FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme最新文献

{"title":"Analytical Investigation of Tire Induced Particle Emissions","authors":"T. Feißel, K. Augsburg","doi":"10.46720/f2020-epv-027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-epv-027","url":null,"abstract":"Research and/or Engineering Question/Objective: The fine dust contribution (<10µm) of motor vehicles represents a considerable health risk for people in urban areas. Due to an increasing percentage of electric vehicles, exhaust emissions are steadily reduced. Consequently, particles from non-exhaust sources (brake, tire and road ware) are considered to be the future main vehicle related pollutant. While regenerative braking, tungsten carbide coatings and filter devices can effectively reduce brake wear emissions, there is currently no methodology available in order to reduce tire wear particles, road abrasion and resuspension. In addition, the tire is one of the main sources of environmental microplastic pollution. Although there are initial approaches to determine the emission characteristics of tire and road ware particles, there is a lack of basic understanding of the underlying physical processes. Methodology: The particle flow around the vehicle wheelhouse is dominated by highly dynamic vortex structures. The numerical flow simulation (CFD) is a well suited tool for the investigation of these processes and allows a detailed analysis of the particle-flow interaction. Within this paper, a CFD flow model of a vehicle wheelhouse is presented, which analytically describes the underlying physical effects of particle dispersion by the vehicle tire. The CFD model was applied in order to define a suitable measurement strategy for the measurement of TRW particles based on a measurement vehicle. Results: In order to develop a CFD Modell for tire-induced particle emissions, comprehensive analysis of mesh generation, geometric influencing factors and turbulence models was conducted. An essential element of the presented model is the modelling of the wheel rotation, tire-road contact and tire-profile related effects. In addition, particle models were adapted according to the physical properties of tire and road wear particles. In a second step, the CFD methodology was applied in order to design a constant volume sampling system (CVS) which ensures a maximum sampling and transport efficiency for TRW particles. Limitations of this study: In general, numerical simulation requires strong simplification of the physical problem and can cover aspects of the flow and particle behavior only partially. Thus, more experiments are necessary to fully validate the CFD model. What does the paper offer that is new in the field in comparison to other works of the author: The paper offers a new CFD-based tire and road wear model including flow processes in proximity to the tire-road interface, in order to describe tire induced particle emissions. Conclusion: Within this paper a novel CFD-based methodology is presented whereby special emphasis was placed towards the modelling of tire-induced particle emissions. This model was applied in order to design a constant volume sampling system that ensures a maximum sampling as well as transport efficiency for TRW particle measurem","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131560480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Framework for Virtual and Physical Testing of Automated Vehicle Systems","authors":"J. Svoboda, Vladislav Kocián","doi":"10.46720/f2020-acm-046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-acm-046","url":null,"abstract":"Massive expansion and implementation of Advanced Driver Assistant Systems and advent of Highly Automated Driving functions brings huge challenges in terms of design and development, but also function validation and certification process which is a limiting factor for their market introduction. To ensure safety of such systems, whose complexity is rapidly growing, it is essential to evaluate functionality of automated driving systems within the mandatory certification before it’s deployed on the road. And after their deployment, they must be a subject to periodical technical inspection during life cycle as well. The number of regulations and standards considering safety of AD functions gradually increases, but current safety standards and regulations still have to be adopted and enhanced. For highly automated driving functions and AVs that do not require permanent monitoring by the driver, a theoretically infinite number of possible traffic situations, that a self-driving car could possibly encounter, needs be tested. One promising method to overcome this matter is the scenario-based approach focused on critical, dangerous and extreme situations. Such approach ensures a repeatability and robustness of an approval process if it is supported by a significant sample of harmonized scenarios. Since confronting conventional physical driving tests with this test effort is not feasible anymore, virtualization of testing methods by means of computer simulation needs to be emphasized. To meet above described challenges, TÜV SÜD is developing a methodology for scenario-based evaluation of AD functionality as a supplement for either development or future certification of automated driving systems. The methodology combines virtual-based approach and physical testing and guarantees repeatability of test conditions. Virtual-based testing is provided by an in-house simulation toolchain with an open architecture. The toolchain consists of functional blocks as: database of standardized scenario, virtual environment model, high fidelity physics-based sensor simulation, model of vehicle dynamics, control functions and algorithms, automated and standardized post-processing and reporting. Physical testing provides real-world data measurement used among other purposes for validation of the simulation toolchain and its relevant functional blocks respectively. Physical testing is performed on our own test track using typical equipment as: driving robots, inertial measurement unit, guided soft target, soft