{"title":"Occurrence of some pesticides in Bhoj wetland Bhopal and their effect on phytoplankton community: An ecological perspective","authors":"A. A. Naik, A. Wanganeo","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0322","url":null,"abstract":"The present communication deal with the analysis of water samples from Bhoj wetland to detect three pesticides (chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos and endosulfan) and to assess their individual toxicity to the phytoplankton community. Higher concentration of most of the pesticides was found to be in the pre-monsoon (March to May) 0.9 µg/l (monocrotophos) and post-monsoon (September to December) 1 µg/l (monocrotophos and chlorpyrifos) period. Among the aquatic organisms, phytoplankton communities are the key targets for the pesticides because of their ecophysiological similarities with terrestrial plants. A standard 96 h static algal bioassay was followed to determine pesticide effects on the population growth rate of phytoplankton. At higher concentrations of all the pesticides elicited a significant effect on population growth rate by maximum inhibition of the cell division, but toxicity would not be expected at typical environmental concentrations. The population growth rate EC50 average values determined for Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Bacillariophyceae varied in the range of 16.1 to 32.3 µg/l for chlorpyrifos, 8.6 to 14.3 µg/l for monocrotophos and 4.2 to 15 µg/l for endosulfan, respectively. Therefore, decrease in phytoplankton populations resulting from pesticide exposure could occur at higher concentrations in aquatic systems where pesticides are present in mixture. Detrimental effects on phytoplankton population growth rate could impact nutrient cycling rates and food availability to higher trophic levels. Characterizing the toxicity of chemical mixtures likely to be encountered in the environment may benefit the pesticide registration and regulation processes. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Pesticides, monsoon, phytoplankton, toxicity.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"170-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74899338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Determination of the effects of some artificial sweeteners on human peripheral lymphocytes using the comet assay","authors":"Zeynep Findikli, Ş. Turkoglu","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0313","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the genotoxicity of the artificial sweeteners acesulfame potassium, aspartame, saccharin, and sorbitol, which are used in food industry and by patients with diabetes, was investigated in human peripheral lymphocyte cells using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) technique. Human lymphocyte cells were treated with the substances for three hour at each of the three dosages (1.25, 2.5, and 5 ppm). The chemical additives were studied, and the related DNA damages in the study group were compared to the control group for each of the treatment dosages. The DNA breakages observed in the comet assay were assessed in terms of tail moment and tail DNA percent using the comet parameters. The statistical and photographic analyses were performed using SPSS 15 and BAB BS 200 Pro software, respectively. Based on the results for the short-term in vitro treatments, the 4 different food flavorings were found to have genotoxic effects. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Comet assay, DNA damages, artificial sweeteners, human peripheral lymphocytes.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"117 1","pages":"147-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79379878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. A. Soewu, O. Agbolade, R. Oladunjoye, I. A. Ayodele
{"title":"Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) in Ogun State, Nigeria","authors":"D. A. Soewu, O. Agbolade, R. Oladunjoye, I. A. Ayodele","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0310","url":null,"abstract":"Wild animals have provided complimentary protein for human populations across the world over the centuries. This study investigated on bioaccumulation of heavy metals in different organs of cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) and the health implications of its consumption. Four carcasses were collected from each of the four ecotomes (Mosinmi, Agbara, Omo forest reserve and Ibese) and concentrations of 7 heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cr, Zn) were examined in four organs (skin, liver, lung and kidney) from each specimen used by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference (P>0.05) in the concentration of metals in the animal except Fe and Cu, while significant variation exists when specimens were compared across different ecotomes. Total mean concentrations were Fe (400.512±60.0107), Cu (8.569±1.0396), Cd (0.06±0.040), Pb (0.3156±0.1175), Mn (9.4200±1.0383), Cr (1.3013±0.2739) and Zn (72.771±10.5672). Average mean concentration for all the metals in the study area was found to be higher than the recommended level which suggests that consumption of animals from this ecotomes are hazardous to human health and no single organ is completely safe for human consumption. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bioaccumulation, Thryonomys swinderianus, cane rat, bush meat, heavy metals, wildlife consumption, animal toxicity.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"os-24 1","pages":"154-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87403723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susanna H Wegner, Xiaozhong Yu, Heeyeon Kim, Sean M. Harris, W. Griffith, Sungwoo Hong, E. Faustman
