Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Novel expression of the biomarker, N-hexanoyl lysine in gibberellic acid induced bone toxicity in adult albino rats","authors":"D. Amin, Aisha A. Abohashem, O. Harb, W. Sarhan, M. Shabana","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2018.0408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2018.0408","url":null,"abstract":"Plants hormones are widely used in agriculture to alter plant characteristics as growth regulators. Gibberellic acid (GA3) plays important role in promoting plant growth, and cell differentiation. This work was performed to investigate the relationship between lipooxidative damage marker (HEL) and bone damage induced by GA3 in adult albino rats. This study was carried out on 20 adult albino rats for 4 weeks treated 6 days/week. The rats were distributed into 2 groups of 10 rats each: Groups I (control) and II (GA3); each rat was treated by GA3 oral gavage (75 ppm) once daily. There was an increase in body and femur weights and length as compared to controls. GA3 caused a decrease in calcium and phosphorus levels in bone while calcium increased and the phosphorus decreased in the plasma. Lipid peroxidation markers caused high femur malondialdehyde levels with decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities confirmed by histological changes. Immunohistochemical examination for expression of Ne-HEL in bone tissues showed strong positive brown reaction in GA3 treated group when compared with control group that showed negative reaction. GA3 toxicity induced bone damage in adult albino rats. It is recommended to increase public awareness regarding the health impact of gibberellic acid. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bone, gibberellic acid, lipid per oxidation, Ne-hexanoyl Lysine.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73198835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of contaminated natural soil by Glyphosan SL on biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia sp.","authors":"L. Marcano, Juanny Hernández, Edgar Alexander Zapata-Vívenes, Analia Leon","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2017.0391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2017.0391","url":null,"abstract":"Biochemical biomarkers are widely used for the monitoring environmental quality since they can act as early warning signals, for potential ecosystem degradation caused by contaminants. In order to investigate the acute and chronic effects of a commercial formulation of glyphosate on antioxidant defenses (glutathione peroxidase, GPx; glutathione-S-transferase, GST; and reduced glutathione, GSH) and oxidative damage (malondialdehyde levels, MDA), Eisenia sp was exposed in plastic containers to natural soils contaminated with Glyphosan SL (100 g kg-1 of soil) during 7 and 21 days. Following exposure for 21 days, another group of worms were placed on herbicide-free soils to recovery for 30 days. Treatment with the herbicide significantly affected to all the biochemical markers evaluated. Antioxidant defenses (GSH, GPx and GST) and MDA, in general, increased at both exposure periods. These results showed that Glyphosan SL; the active ingredient (glyphosate) and/or its chemical additives exerts its toxic effects in Eisenia sp by altering cellular antioxidant defenses, inducing a condition of oxidative stress. During the recuperation phase of the earthworms previously exposed for 21 days to the herbicide, GPx decreased to values similar to those of the control group and MDA although decreased, control values were not reached. These results indicate that in 30 days Eisenia sp exhibits a partial recovery of the oxidative stress induced by the herbicide exposure, probably the activation of mechanisms clearance of the Glyphosan SL metabolites justify the high levels of GSH and GST at this stage. In conclusion, herbicide exposure induced changes in the biochemical responses of Eisenia sp highlight the importance of these responses as useful tools in the evaluation of impacts by pesticides in terrestrial organisms. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Biomarker, Eisenia, glyphosate, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, lipid peroxidation.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"92-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82588373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematotoxicity status of lead and three other heavy metals in cow slaughtered for human consumption in Jos, Nigeria","authors":"L. L. Nwidu, T. L. Ohemu","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2017.0399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2017.0399","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals are of public health concern worldwide due to their damaging effects on human and animal health, the environment and life in general. This study assessed concentration levels of some toxic heavy metals: Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg) in blood samples of ten (10) cattle slaughtered in two areas (Jos North and South) of Plateau State, Northern Nigeria. The results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standard for heavy metals allowable content in food. The samples were analyzed for Cd, Pb, Cu and Mg in triplicates by Shimadzu Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AA 6800) after wet digestion. The results of the analysis indicated that the levels in parts per million (ppm) range from 0.4169 to 3.0302 for Pb; 0.0067 to 0.0204 for Cd; 0.1112 to 0.9845 for Mg and 0.0027 to 0.0326 for Cu. The mean concentration of Pb was found to be higher than the WHO acceptable limit, while Cd, Cu and Mg were within the WHO acceptable limit. The high value of Pb might be attributed to impact of environmental pollution from diverse mineral resource base of Jos metropolitan city and this has health implication on consumers. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Toxicological status, health implication, heavy metals, blood, abattoir.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":"83-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80557678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lactate and creatine phosphokinase as potential independent predictors of organophosphrus poisoning severity in Zagazig University Hospital Patients, Egypt","authors":"M. H. Arafa, N. Shalaby, H. Atteia","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2017.0400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2017.0400","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to assess the correlation of serum lactate and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels, and their association with severity of organophosphrus poisoning in order to use one of them or both as tools in predicting prognosis. This study was conducted over one year and 68 organophosphate (OP)-poisoned patients were enrolled. Clinical severity of cases was categorized according to Peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning (POP) scale. Levels of serum acetyl choline esterase (AChE), serum CPK and serum lactate were measured on admission (0 h), 6 and 24 h post-ingestion. The results showed a high statistically significant difference between cases and control regarding AChE, CPK and lactate on admission. Also, there was high statistically significant difference regarding AChE, CPK and lactate among different categories of cases on admission, 6 and 24 h post admission. In addition, there was a statistically significant increase among different categories of POP scale regarding the quantity of atropine used in management of cases. Regarding oximes and stay in ICU, there was a statistically significant increase in severe poisoned patients when compared with moderate poisoned ones. A significant negative correlation was observed between AChE and severity of poisoning as well as significant positive correlation between CPK and lactate. It is concluded that serum CPK and serum lactate can be used as predictor of outcomes in OP poisoning and helps in determining cases that need follow up. Serum CPK and serum lactate can be used as predictors of outcomes in OP poisoning and helping in determining the cases that need follow up. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Organophosphrus poisoning, serum lactate, predicting prognosis, serum, admission.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":"73-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89613484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of possible human exposure to metals concentration in vegetables","authors":"H. Amwele, L. Motsei, G. Kalumbu, N. Kgabi, R. Njinga, V. Tshivhase","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0375","url":null,"abstract":"This study assesses the health risk of metals concentration in spinach and onions obtained from different suppliers (suppliers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) in Mafikeng, South Africa. The following elemental concentrations of As, Ba, Bi, Cu, Cr, Co, I, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Th, Rb, V and U were tested in spinach and onions using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The result shows that Bi, I, Th, Pb and U were not detected in all the samples of spinach and onions. In spinach, the degree of decreasing abundance is as follows: Mn > Cr > Sr > V > Rb > As > Ba > Cu > Ni > Co, while in onions it is Sr > Mn > V > As > Cr > Cu > Ba > Rb > Ni > Co. The estimated daily intake of metal (DIM) for As and Cr in spinach from suppliers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were higher above the limit values of 0.020 and 0.033 mg/kg recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO), while, Ba, Cu, Co, Mn, Sr and V were below the limit values. The estimated DIM for As in onions was higher than 0.020 mg/kg recommended by FAO/WHO, while the intake for Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Sr and V were below 0.033, 2-3, 2-5, 01 and 10 mg/kg recommendations by FAO/WHO, respectively. The target hazard quotient (THQ) value in spinach obtained from suppliers 1, 2, 3 and 4 were less than 1, while, the THQ value for Cr is 2.19 greater than 1 in spinach obtained from supplier 5. The THQ value was less than 1 in onions obtained from all the suppliers. Spinach were not suitable for human consumption due to estimated DIM for As and Cr that were higher than the recommendation of FAO/ WHO and THQ value of Cr that was greater than 1. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Spinach, onion, metal, estimated daily intake of metal, target hazard quotient.