Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Deep-sea coral Lophelia pertusa laboratory maintenance and exposure to barite using water recirculation systems","authors":"Ian Vianna da Rocha, E. C. Reis, Priscila Reis da Silva, G. H. Cavalcanti, R. Coutinho, M. Reynier","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2021.0486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2021.0486","url":null,"abstract":"Drilling activities usually discharge large quantities of fluids and drill cuttings, which are composed of fine particles, such as barite, that can physically affect Lophelia pertusa. An experiment to assess the effects of barite smothering on L. pertusa was conducted with a water recirculation system. The corals were collected in Santos Basin, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 23 L cone-shaped aquaria, adapted with an individual water recirculation system. Each exposure to suspended barite particles (50 and 100 mg•L-1) plus a control group was maintained in triplicate. Three nubbins were accommodated in the aquaria and acclimated for 7 days. The experimental design simulated two cycles of discharge, followed by a recovery cycle of 7 days each, totaling 35 days. Nine polyps per treatment were monitored twice per day regarding their behavior levels. Time-lapse photographs were also taken during the recovery periods. Total polyp survival in the control was 100%, while those in the 50 and 100 mg•L-1 groups were 94.2 and 93.6%, respectively, with no significant difference between treatments. Polyp activity was different between treatments, with both exposed aquaria displaying higher activity than control. This was probably related to the natural cleaning behavior of L. pertusa. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Barite smothering, sedimentation, impacts of oil and gas industry, Santos Basin, Southeastern Brazil, South Atlantic.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89722817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatotoxic and neurotoxic effects of combined lead and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure: Activation of total -, Ca2+- and Na+K+- ATPases in the liver of male rats","authors":"E. Abam, S. Kuyooro, Shawai Abubakar, Esther Chineyenwa Dim","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2021.0466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2021.0466","url":null,"abstract":"Lead and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are common environmental toxicants of concern around the world. Although effects of individual exposures to both agents are well documented, there is a dearth of information on the effects of co-exposure to both agents. In this study, combined exposure to lead and DEHP was investigated for effects on ATPase activities in the liver, brain and kidney tissues of rats. Male albino rats were daily exposed to either 200 ppm lead as lead acetate in their drinking water and/or 100 mg DEHP kg-1 body weight in olive oil by gastric intubation for 30 days. Changes in total body weight, relative organ weights as well as brain, hepatic and renal activities of total, Na+K+ -, Ca2+ - and Mg2+-ATPases were used as biomarkers of toxicity. Hepatomegaly and brain atrophy heralded exposure to both agents. Individual exposure to lead and DEHP resulted in reduction in hepatic Ca2+- and Mg2+- ATPase activities but no significant effect on total ATPase activity, however combined exposure produced significant activation of Ca2+-, Na+K+- and total ATPase while restoring Mg2+ - ATPase towards control. A potentiating effect on lead by DEHP was observed in hepatic Na+K+ - ATPase. Lead stimulated the activities of renal Ca2+- and total ATPases while DEHP on the contrary caused significant reduction in total ATPase activity and no significant effects on Ca2+- ATPase activity. Co-treatment produced antagonistic effects leading to normal renal Ca2+- and total ATPase activities. Brain Na+K+ -, Ca2+ - and total ATPase activities were depressed in co-exposure while Mg2+ - ATPase was up-regulated. Lead potentiated DEHP-induced inhibition of brain total - ATPase while co-treatment produced antagonistic effects on brain Ca2+ - ATPase. The findings of this study highlight organ specific variations in response to combined lead and DEHP exposure in rats. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, ATPases, DEHP, lead, co-exposure, hepatomegaly.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82234601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selenium (Se) as well as mercury (Hg) may influence the methylation and toxicity of inorganic arsenic, but further research is needed with combination of Inorg-arsenic, Se, and Hg","authors":"U. Chowdhury","doi":"10.55124/jtes.v1i1.