{"title":"Effect of dipentyl phthalate in 3-dimensional in vitro testis co-culture is attenuated by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition","authors":"Susanna H Wegner, Xiaozhong Yu, Heeyeon Kim, Sean M. Harris, W. Griffith, Sungwoo Hong, E. Faustman","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0314","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to phthalate esters is associated with changes in steroidogenesis, leading to the hypothesis that this is a primary mechanism of phthalate reproductive toxicity. However, some phthalate-induced male reproductive toxicity has been demonstrated in the absence of changes to testosterone production, suggesting additional mechanisms of action. There is evidence that phthalate exposure increases expression of the inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (cox-2). Furthermore, inhibition of cox-2 enhances expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which mediates the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. This study hypothesized that phthalate-induced toxicity and testosterone perturbation are mediated in part by cox-2. A 3D in vitro rat testis co-culture to explore the role of cox-2 in phthalate toxicity was employed. Cells were treated with 100 µM dipentyl phthalate (DPP) with and without pre-treatment with the specific cox-2 inhibitor NS-398. Effects were evaluated after 8, 24, and 72 h. DPP exposure significantly increased cox-2 expression at 8 and 24 h (p<0.01) and resulted in significant, dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Pre-treatment with NS-398 significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of DPP at 8 and 24 h (p<0.01). NS-398 also mitigated the effects of DPP on testosterone regulation. Total testosterone concentrations in cell culture media were significantly increased following 8 and 24 hr of DPP exposure (p<0.001) and NS-398 reduced this effect (p<0.05). Simultaneously, DPP significantly decreased StAR protein expression after 8 h (p<0.01) and this effect was significantly attenuated by the presence of NS-398 (p<0.01). These results suggest that the DPP-induced changes in testosterone regulation observed in this experiment are mediated in part by an inflammatory response that is cox-2 dependent. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: dipentyl phthalate, testosterone, cyclooxygenase 2, in vitro toxicology","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"161-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78896407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification and quantification of heavy metals in local drinks in Northern Zone of Nigeria","authors":"M. T. Bakare-Odunola, K. Mustapha","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0316","url":null,"abstract":"Nine heavy metals were studied in locally prepared drinks, namely, “Zobo” and “Kunnu Zaki”. The samples were prepared from the outer covering (calyx) of the fruits of roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa and cereals (millet or guinea corn), respectively. Twenty samples of “Zobo” coded Zb1-Zb20 and twenty samples of “Kunnu Zaki” coded Kz1-Kz20 were bought from different parts of Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria. The qualitative analysis of the samples was by official methods and were quantitatively analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) were detected in most Zb and Kz samples, while Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Silver (Ag), Mercury (Hg) and Bismuth (Bi) were absent in all the samples. The Fe values ranged from 3.13 to 5.48 mg/L; Cu ranged from 0.12 to 0.62 mg/L, Zn ranged from 0.02 to 0.22 mg/L and Pb ranged from 0.54 to 1.28 mg/L in Zb samples. The Fe values for Kz samples ranged from 18.63 to 31.25 mg/L, Cu ranged from 0.03 to 0.11 mg/L, Zn ranged from 0.08 to 0.39 mg/L and Pb ranged from 0.80 to 1.55 mg/L. The higher values detected in Fe, Zn and Pb for Kz samples compared with Zb samples could be due to the different materials used in their preparation. The implication of the results in public health is discussed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cereals, drinks, heavy metals, samples, Hibiscus sabdariffa.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"126-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90410625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Ajiboye, Salawu S.O, B. Okezie, B. Oyinloye, A. Ojo, Onikanni S.A, Oso A.O, Asoso O.S, Obafemi T.O
{"title":"Mitigating potential and antioxidant properties of aqueous seed extract of Leea guineensis against dichlorovos-induced toxicity in Wistar rats","authors":"B. Ajiboye, Salawu S.O, B. Okezie, B. Oyinloye, A. Ojo, Onikanni S.A, Oso A.O, Asoso O.S, Obafemi T.O","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0312","url":null,"abstract":"This work was carried out to access the mitigating potential of Leea guineensis aqueous seed extract against dichlorovos (DDVP)-induced toxicity in Wistar rats for ten days. Twenty Wistar albino rats (weighing 90 to 106 g) were divided into four groups (Normal, DDVP-induced untreated, DDVP-induced treated with 200 mg/kg of L. guineensis seed and DDVP-induced treated with 400 mg/kg L. guineensis seed by oral gavage). DDVP was induced in the rats as a source of the main drinking water (5% v/v). The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein, albumin, bilirubin and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. The results revealed that exposure of rats to the pesticide water (DDVP) resulted in significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of MDA and bilirubin with significant decrease (p<0.05) in the levels of total protein, albumin and the activities of GPx, CAT, SOD, ALT and AST, while administration with L. guineensis seed showed ameliorative effects in all biochemical parameters evaluated. This showed that treatment with aqueous seed extract of L. guineensis (200 and 400 mg/kg), most especially 400 mg/kg could ameliorate the biochemical indices related to liver toxicity in the animals. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Leea guineensis, dichlorovos, pesticide, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"132-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80613115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. E. Sherly, V. Beena, Karim L. Razeena, Lal S. Seethal