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"66-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80855918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the incidence of the deficit of sanitation on the health of the populations in a context of urban growth: Case of the municipalities Yopougon, Abobo and Treichville (Abidjan, Ivory Coast)","authors":"Yapo Toussaint Wolfgang, Amin N’cho Christophe, Yapo Ossey Bernard, M. Veronique","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2017.0390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2017.0390","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of pathologies and their impacts on the health of the populations were studied in the municipalities of Yopougon, Abobo, and Treichville. This study highlights the conditions of noxious life and the health of the populations. To achieve this, a transverse investigation with the households was conducted on 300 households in 2013. It is concerned with the sources of water supply. It was noticed that 80% of the households from the municipality of Abobo, 90% from Yopougon, and 85% from Treichville use the water from public adduction network. Besides, in these municipalities, the mode of management of waste water is to eliminate the waste through autonomous works, collective works or nature. So in these municipalities, a retrospective study was made on these sanitary data registered in health centers during these years. So, in the municipality of Yopougon, the data of year 2006 produced 124446 cases of malaria, acute respiratory infections and diarrheic diseases. To Treichville, 28547 cases of morbidity were collected during the year 2008. For Abobo, the sanitary data of the year 2008 showed 89280 cases of morbidity. The children of less than 5 years of these municipalities are exposed to a lot of diarrheic diseases; with 56.58% cases in Yopougon, 40.47% in Treichville and 42.03% in Abobo. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Health of the populations, diarrhea, malaria, acute respiratory infection.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":"50-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81206099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal and foetal toxicity induced by exposure to mixture of dimethoate and cypermethrin in albino rats","authors":"B. S, O. Y., A. O., Chahoud I., F. S.","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2017.0381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2017.0381","url":null,"abstract":"The use of pesticide mixture to combat increased resistance by pest, to single chemical insecticide has brought about an increase in the use of pesticide mixture from different class, with its attendant toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the maternal and foetal toxicity associated with dimethoate and cypermethrin, the two insecticides that are normally mixed to reduce pest resistance. 100 confirmed-mated (gravid) females were assigned at random among the four groups (control – tap water only):   group 1- very low dose-10 mg/kg/day of Cypermethrin (5.3% LD50) + 1.0 mg/kg/day Dimethoate (0.7% of LD50); group 2- intermediate dose- 19 mg/kg/day of Cypermethrin (10% LD50) + 1.4 mg/kg/day  Dimethoate (0.9% of LD50); and group 3- high dose-  38 mg/kg/day of Cypermethrin (20% LD50) + 12.8 mg/kg/day  Dimethoate (8.5% of LD50). The regimens were administered orally at gestation days (GD) 6-20 to pregnant rats. The dams were examined for mortality, moribundity, pertinent behavioural changes and signs of overt toxicity. Animals were weighed on day 0, and once at every 3-day intervals during the dosing period and on GD 21. The pregnant rats were sacrificed by decapitation on GD 21, the uteri were removed and the fetuses examined for litter weight, size, resorption, sex ratio, absolute and relative organ weight. The results showed that combined pesticide exposure caused overt toxic signs in the dams. However, the maternal body weight and relative organ weight were not adversely affected except in the heart that showed significant alteration. Although, the litter weight was not adversely compromised, the result showed that the prenatal exposure to pesticide mixture caused increased foetal resorption, decreased the litter size and offsprings’ male/female ratio. The study concludes that prenatal co-exposure to cypermethrin and dimethoate has adverse consequences on some maternal and foetal parameters in albino rats. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Pesticide mixture, litter size, sex ratio, litter weight, maternal relative organ weight.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"63 1","pages":"59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91251546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of occupational exposure to metal dust on the liver of road construction workers in Abuja metropolis","authors":"D. Ojevwe, H. Osadolor","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2017.0386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2017.0386","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing air pollution levels due to rapid urbanization and growth in infrastructural facilities coupled with low level of standard safety procedures have been observed in Nigeria, and become a major source of concern. The study evaluated the effects of occupational exposure to metal dust on the liver of road construction workers in Abuja metropolis. Blood samples were used in the measurement of Lead, cadmium, magnesium and iron as indicators for metal toxicity. Bilirubin, liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatise (ALP)) and proteins as biomarkers for liver function. Samples were collected from different road construction sites. One hundred (n = 100) subjects were recruited and served as the exposed