pub Date : 2018-11-30 DOI: 10.5897/jvmah2018.0722

I.W. Muhammad, D. Muhammad, Anwar Huma, Noreen Sana, Qazi Amir, Usman Muhammad, G. Mahreen

引用次数: 0