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/jtes.v1i1.46","url":null,"abstract":"Our studies have indicated that the relative concentration of Se or Hg to As in urine and blood positively correlates with percentage of inorganic arsenic (% Inorg-As) and percentage of monomethlyarsonic acid [% MMA (V)]. We also found a negative correlation with percentage of dimethylarsinic acid [% DMA (V)] and the ratio of % DMA (V) to % MMA (V). In another study, we found that a group of proteins were significantly over expressed and conversely other groups were under-expressed in tissues in Na-As (III) treated hamsters. \u0000Introduction.Inorganic arsenic (Inorg-As) in drinking water.One of the largest public health problems at present is the drinking of water containing levels of Inorg-As that are known to be carcinogenic. At least 200 million people globally are at risk of dying because of arsenic (As) in their drinking water1-3. The chronic ingestion of Inorg-As can results in skin cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, and cancer of other organs1-3. The maximum contamination level (MCL) of U.S. drinking water for arsenic is 10 ug/L. The arsenic related public health problem in the U.S. is not at present anywhere near that of India4, Bangladesh4, and other countries5. \u0000Metabolism and toxicity of Inorg-As and arsenic species.Inorg-As is metabolized in the body by alternating reduction of pentavalent arsenic to trivalent form by enzymes and addition of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine6, 7; it is excreted mainly in urine as DMA (V)8. Inorganic arsenate [Inorg-As (V)]is biotransformed to Inorg-As (III), MMA (V), MMA (III), DMA (V), and DMA (III)6(Fig. 1). Therefore, the study of the toxicology of Inorg-As (V) involves at least these six chemical forms of arsenic. Studies reported the presence of 3+ oxidation state arsenic biotransformants [MMA (III) and DMA (III)] in human urine9and in animal tissues10. The MMA (III) and DMA (III) are more toxic than other arsenicals11, 12. In particular MMA (III) is highly toxic11, 12. In increased % MMA in urine has been recognized in arsenic toxicity13. In addition, people with a small % MMA in urine show less retention of arsenic14. Thus, the higher prevalence of toxic effects with increased % MMA in urine could be attributed to the presence of toxic MMA (III) in the tissue. Previous studies also indicated that males are more susceptible to the As related skin effects than females13, 15. A study in the U.S population reported that females excreted a lower % Inorg-As as well as % MMA, and a higher % DMA than did males16. \u0000Abbreviation: SAM, S-adenosyl-L-methionine; SAHC, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. \u0000Differences in susceptibility to arsenic toxicity might be manifested by differences in arsenic metabolism among people. Several factors (for examples, genetic factors, sex, duration and dosage of exposure, nutritional and dietary factors, etc.) could be influence for biotransformation of Inorg-As,6, 17 and other unknown factors may also be involved. \u0000The interaction between As, Se, and Hg.The toxicity of one ","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78033851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triangle of Environment, Water and Energy: A Sociological Appraisal","authors":"M. Sheykhi","doi":"10.55124/jtes.v1i1.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/jtes.v1i1.48","url":null,"abstract":"Modern sociology has a special look at the three associated variables of environment, water and energy. The three variables are not in a harmonial state in many parts of the globe. Some have access to two, or not sufficient to one. Only a few countries are in an equilibrium state of the three. For example, many African countries are in short fall of water and energy. What sociologists suggest is to bring about resources enough as far as the three parts are concerned. In the past, the threefold relationship was less considered and measured, but currently with the heavy weight of population over 7.8 billion world over (WPDS, 2020), balance between the three is inevitable. While population all over the world has increased considerably, water resources have not increased in the same way. Moreover, in the past, population dependency on energy was not that much. But, in the industrial age of today, man is highly in need of energy of different types to maintain life. However, waste and wastewater have become problematic in current age and in most parts of the world. The emerging situation is polluting environment, seas and water streams. It is more observable in less developed world than the developed world. Therefore, the water and energy crisis is wide and ongoing. It is discussed elaborately in the present article. However, national security could be accessible only if water-energy policies are there (Bauer et el. 2014). \u0000Introduction \u0000The threefold relationship of environment, water and energy is very important from a sociological point of view. Although in the past these three variables were less considered, and their relationship with each other has been less measured, at the same time, following the comprehensive development of modern societies, the tripartite relationship of these variables is inevitable today. To have a healthy environment, enough water resources and enough energy, you must always invest in it. \u0000While energy is highly dependent on water, the supply and transfer of water, and the disposal and transfer of wastewater also require energy. Therefore, water and energy, while being necessary for each other, also ensure the health and safety of individuals. Existence of lakes, dams and other similar