group and another one hundred (n = 100) control as unexposed (control) group. Samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for the toxic metals (Lead and Cadmium) and trace elements (Magnesium and Iron); and Selectra ProS Clinical Chemistry Auto Analyzer for the liver function tests respectively. This study showed a statistically significant increase in Lead, Magnesium and Iron (p<0.001) when exposed subjects were compared with unexposed subjects. Test for liver function showed a significant reduction in total bilirubin (p<0.01) and direct bilirubin (p<0.05) respectively. Albumin also show statistically significant increase (p<0.05) on comparison of exposed and unexposed subjects. This study indicates the presence of metal dust in road construction workers occupationally exposed, and suggestive of liver impairment following continued exposure to these toxic metals and trace elements. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Occupational exposure, metal dust, liver.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"92 1","pages":"45-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83458813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of biomedical waste in Kogi State University Teaching Hospital, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria","authors":"H. Sawyerr, A. Adeolu, O. O. Salami, P. A. Adejoh","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2016.0370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2016.0370","url":null,"abstract":"Adequate handling, efficient treatment and effective methods of biomedical waste play a vital role in the hospital infection control programme. Inadequate management of healthcare waste is a serious concern in many developing countries due to the risks posed to human health and environment. This study evaluates the biomedical waste generated at the Kogi State University Teaching Hospital, Anyigba. Seven wards were selected within the health facilities to determine the quantities of waste. The result showed that total waste generated in seven consecutive days was 19.89 kg/week. The average waste generated in seven wards was 2.8 kg/week and average waste generated per day was 0.4 kg/day. The quantity of waste increased as the number of patients and visitors increased. There were non-availability of bags in all the bins used for waste collection, storage and the bins were not colour coded, neither was there segregation of waste in the seven units. The study equally showed that the waste collected from the hospital are subjected to open burning which may affect the health of the workers, patients, visitors and the residents. There should be proper management of healthcare waste which can be improved through employment and retraining of staff, provision of colour coded bins and at least an incinerator for waste treatment before final disposal. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Biomedical waste, Kogi State University Teaching Hospital, Anyigba, waste generation, waste segregation, waste disposal.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"127 1","pages":"29-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80451301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal contamination in Thelesperma megapotamicum","authors":"Christine Samuel-Nakamura, F. Hodge, J. Valentine, W. Robbins","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2017.0380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2017.0380","url":null,"abstract":"This study describes heavy metal (HM) contamination in the most commonly used herbal tea in several American Indian (AI) communities in northwestern New Mexico. The Navajo (Dine) reservation is located in an area that was heavily impacted by contamination associated with Uranium (U) mining that occurred from 1945 to 1988 and where more than 1,100 unreclaimed abandoned U mines and structures remain. The study objective was to establish the levels of HM contamination in this herb which is habitually and widely consumed in this reservation community.  The study aims were to: (1) describe the dietary behavior in Dine residents related to ingestion of harvested tea Thelesperma megapotamicum; (2) compare U and other HMs in tea in high and low vehicle traffic areas; and (3) disseminate study findings to the leadership and Dine community. A descriptive comparative design was used to compare HMs in locally harvested herbs on the reservation. The plant specimens were paired with soil samples and analyzed utilizing ICP-MS.  Samples were collected from areas spanning a 3.2 km radius from the central part of abandoned uranium mines and structures. Root samples of tea had higher concentrations of HMs than above ground plant parts for As, Cd, Cs, Mo, Pb, U and V (p < 0.05). Cadmium and Mo levels were greater in high traffic versus low traffic areas (p < 0.001).  The Cd level (0.35 mg/kg) in this popular species of tea herb exceeded the World Health Organization medicinal plant maximum permissible level.  Further research and monitoring is needed to identify factors that affect HM contamination in T. megapotamicum and other plant herbs used on the Navajo reservation as well as other U mining impacted areas.  \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: American Indian, heavy metals, Dine/Navajo, Thelesperma megapotamicum, herbal tea, uranium, cadmium, molybdenum, mining.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81998243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}