FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme最新文献

{"title":"Concept of a Vehicle Platform for Development and Testing of Low-Speed Automated Driving Functions","authors":"Thiago de Borba, Ondrej Vaculin Ondrej Vaculin, Parth Patel Parth Patel","doi":"10.46720/f2021-acm-118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2021-acm-118","url":null,"abstract":"\"The development of automated driving functions belongs among the most complex tasks, which have been focused on by academia and industry in the recent decade. The advantages of automated driving are enabled by achievements in many levels, such as the development of sensors, object tracking algorithms, car2x communication, planning and decision, and many others. Automated driving should contribute to a higher level of safety by reducing human driving errors, reduced congestion, CO2 emissions by optimizing the traffic flow, and finally lower stress and higher comfort for the vehicle occupants. It will also bring a new business model in the area of mobility. These benefits are possible due to the wide development of new technologies and the posterior tests required for validation on the system and sub-system levels. This paper presents an open vehicle platform for the development and testing of automated driving functions and their applications. They range from driving functions for SAE level 2, in which the driver is present and must monitor the environment to higher levels such as automated valet parking. Another application field is connected with the teleoperated driving based on efficient c2i communication. The platform is based on a production vehicle Renault Twizy extended with a drive-by-wire system for actuation and control of longitudinal and lateral dynamics connected through the low-level drive-by-wire controller by CAN bus to the control devices. The open vehicle interface enables to approach of the actuators from different HW and AW configurations. The universal sensor mounts on the modified car body enable flexible modification of sensor configuration. The vehicle can be equipped with a LIDAR and up to 8 cameras and can also be extended with radars, GNSS, and ultrasonic sensors. It also contains an in-vehicle computer, which processes, in real-time, all the detection data of the environment and outputs the desired commands to the drive by wire control unit. The open software interface, in this case, an open-source autonomous driving stack, provides predefined modules for perception, decision, and planning. Additionally, it allows users to implement their own modules. In the perception module, the LIDAR is responsible for localization, through prerecorded point cloud maps, detection, and tracking of objects in the surrounding. For instance, it is also possible to perform sensor fusion with camera data for object recognition. With this data, the system provides the best trajectory and can avoid unexpected obstacles. After all, the software outputs a set of velocity, angular velocity, wheel angle, and curvature, which is transferred by CAN bus to the drive-by-wire low-level controller. Then, the low-level controller sends the commands to the actuators.\"","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123314691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of optimal energy management strategies for the hybrid electric Formula 1 car","authors":"Pol Duhr, Maximilian Schaller, C. Onder, Luca Arzilli, Alberto Cerofolini","doi":"10.46720/f2021-adm-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2021-adm-129","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary Formula 1 racing cars feature a high-performance hybrid-electric powertrain. It consists of a turbocharged internal combustion engine and two electric motor-generators coupled to the engine crankshaft and the turbocharger shaft. Besides the fuel tank, the battery is a second on-board energy storage. The energy management strategy in terms of battery energy deployment must be carefully optimized in order to cover a lap on a given race circuit as fast as possible. In particular, the finite size of the battery must be taken into account, since the electric boosting and recuperation capabilities of the powertrain are restricted when the battery is depleted or fully charged, respectively. So far, this problem has scarcely been investigated in a time-optimal racing context. In this paper, we include path constraints on the battery energy trajectory in a previously developed off-line convex optimization framework that is based on a model of the powertrain and the car’s longitudinal dynamics. The resulting minimum lap time problem is formulated as a second-order cone program and is solved numerically with global optimality guarantees. With this tool, we conduct a case study for a sweep of initial conditions on the battery state-of-charge and different charge or discharge targets over the lap. Thereby, we study the optimal solution to the energy management problem when either the lower or the upper bound on the battery state-of-charge is attained. First, we show that the optimal operating strategy differs substantially for these two cases: Whilst it is optimal to hit the upper bound only in one particular time instant and then discharge the battery again, the battery state-of-charge can be kept at the lower bound for prolonged sections of the lap. We highlight that these differences are related to the particular topology of the Formula 1 power unit, and in particular to the interaction between the two motor-generator units. Second, based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle, we analyze the trajectory of the costate variable associated with the battery state-of-charge. Indeed, the costate variables are crucial for the parameterization of optimal control policies that can be implemented on the car for on-line control. Our findings show that the impact of battery deployment on the achievable lap time, and therefore the structure of the optimal control policy, varies over the course of the lap. In fact, the changes in the battery costate variable are linked to the limits on electric boosting and recuperation imposed by the Formula 1 regulations. The results underline the importance of considering all the relevant cross-couplings in this complex hybridized powertrain.