VRU targets, master control station and others. In presentation, an overview of the current state of methodology is given and the workflow is demonstrated for a specific operational design domain (ODD). Architecture of simulation toolchain is described and explanation how functional blocks are embedded into overall architecture and how they interact with each other is given. Trustworthiness for virtual test execution will be discussed by means of a comparison and correla","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132353975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple coupling vibration analysis and suppression in single stage planetary transmission system","authors":"Pengfei Yan, Hui Liu","doi":"10.46720/f2020-vdc-066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-vdc-066","url":null,"abstract":"\"The transmission system is subjected to multi-harmonic torque excitation of the engine, random excitation of road, dynamic meshing excitation of gears, and contact excitation of bearings, etc. Wide-band strong excitation acts on a multi degree of freedom nonlinear vibration system, and the transmission route and vibration phenomenon are complicated, vibration and noise issues are prominent. At the same time, the bending torsional coupled vibration, the box and shafts system coupled vibration, and the various modes coupled vibration of the transmission system will also generate strong dynamic loads, and even cause fatigue damage to parts and power interruptions in severe cases. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the vibration characteristics of the multi-stage planetary transmission system, especially the coupling mechanism of the vibration. Most previous researches are based on linear vibration theory or low degree of freedom systems, and less consideration is given to such multi degree of freedom nonlinear transmission systems with strong coupling. However, in multi degree of freedom nonlinear systems, the resonance phenomenon is complex and unavoidable, and under the action of multi-source wide-band strong excitation, multiple resonance phenomena such as main resonance and combined resonance may be induced, which is more complicated than simple systems. Therefore, it is also necessary to deeply study the coupling vibration mechanism of the system and suppress the system resonance. Based on the nonlinear factors such as tooth profile error, dynamic clearance, time-varying meshing stiffness and damping, manufacturing error, installation error, mass eccentricity and geometric eccentricity, a multi degree of freedom nonlinear transverse-torsional-pendulum coupled vibration model of single-stage planetary gear system is established. Under different working conditions, the vibration amplitude and phase of each component were studied, and the vibration form between each component was analyzed. Through frequency domain and time-frequency analysis of vibration response, the vibration coupling relationship between each direction and each component of the system under different working conditions is studied. Through the sensitivity analysis of the system parameters inertia, mass, stiffness of the supporting shaft and mesh stiffness, the key parameters which have great influence on the coupling vibration of the system are identified. The system coupling degree analysis standard of coupling vibration is established, and the influence rule of sensitive parameter change on coupling vibration is summarized. On the basis of coupling vibration analysis, this paper summarizes the coupling vibration analysis method of the system, and optimizes the system to achieve the purpose of vibration suppression.\"","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132945505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Practical Guide to Fuzz Testing Embedded Software in a CI Pipeline","authors":"D. Oka, T. Makila","doi":"10.46720/f2021-dgt-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2021-dgt-044","url":null,"abstract":"\"Software, including open-source software, is transforming the automotive industry. The Zephyr Project RTOS aims to be the first open-source real time operating system to achieve functional safety certifications making it applicable for use in automotive embedded systems. In terms of connectivity, Zephyr supports among others Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, IP, Ethernet and CAN. With the recent developments of cybersecurity standards and regulations such as “ISO/SAE 21434 Cybersecurity Engineering” and “UN Regulation 155 Cybersecurity”, it becomes paramount for automotive organizations to consider employing various cybersecurity activities in the development process. For example, to detect unknown vulnerabilities in automotive software it is recommended to perform various types of testing such as fuzz testing or penetration testing. Fuzz testing is a powerful test approach since in contrast to penetration testing it can be automated, and it can be used to effectively detect unknown vulnerabilities in the target software. However, the fuzz testing activity is often performed in a manual manner in the automotive industry today. In this paper, we present a practical guide to building fuzz testing into a CI (continuous integration) pipeline. Using the Zephyr project as an example, we describe the various steps to build a fuzz testing process. These steps include identifying the target communication protocols to fuzz, defining a test strategy of when, what and how long to fuzz, executing fuzz testing on a continuous basis in an automated fashion, detecting exceptions on the target system, and generating relevant test reports. These practical steps are described in detail to help guide automotive organizations to build fuzz testing into the CI pipeline for their own target systems. Building fuzz testing into the CI pipeline enables automotive organizations to perform fuzz testing on a continuous basis and in an automated fashion which reduces the manual effort required. As a result, it is possible for automotive organizations to detect and fix unknown vulnerabilities early in the development process which reduces the involved costs and overall improves the product quality. We further discuss the benefits and provide additional insights on future needs in more detail in the paper.