sources generate energy through and with the power of these elements. At the same time, energy itself transports water resources from one region to another. It also happens with the energy power of the waste disposal system or system. Otherwise, the health of individuals and the health of society in general will face irreparable risks. In the past, when such facilities were less available, many health problems arose that eventually led to an increase in mortality. Therefore, in order to have a healthy environment, providing water and energy resources is very vital and inevitable. Likewise, drinking water itself needs energy for purification and purification operations, and re-pumping to consumers. This means that any interaction regarding t","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"399 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76917535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotoxic Effects of Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields","authors":"O. Demirhan","doi":"10.55124/jtes.v1i1.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/jtes.v1i1.50","url":null,"abstract":"Genotoxic Effects of Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Fields. \u0000IntroductionRadiation is energy emission in the form of electromagnetic waves emitted from the solar system and natural resources on earth. The currents produced by the elementary particles formed by the electric current create the magnetic field. Earth's surface is under the influence of the geomagnetic field emanating from the sun. However, the outer liquid also has a magnetic field created as a result of heat transfer in the core. Therefore, all living organisms on earth live under the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF). Today, besides these natural energy resources, rapidly developing technological developments provide most of the convenience in our lives and expose people to artificial electromagnetic fields. However, man's magnetic field is also under the influence of other natural and artificial magnetic fields around him. In particular, by ionizing radiation, which carries enough energy to break down the genetic material, die cells as a result of DNA damaging, and other diseases, especially cancer, can develop as a result of tissue damage. \u0000Electromagnetic Fields in Our LivesToday, apart from natural geomagnetic fields, radiation is emitted from many technological devices. The spectrum of these fields includes many different types of radiation, from subatomic radiation such as gamma and X-rays to radio waves, depending on their wavelengths. Though, as a result of the rapid increase of technological growth, the duration and amount of exposure to EMF is also steadily increasing. On the other hand, wireless gadgets such as computers, smartphones and medical radiological devices have become a necessity for humans. Almost everyone is exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from cell phone and base station antennas or other sources. Thus, the damage caused by the radiation to the environment affects living organisms even many kilometres away unlimitedly. All organisms in the world live under the influence of these negative environmental changes and a large part of the world population is exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation for a long time in their daily lives. So, though we are not aware of it, our organs and tissues are constantly exposed to radiation. Therefore, radiation adversely affects human, animal and plant health and disrupts the environment and ecological balance. An example of negative effects, radiation can cause genetic changes in the body (Figure 1). \u0000Radiation is divided into ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiations cause electron loss or gain in an atom or group of atoms in the medium they pass through. Thus, positively or negatively charged ions are formed. High energy X, gamma, ultraviolet and some visible rays in the ionized region of the electromagnetic spectrum can be counted. Since gamma rays, X rays and ultraviolet rays can ionize the molecules in living things more, they can easily disrupt the chemical structure of tissues, c","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81029869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the levels of selected heavy metals in leafy vegetables from irrigation farming sites in Jos, Plateau, Nigeria","authors":"Y. Samuel, E. O. Ochube","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2021.0488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2021.0488","url":null,"abstract":"Leafy vegetables are used in making soups, local salads and diverse forms of foods for human consumption is common in Africa. These vegetables include Brassica oleracea (cabbage), Phaseolus vulgaris (green beans) and Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes). The area of study is famous for agriculture and mining activities; Farmers cultivate them on degraded farmlands polluted with metals; these vegetables absorb these metals thereby making them enter the food chain. During dry season, water from mining ponds is used for irrigation. Industrial waste water is also used. Levels of cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), were