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123469212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of powertrain controls for a compact non plug-in hybrid platform for single cylinder engines-DVI.","authors":"A. Kaundinya, S. Garapati, Rathin Shah, Swapnil Ghugal, Ravindra Shah","doi":"10.46720/f2020-adm-048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-adm-048","url":null,"abstract":"Objective In developing economies, 2 & 3-wheelers comprise the bulk of the total vehicle fleet. The new push for complete fleet electrification is also hampered by inadequate infrastructure and availability of electricity, making this a segment that could easily and quickly benefit from hybridization. DVI consists of a newly designed compact crankshaft mounted motor-generator unit, with an intelligent control algorithm eliminating the need for a decoupling/clutch mechanism between the electrical drive and crankshaft. A compact high power battery pack provides boost power through the motor on demand, and recuperates energy during deceleration. This allows the system to compliment the engine torque, allowing for operation of the engine in more efficient regions of its performance map. Along with the associated benefits of a non-plug-in hybrid vehicle (significant fuel savings in urban cycles, better performance, reduced vehicular emissions, etc.), the system significantly improves drivability and is a practical emission free engine performance upgrade. The system has also been designed keeping in mind the possibility of a retrofit solution for in-use vehicles. The objective of this work is to showcase the virtual development of the said system consisting of hardware, software and control strategy. Methodology • Motivation & Introduction of the concept • Benchmarking of control strategy & development • Development of plant model & System sizing • SIL simulation, testing and results Results In this paper, we will present the benchmark study, control system design & development, MIL & SIL simulation, and virtual deployment and testing of the hybrid concept on a 2-wheeler. With simulation results showing on average a 15% improvement in fuel economy with a significant increase in low range torque, the system is a promising solution for performance upgradation even as a retrofit solution. Uniqueness • Developing the technology as a performance upgrade rather than just a CO2 & emission reduction system for better market acceptance • Improvement in drivability through Start/Stop, take off and Creep functionality • Minimal modification and altercations to existing ICE and control make it flexible. • System designed such that learning curve for operation is minimal with no additional drive controls. • Clutch-less cost engineered solution • Control strategy for various operating conditions","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122267479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Multiple Predictive Gear Shifting System of Automatic Transmission Connected with Electronic Horizon","authors":"B. Jeon, M. Chai, Kwang Hee Park","doi":"10.46720/f2021-adm-127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2021-adm-127","url":null,"abstract":"\"In general, the most essential role of a transmission is to transmit the driving power of the power source to the wheel as much as possible without loss, and in this process, the operating point of the power device is controlled by shift schedule so that the driving efficiency can be maximized through appropriate gear shifting. Regardless of this driving efficiency of the power source, it often occurs that gear shifting can be helpful to the driving situation in the viewpoint of the driver's convenience. It refers to a case in which a rapid deceleration or acceleration must be prepared in advance depending on a specific driving event, such as winding road, downhill, speed bump or entering a highway and so on. In the case of an automatic transmission, the function of shifting to maximize the driving efficiency of the power source can be achieved according to the shift scheduling that has already been set to an optimum value. The automatic transmission, however, is likely to be more disadvantageous than a manual transmission in which the driver directly operates the gear position while observing the outside situation according to the approximate road shape and traffic flow. It is possible to realize an optimized predictive control system that enables early gear shifting of transmission in preparation for upcoming driving situations by connecting the transmission with the connectivity devices in the vehicle that provides various information of the road geometry and traffic conditions in front of the vehicle. In this study, we would like to introduce a new technologies of multiple predictive gear shifting control system and its application effect on the real road driving, that predicts at once the various driving situations expected to occur in the future and performs appropriate transmission gear before the situation by using electronic horizon including 3-dimentional map data and signals from front radar and camera equipped in the vehicle. The technology consists of following three steps: 'Situation Decoding Step' that converts the various raw signals from electronic horizon devices into a comprehensive driving situation that can be understandable to the transmission control unit, 'Speed Prediction Step' that determines the vehicle speed profile required for the upcoming driving situation, and 'Powertrain Control Step' that controls the most proper transmission gear and engine torque. The multiple predictive gear shifting system of automatic transmission proposed in this study was applied to mass production in Hyundai-Kia vehicles, and contributed not only to drivability, safety, and vehicle durability, but to improving fuel efficiency in real road driving.