{"title":"Response of liver and gills of Mystus gulioto the heavy metal pollutants and metacercarian infection","authors":"W. E. Sherly, V. Beena, Karim L. Razeena, Lal S. Seethal","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0304","url":null,"abstract":"Mystus gulio collected from the polluted waters of Veli lake in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala, India was subjected to histopathological observations to study the effect of the pollutants on the tissue of the fishes. The epithelial layer of the secondary lamellae was lifted and detached from the underlying tissue, and was also seen in a degenerative form. The hepatocytes have lost their shape and regular arrangement, and was seen accumulated in a syncitial mass. Pycnotic nuclei, enlargement of nuclei and condensation of nuclear material were observed all through. Brownish pigments were scattered throughout the tissue which shows the possibility of accumulation of heavy metals. Inflammatory reaction of the liver against a metacercarian cyst was also demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"120-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77494963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its derivatives in marketed Clarius werneri caught from Ugandas major urban wetlands","authors":"Proscovia Nnamuyomba, J. Mbabazi, M. Ntale","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0311","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and derivatives in the Clarius werneri of Uganda’s major urban wetland ecosystems was investigated. Solid dispersion extraction method for extraction, florisil column method for clean-up, gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) for analysis and gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) for confirmation of results were used in this study. The major DDT contaminants detected in the samples were p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDT which were found in 25, 22 and 21% of the samples, respectively. o,p’-DDD was detected in 19% and o,p’-DDT in 13% of the samples. For o,p’-DDE there were no measurable values since the levels were below limit of quantitation (LOQ). The concentrations of DDT derivatives ranged between ND-0.478 µg/kg for p,p’-DDE, ND-0.387 µg/kg for o,p’-DDD, ND-0.476 µg/kg for p,p’-DDD, ND-0.345 µg/kg o,p’-DDT and ND-0.556 µg/kg for p,p’-DDT. The concentration of total DDT in C. werneri was in the range of 1.111 to 1.328 µg/kg dry wt. Generally, all the samples had DDT derivative levels below the maximum residue limit recommended by Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Codex Alimentarius Commission. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), DDT derivatives, Clarius werneri, Uganda, wetlands.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"113-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81939332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Kan, X. Jian, Zhong-chen Zhang, Qian Zhou, Jie-ru Wang, G. Yu, Jing Sun
{"title":"Whole lung lavage therapy: Treatment for lung injury caused by paraquat poisoning","authors":"B. Kan, X. Jian, Zhong-chen Zhang, Qian Zhou, Jie-ru Wang, G. Yu, Jing Sun","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0306","url":null,"abstract":"Paraquat poisoning is characterized by multi-organ failure and pulmonary fibrosis with respiratory failure, resulting in high mortality and morbidity. To serious paraquat patients, the effectiveness of conventional treatments is unsuccessful. Whole lung lavage is a technique that was developed in the 1960s with the purpose of removing lipoproteinaceous material that accumulates in the bronchi of patients with alveolar proteinosis, leading to clinical and functional improvement. Pneumoconioses are characterized as irreversible, progressive respiratory diseases. No effective therapy exists to prevent progression of these diseases. Whole lung lavage might limit the rate of disease progression through the removal of dust, inflammatory cells, and cytokines. Whole lung lavage is also used successfully to treat other lung diseases such as endogenous lipoid pneumonia and mineral oil lipoid pneumonia. Paraquat poisoning could not be controlled by only one method and combined therapies are needed. So, we hypothesized that whole lung lavage will provide a new therapy of acute lung injury caused by paraquat. On the base of conventional therapy for paraquat poisoning, whole lung lavage could be considered in the early time of poisoning and then followed by glucocorticoid for patients with moderate to severe paraquat poisoning. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Paraquat, poisoning, acute lung injury, whole lung lavage.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"187 1","pages":"99-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89726248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ansoumane Kourouma, D. Peng, Quan Chao, T. YaimaM.Lopez, Liu Changjiang, Wang Chengmin, Fu Wenjuan, Qi Suqin, Yuan Tingting, Yang Kedi
{"title":"Bisphenol A induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the liver and affect epididymal semen quality in adults Sprague-Dawley rats","authors":"Ansoumane Kourouma, D. Peng, Quan Chao, T. YaimaM.Lopez, Liu Changjiang, Wang Chengmin, Fu Wenjuan, Qi Suqin, Yuan Tingting, Yang Kedi","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0309","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, induced by Bisphenol A (BPA) may cause mammalian sperm damage according to research findings. BPA is a known contaminant that with increased exposure in the body can exert both toxic and estrogenic effects in mammalians cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BPA-induced oxidative stress in the liver on epididymal semen quality in adult rat. BPA was mixed in corn oil and intra-peritoneally administered for 20 days in dose dependent manner. After 24 h of the last treatment, rats were weighed, sacrificed and organs harvested for analysis. BPA caused a reduction in the epididymal semen quality and sperm count in a dose dependent manner. Sperm analyses results showed that there was oligozoospermia (˂20 × 106 spermatozoids/ml) and asthenozoospermia (motility ˂50%) in the treatment group compared to the control groups. The levels malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly in the treatment group compared to the control group (P ˂ 0.05; P ˂ 0.01, respectively). While, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) decreased in the treatment group compared to the control group (P ˂ 0.01). These results indicate that exposure of graded doses of BPA may elicit depletion of antioxidant system and induce oxidative stress in epididymal sperm of rat thereby decreasing sperm count and quality. These findings provide a possible toxicological evidence of an adverse effect of BPA on semen quality. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bisphenol A (BPA, 2, 2-bis (4-hidroxyphenyl) propane), semen quality, oxidative stress, sperm count, rat, reactive oxygen species (ROS).","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":"103-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75028094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}