\"","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116776453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suitability of Using Electric Vehicles in Asia Countries","authors":"Tiande Mo, Chi-kin Poon, Yu Li, Chuliang Shan, Kin-tak Lau, Xiaohua Ge","doi":"10.46720/f2020-adm-085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-adm-085","url":null,"abstract":"Economic and/or practical points to be addressedElectric vehicle (EV) is one of most promising solutions to reduce carbon footprints on roads. Infrastructure development is always the key to encourage and facilitate drivers to use the EVs. Road conditions and high energy consumption for air conditioning are always recognized as primary barriers at this stage. Increasing the number of charging points is also crucial to popularize the use of EVs. This paper aims to review the suitability of using EVs in Asia countries, which have more than half of the population in the world. Methodology Market analysis including governmental polices on EV development are reviewed. Pilot trials of EVs in Asia countries have been implemented for many years and are discussed in this paper. The advantages and challenges of using different EVs are also elaborated. The possible measures for the development and enhancement of the charging infrastructure are outlined. Main scientific and technical The major requirements of EVs such as travelling distance, charging infrastructure, reliability, energy consumption, payload and gradeablility etc. are major factors to be considered by manufacturers and users. Many research results show that the design of EVs depends on different environmental conditions such as hilly terrains and high energy consumption for air-conditioning. Therefore, optimizing the electric powertrain system and energy system is crucial in the design stage of EVs to tackle on the needs for different countries. Achieved results We review the technical and operational requirements and define the major specifications of EVs for Asia countries. Different operational modes and relating challenges in different driving environments will be investigated. We propose to understand the key parameters which will improve the performance of EVs and the result will be set as a good reference for the future development of EVs","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"19 30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116708593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positioning Sensor System for Transmodular Mobility","authors":"David Bierbuesse, Eduard Heidebreicht, Tobias Meinert, R. Negra, K. Schröder, Mauricio Chaves-Vargas","doi":"10.46720/f2020-acm-042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-acm-042","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, regions are on the verge of collapse due to an ongoing urbanization and an increasing number of cars. To relieve overcrowded roads, future urban mobility has to become more flexible and more efficient. The idea of transmodular mobility is to change and share different transportation carriers within a higher-level transportation system. This enables and combines the efficient use of different carrier systems like railways, buses, ropeways or aircraft and increases passenger convenience. Practically, this would mean that different transportation carriers share the same kind of passenger cabins. For instance, a passenger cabin can perform as a bus to reach small and narrow streets and for particular tracks, it would transform into an urban ropeway to benefit from its higher passenger throughput. However, the critical part of this transformation is the coupling process. Therefore, reliable coupling interfaces are required which must be precisely aligned to perform a successful coupling procedure. In this regard, reliable sensor systems are required which can provide precise positioning data of the coupling interfaces for their counterparts. Conventionally, automotive sensors for range detection purposes either consist of radar or sonar-based systems. Automotive radars are known for a comparable large detection range and can cover up to hundreds of meters. However, the resolution is typically in the range of a few centimeters and even more. Sonar-based systems feature less detection range and are mostly used for short-range detection of obstacles in direct proximity to the sensor. Due to their high resolution and low production costs, they are used for a wide range of park assist systems. Nevertheless, what conventional radar and sonar-based sensor systems have in common is that they do not distinguish between particular obstacles without further signal processing. This means, objects around the sensor can be detected but cannot be identified. However, object identification can be achieved by more advanced systems like LIDAR, camera-based or radar-based imaging techniques. This, in turn, comes with an increasing amount of signal processing and production costs. This paper presents a new concept of a positioning sensor system for transmodular mobility without the need for complex image and signal processing capability. It is based on a sonar system approach, in which the transmitting nodes and receiving nodes are separated. Thereby, the transmitting node can serve as a reference point on the target object (e.g. passenger cabin) and the receiving node can be placed on the locating object (e.g. transportation carrier), respectively. In this regard, both objects are related to each other in a local reference system. The sensor system is extended by an auxiliary radio link for synchronization purposes. It can cover a range of more than 5 meters with a maximum positioning resolution in the millimeter range.