\"","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126667700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The necessity of conditioning 18650 cells using the example of the mobile battery test stand eZTR","authors":"R. Kretschmann, Stefan Lüdecke, Kai Seidensticker, Florian Bierwirth","doi":"10.46720/f2020-adm-079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-adm-079","url":null,"abstract":"The project “Competence centre e-Mobility” (KeM) accepts the structural challenges and develops solutions in key areas of electromobility within the framework of a newly established competence centre. In addition to the primary objective of building and transferring technical know-how, the long-term anchoring of insights gained in employment-efficient economic structures is of particular importance. The focus of research is the use of novel drive systems under real conditions. Focused on the electric storage systems, the longevity and reparability of complete electro mobile systems form the strategic research approach. The work focuses on the development and testing of maintenance-friendly modular energy storage technology, new, simple system architectures for vehicle controls, and the systemic design of specialized applications in battery assembly. Furthermore, the electric drive train has again become the focus of automobile manufacturers due to the so-called diesel-gate. In addition to the electric motor and the necessary power electronics for power conversion and control of the system, the high-voltage battery (HV battery) defined the performance of electric cars during the development and design. Among other things, there is still great potential in rapid, reliable and cost-effective testing of different battery configurations under real conditions. In this area of conflict, the described work should be set with. To investigate the meaningful use of different battery configurations (cell type and arrangement, dimensions, handling, gravimetric and volumetric energy density, contacting, etc.), a mobile battery test stand was set up at the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg. This enables the testing of several expansion stages of HV batteries under real conditions. For this purpose, a ZTR Roadster, a three-wheeled L5e vehicle (see Figure 1), was fitted with an electric powertrain. The entire vehicle was designed so that the compact HV batteries can be removed and replaced with minimal effort. In addition to the challenges involved in the conversion of the powertrain, the different expansion stages of HV batteries are explained. To test the performance of lithium-ion round cells (type 18650), a battery module including current charging technology was designed and integrated into the existing test carrier. To test the battery test bench at the limit under real conditions, participation in the WAVE (electric mobility rally) took place in 2018 and 2019. The focus was on generating measurement data and testing the suitability for the everyday use of non-conditioned lithium-ion storage systems. In the following, the necessary investigations derived from this about the conditioning of round cells are presented. The experiences gained within this experiment are presented in the publication and substantiated with the collected measurement data. Furthermore, it will be discussed which structural changes would be necessary to enable a stable long-term","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121514337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Twin for Electric Vehicle Cabin","authors":"A. Chambard, Fouad El Khadi","doi":"10.46720/f2020-adm-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-adm-105","url":null,"abstract":"Energy management is a crucial for the Electric Vehicles to increase their range. One of the main challenges of the facing energy management is the passengers’ consumption of thermal comfort of the in different weather conditions, including extreme temperatures cold or extreme hot; where the battery capacity is reduced, and the comfort requirements are more becomes extremely demanding. This paper will summarize the recent achievements made in this field, using as results from the OPTEMUS* project. It tackles this bottleneck by leveraging optimal energy consumption and energy harvesting. We will focus on the virtual prototyping methodology, where we develop a fully detailed virtual cabin for the EV’s for A segment electric vehicle (Fiat 500e). This 3D model consists of the 3D detailed models of the Cabin, the Smart Seat, the Human models for thermal comfort assessment, with specific thermal comfort index, and the HVAC simplified models. It interacts with the full vehicle in a holistic vehicle-occupant-centred approach. Finally, new methods for design space exploration based on the Parametric Reduced Model Order enabling real time response of complex interactions interconnected requirements such as comfort, safety, driving range in a wide range of weather conditions.