assessed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optically Emitting Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) equipment. Five samples of each vegetable were collected randomly from different irrigation farms situated at Bassa, Bisichi and Zaramaganda. Graph pad prism-7 multiple comparison tests in a one-way ANOVA was used to compare variations in metal concentrations at 95% confidence limit. Pb, As and Cd were not detected in water samples from Bisichi but mean level of Cd and Pb in water from Bassa and Zaramaganda were 0.932 mg/L (P=0.05) and 1.242 mg/L (P=0.05); 0.84 mg/L (P=0.05) and 16.338 mg/L (P=0.05), respectively relative the FAO/WHO safe limits. Water samples from Bassa contained Cu whose level was above (P=0.05) safe limits; only one was below the standard (P>0.05). Samples from Zaramaganda contained highest levels of the metals. cabbage and green beans from Zaramaganda and Bisichi contained Pb, Cu above (P=0.05) the FAO/WHO limit. Mean Pb content in cabbage and green beans from Bisichi was 2.099 and 0.189 mg/kg respectively. From Bassa, Pb content in tomatoes and green beans were 0.086 and 491.31 mg/kg respectively. From Zaramaganda, Pb content in green beans and tomatoes were 12.31 and 14.522 mg/kg; level of Cd in green beans 0.481 mg/kg. Considering Cu, tomato from Bassa contained highest level, 64.310 mg/kg (P=0.05), green beans from Zarmaganda was 48.251 mg/kg (P=0.05), tomato from Bisichi contained 38.541(P=0.05) relative safe limits. In conclusion, the significant concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in the vegetables in the area of study, which are routinely used in making soups, portage and local salads, predispose consumers to, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inhibition of the heme biosynthesis pathway, hemolysis and febrile reactions due to their respective toxicities.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86901833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asbestos exposure risk from ceiling and other building materials","authors":"K. Guth, U. Desai, J. McCluskey, R. Harbison","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2020.0467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2020.0467","url":null,"abstract":"Although much research has been conducted regarding asbestos removal and worker exposure, there are gaps in our understanding of the extent of asbestos-containing materials still present in building materials and the effectiveness of exposure controls used during the removal of these materials. We conducted a review of third party surveys and exposure assessment reports to: (1)  Evaluate the exposure levels measured by personal and area asbestos air sampling during abatement of ceiling and other building materials to measure the effectiveness of site controls, (2) summarize the type and concentration of asbestos identified in residential and commercial buildings’ building materials. A literature research was performed using Bing, Google, and Yahoo search engines to identify (commercially) unpublished asbestos survey reports and air sampling reports during asbestos removal to assess exposure potentials. The data extracted resulted in 3012 bulk samples assessed for concentration and type; 617 contained asbestos. Forty-one types of Asbestos-containing material (ACM) were identified. All ACMs identified were chrysotile. The chrysotile concentration in the bulk samples ranged from non-detectable to 100%. Air sampling exposure data from two asbestos abatement projects were assessed. The maximum unweighted (time) personal exposure measured was 0.0201 f/cc. Based on our evaluation of the exposure records from the removal of ACM in both commercial and residential settings where type and concentration of asbestos was known, the risk for overexposure is low based on the effectiveness of implemented risk management strategies.    \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Asbestos, abatement, occupational exposure , environmental monitoring.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"46-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87415504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L-Theanine: Neuroprotective against Trichloroethylene-induced Parkinsons disease hallmarks","authors":"Justin Z Y Shen","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2020.0468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2020.0468","url":null,"abstract":"Trichloroethylene (TCE), a common water pollutant linked to Parkinson’s Disease (PD), induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration. L-Theanine (L-Th) was explored as a potential treatment for TCE-induced PD due to its previously elucidated neuroprotective properties. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and cell density were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay (n=8), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay (n=4), and cell image analysis (n=6), respectively. GT1-7 and SK-N-SH cells served as dopaminergic and neuronal cell models, respectively. In GT1-7 cells, L-Th 600 μM diminished TCE 1000 μM-induced cell death and TCE 1000 μM-induced LDH release by 81% (p<0.001) and 38% (p<0.001), respectively, after 48 h. L-Th also did not significantly impact LDH leakage in healthy GT1-7 cells. In SK-N-SH cells, L-Th 600 μM attenuated TCE 100 μM’s neurodegenerative effects by increasing cellular density and cellular area by 118% (p<0.01) and 170% (p<0.001), respectively, after 24 h. L-Th’s mitigation of TCE’s neurotoxic and neurodegenerative effects in dopaminergic neurons can prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration: linked to PD onset. L-Th’s ability to preserve healthy GT1-7 cells indicates that L-Th not neurotoxic in vitro. This research marks the identification of the first potential treatment for TCE-induced PD. Future investigations should explore the mechanism of L-Th and TCE’s interactions. \u0000 \u0000 Keywords: Trichloroethylene, environmental toxin, L-Theanine, Parkinson’s disease, neurodegeneration.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75698207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and distribution of aflatoxin (AfB1) in groundnut and groundnut-based products in Northwestern Nigeria","authors":"Boboh Vabi Michael, O. Christopher, Isaac Ogara Maikasuwa, Ayinde Ajeigbe Hakeem, A. Abba","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2020.0458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2020.0458","url":null,"abstract":"The kernel of groundnut and groundnut-based products are easily contaminated by aflatoxin: a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. A total of 526 samples of groundnut and groundnut-based products were collected from six states in Nigeria namely Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto and Benue States and analyzed for Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) contamination using the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Results of the analysis revealed that both groundnut kernel and processed products had varying levels of AfB1 contamination. While AfB1 contamination levels varied between 7.82 and 12.33 µg/kg in kernels of local groundnut varieties, they ranged between 3.79 and 6.79 µg/kg in those of improved groundnut varieties. Mean AfB1 levels in groundnut-based products ranged from 12.30 to 99.37 µg/kg, with the highest recorded in kuli-kuli - a by-product of groundnut oil processing. Variability between mean AfB1 contamination levels in groundnut kernels of improved and local varieties were significant while no statistical difference was found between mean AfB1 contamination levels in groundnut kernels between/amongst the states. Outcomes of the study suggest that an integrated approach including the use of improved groundnut varieties, appropriate crop management practices and awareness creation on food safety, and notably on aflatoxin, could mitigate contamination in the groundnut value chain. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Aflatoxin B1, prevalence, groundnut, distribution, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"27-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86600933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to air freshner and its distresses on the antioxidant biomarkers of male Wistar rats","authors":"C. U. Gabriel-Brisibe, T. Odinga, P. G. Wokocha, Agara H.N, T. C. Adinde","doi":"10.5897/jtehs2020.0460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jtehs2020.0460","url":null,"abstract":"Air fresheners are widely used as a means of eliminating bad odour, albeit, it has been reported to be associated with some health risks. This work investigated the effect of acute exposure to air freshener on the antioxidant biomarkers of Wistar rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats were used for this study. The rats were divided into four groups of six rats each, labeled group 1, group 2, group 3, and group 4. Group 1, served as control which was not exposed to air freshener. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were exposed in a tightly enclosed cage to air freshener at 6, 9 and 12 h daily, respectively. The rats were sacrificed and blood collected in a sample bottle for analysis of the following antioxidants biomarkers; reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) after 14 and 28 days of exposure. The results showed that the blood MDA concentration increased significantly at p≤0.05 with increase in exposure time, a concurrent decrease in catalase and reduced glutathione concentration was observed significantly in the exposed groups when compared to the control. The decrease in SOD was concentration dependent, although not statistically significant, while an inconsistent decrease in the GPx and GST concentrations were observed in exposed groups when compared with the control group. These findings suggest that exposure to air freshener increased oxidative stress, thereby posing potential health hazards to the regular consumers. This study therefore suggests a reduction in exposure to air fresheners as its adverse health effect is proportional to the length of exposure. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Air freshener, antioxidant, air pollution, oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":"22-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82742576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}