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116035547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a Data-Based Thermal Model of a Gearbox","authors":"Erwin Brosch Erwin Brosch, Daniel Trost Daniel Trost","doi":"10.46720/f2021-adm-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2021-adm-154","url":null,"abstract":"\"Oil sump temperature in conventional gearboxes is one of the most important technical framework conditions in terms of research, development and especially in testing of gearboxes. Nevertheless, it is not always possible to set a suitable sensor or to access sensor data with sufficient quality. The need for a simulated oil sump temperature is, among others, for such purposes. In a previous work, an approach for this is presented. A thermal model of a gearbox is generally created on the basis of lumped-element models. Therefore, the thermal masses, such as oil, gears and the gearbox housing, are modeled as lumped-capacitance and the thermal transitions between them as thermal resistances. In addition, there are thermal sources due to heat generation and thermal sinks due to cooling. In principle, a high level of detailed knowledge would be required to parameterize this lumped-element model. To circumvent this, a data-based approach for parameter identification is chosen. For this purpose, an optimization problem is formulated which aims at minimizing the error between simulated and measured values. The methods of genetic algorithms are used to solve the optimization problem. This computationally expensive step is done in advance, apart from the actual use of the model. Thus, a model with little detailed knowledge and without extensive model building can be generated. The preliminary conceptual paper focusses on gearboxes of battery electric vehicle (BEV) with low thermal masses. In contrast, transmissions in conventional and in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are steadily increasing in size, number of gears, and thermal mass. The generality of the approach described above is shown by modeling a very large gearbox in the present work. For the specific case, even a gearbox with a coolant/oil heat exchanger is considered. Beside this extension of the model, the former approach has additionally been improved regarding the accuracy of the results. By varying the measured and simulated model inputs, the parameters can be determined more accurately. Furthermore, the final simulation model is upgraded with these additional model inputs as well, which leads to a significant improvement of the simulation results. The model complexity even decreases. These results base on a large measurement data set, which is necessary for the identification of the parameters. In addition, measurement data is needed for the validation of the method. An extensive series of measurements have been taken on an electric powertrain test bench and is presented within this work. Both, generic measurement runs, which are ideal for system identification, and runs similar to a real driving data were recorded.\"","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116344897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD Analysis of natural gas SI ICE Equipped with Scavenged Pre-Chamber","authors":"O. Vitek, Vít Doleček, Z. Syrovátka, J. Vavra, M. Takáts, Bohumil Mares","doi":"10.46720/f2020-adm-062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-adm-062","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed paper deals with analysis of gas exchange process and combustion in a natural gas SI ICE equipped with scavenged pre-chamber. It is achieved by 3-D CFD simulation of the whole engine cycle while using LES as a turbulence model and ECFM as a combustion model to describe turbulent flame front propagation. Due to the nature of SI ICE operation and the fact that LES was applied, multiple cycles (typically 4) were calculated to consider cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV) as well. The model was verified versus experimental data for 2 different design variants of pre-chamber while considering different operating conditions for each one. After that, the model was used to test (virtually) different design variants while the main focus was put on configuration of connecting channels between pre-chamber and main combustion chamber. Sensitivity studies were carried out to evaluate the influence of different design parameters. The comparison considered both integral parameters (e.g., ROHR) and detailed 3-D CFD data (e.g., local space distribution of fuel in pre-chamber). The main conclusions are the following: • The scavenging strategy, which is based on pure fuel being flown into pre-chamber during late exhaust stroke and intake stroke, is sufficient in terms of pushing almost all burnt gases out of pre-chamber. The local equivalence ration at spark plug is within ignitable limits. • The mixture homogeneity inside pre-chamber at point spark ignition is reasonably homogeneous, however it can be improved. There are significant variations among the cycles. • There is always optimal value of different parameters: number/size of connecting channels, their space configuration, location of spark plug, etc. • Regarding the size of pre-chamber, 2 different cases were considered. The bigger one seems to be slightly better. Its particular shape is usually limited by design constraints, which leads to relatively tall design – this makes mixing in pre-chamber more problematic and may lead to strong mixture stratification.