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127673194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Customer-Focussed Automatic Test Course Design","authors":"Florian Grober, A. Janssen, F. Küçükay","doi":"10.46720/f2020-dgt-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-dgt-007","url":null,"abstract":"Customer centricity gains increasing importance in vehicle development. With respect to durability testing and approval of prototypes, it causes the requirement for testing procedures which highly comply with the occurring loads during customer operation. In this manner, lightweight construction is enabled and considerable economic advantages are raised by avoiding oversizing as well as undersizing of components. As current state of the art, vehicle manufacturers use special test courses on proving grounds or public roads which must be endured damage-free by the vehicle prototype until a compulsory mileage is reached. Alternatively, the course's loads can be reproduced on a test rig to reduce the required test time. The definition of these test courses is based on long-standing experiences. According to new trends in the automotive sector, as for example electrification and shared mobility, it can be predicted that the customer loads will change in accelerating cycles. Correspondingly, these previous experiences cannot be used offhandedly for such new questions and existing test courses become invalid. To solve the described problem of inflexibility, this article presents a technology for automatic generation of appropriate test courses from customer field data. The developed algorithm transforms customer-oriented load spectra into a test course that reproduces the occurred loads as good as possible. For this purpose, digital map data is combined with measured track load data and consecutive road segments are assembled to a complete test course by heuristic methods. This resulting course requires a minimum driving distance and induces approximately the same loads as the destination load spectra derived from customer field data. The optimisation can be processed simultaneously for several different load channels. Via using automation and heuristics, a good performance arises and enables a fast as well as flexible generation of tailored test courses pursuant to current demands. In contrast to the inflexible test course concept used so far, the described technique represents a good improvement of customer-oriented testing methodology. Therefore, it provides a great novelty value. In the article, the process of an automatic test course design is demonstrated and validated by means of a real example, which shows the practical applicability. The latter is also proved by the fact that the described method has already been used successfully in the research and development of Volkswagen AG.","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133308939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced e-call as retrofit for new means of future mobility","authors":"S. Fuchs, D. Kalandrik, Lukas Herrmann, Peter König, F. Bentgens, Jaikumar Mayakrishnan, Shanmuganathan Thangaraju","doi":"10.46720/f2020-pif-045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-pif-045","url":null,"abstract":"\"Research and/ or Engineering Questions/ Objective Especially in emerging markets no emergency infrastructure is established, so in case of an accident passing road users need to call help or the ambulance. An automated e-call to friends and families - or in future directly to the rescue team - with transmission of GPS position, probable injury pattern and injury severity could improve the rescue chain significantly and would save lives in large scale. Methodology A simulation model was built up in MADYMO and validated based on large-scale analysis of crash pulses and injury data measured in real life vehicle accidents. With help of this model a correlation of crash pulses and injury levels was worked out. In addition, an App for crash detection was developed for mobile phones which automatically connects via Bluetooth with a g-sensor being mounted on the vehicle structure. Comparing these crash data with the database injury levels and crash severity can be predicted and sent as emergency call to defined contacts or local authorities. In order to prevent false alerts, driving tests have been performed in India and Germany with multiple low energy impacts and misuse events to support algorithm calibration. For motorbikes drive style and crash data have been collected and serve as base for the algorithm. Here the development of the crash detection algorithm is still ongoing. Results The study shows that in a significant number of vehicle crashes reliable information can be provided by the App in advance - in these cases the rescuers will save valuable time and lives. Discussion with paramedics lead to the conclusion, that in all other cases with wrong or no advance information there will just be no advantage relatively to today’s status, so the solution does not represent any risk. Limitations of this study Today the information can just be provided to emergency contacts selected by the user, a direct distribution to emergency services is not yet possible. As V2I communication will be installed soon in many countries, this problem should be solved soon. In emerging markets, the families and friends will serve as first points of contact and will need to provide the information to the rescue teams. What does the paper offer that is new in the field including in comparison to other work by the authors? Especially in rural areas and developing countries without any rescue infrastructure the e-call App can significantly contribute to reduce traffic fatalities. Conclusions Based on the results presented paramedics are informed in advance of arriving at the incidence about the crash severity and can prepare their rescue strategy while approaching. So critical minutes in the rescue process can be gained and will contribute to save lives.\"","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133029542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use Energy Transition to Advance from Car to Auto-Mobile","authors":"R. Panhuyzen","doi":"10.46720/f2020-mml-043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-mml-043","url":null,"abstract":"\"Worried about the car’s future? Don’t be. What we do need is a new perspective on personal mobility. Car makers compete over the same markets, margins are slim. Now the car faces growing criticism on a number of subjects; the industry is asked to transform. Reducing vehicle footprint offers whole new opportunities. Mind you, not the same as bringing a small car. My submission (based on over 15 years of research) carries the following subjects. 1. Think post-Tesla Solely based on battery drive, Tesla grew out to be more valuable than Volkswagen. Imagine the potential when other car travel-related issues are tackled too: zero-emission drive without subsidizing, energy efficiency, gridlock, traffic safety, profitable ride-hailing, self-driving. 2. Less = More In principle, low energy-dense propulsion (batteries) are a better match for lightweight vehicles. If we keep on putting large battery packs in oversized EVs, we end up with a lot of shortage, disposal and reusability issues. Daily gridlock is proof of how poorly we manage space, energy, materials, precious time. Think of infrastructure in terms of internet bandwidth which is difficult to expand. How to utilize roads more efficiently? 3. Smart-app vehicle No doubt, future generations will look at cars as ‘personal mobility devices’ - electric, smart, sleek, practical. Technology tends to influence product format anyway. The phone went from brick-like to sleek, cool, efficient, smart. So can the car. 4. Driverless favors sleek There’s more margin to scan-sensor-image the vicinity, take evasive action. Instead of putting autonomous hard- and software in conventional cars as add-ons, reformat the car first to have it benefit optimally from driverless technology. 5. Bridge the gap between personal mobility and public transit Outside rush hours, fewer people need to be carried, making the deployment of coach buses too costly to cover running expenses, less eco-friendly per passenger. When passenger payload drops, smaller vehicles are far more efficient. The average ride-hail trip is 1.2 passenger. Now there’s an opportunity for ride-hailers (TNCs) and transit authorities to work together, leaving room for micro-mobility as well. 6. Basically a whole new market Best to avoid the label and stigma of ‘driving a small car’. People don’t particularly favor or like small cars. So, bring something else, something in between car and two-wheeler. A ‘Best of Both Worlds’ - the fun, economy, agility of a scooter... and the comfort and safety of a car. Time to happily, purposefully cater to the growing and diverse market of urbanites, two-car households, early-adopters, singles, couples, one-child families, greenies, techies, ride-hail companies. Together they represent more than 1 out of every 1000 prospective car buyers. 1/1000 is a ratio which suffices to have a viable production (with global car sales averaging 90 million). 7. Streamline production Through 3D printing, C2C, appliance-like manufacturing met","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130346038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Early-stage Performance Verification Method for Low-frequency Noise in Electric-powered Vehicle Batteries","authors":"N. Toyama, Masamichi Kawabe, A. Shimomura","doi":"10.46720/f2020-mcf-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/f2020-mcf-014","url":null,"abstract":"\"This paper describes a method for configuring the starting sound of high-voltage electrical components installed on the batteries of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV) for each particular unit, and introduces cases of application of this method in vehicle development. With regard to the stand-alone unit target performance of high-voltage electrical components for the purpose of satisfying vehicle demand, it used to be that the optimal battery capacity for the driving performance and target fuel consumption of each particular vehicle were determined and marketability of the vehicle was verified after deciding the battery installation location in light of conformance with laws and regulations as well as the perspective of battery safety in collisions. Consequently, vehicle body sensitivity to vibration according to different battery installation locations and complex battery structure transfer characteristics could not readily be accounted for in advance, making performance design of low-frequency battery noise originating in the structure challenging. Here, therefore, a stand-alone unit method of verification was created for the purpose of setting the targets for high-voltage electrical components. Specifically, synthesized sounds of the vehicle were calculated for various battery installation locations as the product of the vehicle vibration sensitivity at various points from the battery installation location to the driver’s ear location and the loads on the fastening points for each unit. When measuring loads on the fastening points of a unit, verification was performed using a fixed jig that took the target frequency into account. The results of verification at different battery installation locations (arranged under the first and second seats, and at the spare tire pan) and comparison of vehicle results with synthesized sounds confirmed that the synthesized sounds can reproduce the vehicle sound. This makes it possible to calculate the target values for a unit by reverse calculation from the synthesized sound. Application of this method makes it possible to verify the target values for a unit in advance from the combination of the envisioned battery installation location and the envisioned high-voltage electrical components, thus making early-stage verification possible.\"","PeriodicalId":174936,"journal":{"name":"FISITA World Congress 2021 - Technical Programme","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124502671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}