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121390188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiaxial block programs: Highly efficient durability tests for elastomeric bearings","authors":"T. Thüringer, K. Büttner, G. Prokop","doi":"10.46720/f2020-mml-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-mml-004","url":null,"abstract":"\"Elastomeric bearings are used inter alia for load transfer, vibration isolation and damping in different areas in the motor vehicle. To ensure that these functional properties are maintained despite the high loads over the life of the vehicle, these components are tested with highly complex and time-consuming test cycles. Multi-axial high-dynamic loads in three translative or rotational directions currently correspond to the state of the art. These test cycles require high performance test technology. Due to the increasing number of vehicles and drive variants and ever shorter development times, it is becoming increasingly difficult to carry out this complex test for every elastomer bearing. The aim is to reduce the durability assurance to the essential damage component in order to significantly shorten the complexity of the signals and the duration of the assurance. The required boundary conditions are the preservation of the damage pattern and a comparable change of the bearing characteristics to the initial Test. In a first step, the current durability testing method was investigated. The behaviour of the bearings to damage was determined on the basis of optical characteristics, such as cracks or stop abrasion, and general characteristic changes, such as stiffness properties. Fatigue, settling and abrasion were defined as relevant damage mechanisms in the durability testing of elastomers. In order to reproduce these damage mechanisms, different methods of the Structural Durability were analysed to simplify the load-time cycles and checked for their potential. In addition to classical omission approaches or uniaxial tests in the main load direction, a combination of different methods proves to be highly promising. The method presented in this thesis reproduces only the relevant damage mechanisms with a multiaxial block program and therefore requires significantly less time and has lower test bench requirements than the given load cycles. The realization is done with different load blocks: Peak, Fatigue and Friction Blocks. The challenge is to adjust these different blocks individually to reproduce the given load situation. In order to make this possible, the individual damage mechanisms were investigated separately in extensive measurement campaigns. The method is validated by real and virtual tests. FEM simulations enable the comparison of local strains under critical load scenarios. Real tests are used to compare static and dynamic characteristic changes as well as local cracks between the multi-axial block program and the original load-time cycles. The results show that multiaxial block programs can reduce the duration of an durability test to more than 80%. In addition, the demands on the testing technology are significantly lower and the reproducibility of the results considerably higher. The present paper reports on the methodical approach in a cooperative research project to increase efficiency in durability testing and shows current re","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123644665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"upBUS – Electrical, autonomous driving, transmodular bus for public transport systems","authors":"Tobias Meinert, Mauricio Chaves-Vargas, D. Bierbüsse, Eduard Heidebrecht, Renato Negra Renato Negra, K. Schröder","doi":"10.46720/f2020-dgt-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-dgt-012","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, regions are on the verge of collapse due to the ongoing urbanization and an increasing number of cars. In order to relieve overcrowded streets, the airspace above the ground must be opened for urban mobility. Aircraft taxis are the logical option to develop urban airspace for private transport. However from a long-term perspective, these won't be the solution to the aforementioned traffic congestion problems. In addition to the high energy consumption, aircraft taxis would rather shift individual traffic from the ground level to the airspace. Therefore, only a further development of public transport will be able to solve current and future problems. upBUS offers the solution by combining the development of two different transport systems, urban ropeways and autonomous electric busses. Ropeway systems are an ideal solution to use the airspace above the street level. They are known for their low investment and operating costs, their short construction times without traffic obstruction, minimal space and energy requirements, as well as enormous routing flexibility. On the other hand, ropeways are characterized by the problem of network integration, as the stations cannot be positioned in any necessary place. There are also areas, such as historic towns, which cannot be crossed by ropeways. The upBUS approach is to merge urban ropeways and autonomous mini buses into a modular system. On the ground level the vehicles act as autonomous electric buses. In a ropeway station they transform into a ropeway cabin. This transformation process works fully automatically during operation and passengers do not have to switch between different transportation systems. The upBUS vehicle consists of three parts. The electric drive technology and all sensors for autonomous driving are integrated into a skateboard which acts as the driving unit. The ropeway provides a suspension with a connector plate. The third part, the passenger cabin, can either connect to the driving unit or to the connector plate of the ropeway suspension. Thereby, upBUS benefits from the flexibility of buses in combination with the high passenger throughput of urban ropeways. With the upBUS concept, urban ropeways are not a stand-alone solution any longer and can be easily integrated into the public transportation system. The key technology of this transformation concept can be separated into three parts. First, a specific kind of coupling radar is developed, which provides precise positioning data in order to align the bus with the ropeway suspension. If the parts are aligned within the range of a few centimeters a lifting mechanism in the driving unit hoists the cabin into the suspension. Guiding elements align the two parts within a few millimeters. At this point coupling-interfaces on the roof of the cabin couple with counterparts on the suspension while coupling-interfaces between driving unit and cabin decouple. The cabin leaves the station as a ropeway. The transformation proce","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124451801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}