{"title":"Kerala State, India: radical reform as development.","authors":"R. Franke, B. Chasin","doi":"10.14452/MR-042-08-1991-01_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-042-08-1991-01_1","url":null,"abstract":"Kerala State in southwestern India has achieved some of the third world's best rates of life expectancy, literacy, and infant mortality, despite one of the lowest per capita incomes. Especially notable is the nearly equal distribution of development benefits to urban, rural, male, female, high-caste, and low-caste sections of the populations. An even population distribution, a cosmopolitan trading history, and the development of militant worker and small farmer organizations led by dedicated activists provide the main explanations for Kerala's achievements. Land reform has redistributed wealth and political power from a rich elite to small holders and landless laborers. Public food distribution at controlled prices, large-scale public health actions, accessible medical facilities, and widespread literacy combine with and reinforce each other to maintain and expand Kerala's achievements. Serious unemployment threatens the Kerala experiment, but Kerala nonetheless offers important lessons to development planners, policymakers, and third world activists.","PeriodicalId":174409,"journal":{"name":"International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129461386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mortality and economic instability: detailed analyses for Britain and comparative analyses for selected industrialized countries.","authors":"M. Brenner","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-07891-4_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07891-4_2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":174409,"journal":{"name":"International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132934990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Addressing the contradictions: health promotion and community health action in the United Kingdom.","authors":"W. Farrant","doi":"10.1080/09581599408406271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09581599408406271","url":null,"abstract":"Within mainstream health education/promotion in the United Kingdom, the last few years have witnessed an upsurge of interest in community development, sometimes coupled with an undermining of the fundamental principles of this approach. This article addresses some of the contradictions and dilemmas that this development has presented for the community health movement. Current trends in health promotion policy and practice are examined in relation to broader health and welfare policy of the 1980s, the history of community development in health, and the background to the World Health Organization's \"Health for All by the Year 2000\" and health promotion initiatives. The possibilities and limitations of utilizing the rhetoric, to support community health action, are explored with reference to recent attempts by the community health movement to \"reclaim\" Health for All.","PeriodicalId":174409,"journal":{"name":"International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125748860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The concepts and principles of equity and health.","authors":"M. Whitehead","doi":"10.1093/HEAPRO/6.3.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/HEAPRO/6.3.217","url":null,"abstract":"In 1984, the 32 member states of the World Health Organization European Region took a remarkable step forward in agreeing unanimously on 38 targets for a common health policy for the Region. Not only was equity the subject of the first of these targets, but it was also seen as a fundamental theme running right through the policy as a whole. However, equity can mean different things to different people. This article looks at the concepts and principles of equity as understood in the context of the World Health Organization's Health for All policy. After considering the possible causes of the differences in health observed in populations--some of them inevitable and some unnecessary and unfair--the author discusses equity in relation to health care, concentrating on issues of access to care, utilization, and quality. Lastly, seven principles for action are outlined, stemming from these concepts, to be borne in mind when designing or implementing policies, so that greater equity in health and health care can be promoted.","PeriodicalId":174409,"journal":{"name":"International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation","volume":"183 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115060403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Epstein, N. Ash́ford, B. Blackwelder, B. Castleman, Gary Cohen, E. Goldsmith, A. Mazzocchi, Q. Young
{"title":"The crisis in U.S. and international cancer policy.","authors":"S. Epstein, N. Ash́ford, B. Blackwelder, B. Castleman, Gary Cohen, E. Goldsmith, A. Mazzocchi, Q. Young","doi":"10.1092/4f8c-qw9w-qdhg-2r4f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1092/4f8c-qw9w-qdhg-2r4f","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of cancer in the United States and other major industrialized nations has escalated to epidemic proportions over recent decades, and greater increases are expected. While smoking is the single largest cause of cancer, the incidence of childhood cancers and a wide range of predominantly non-smoking-related cancers in men and women has increased greatly. This modern epidemic does not reflect lack of resources of the U.S. cancer establishment, the National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society; the NCI budget has increased 20-fold since passage of the 1971 National Cancer Act, while funding for research and public information on primary prevention remains minimal. The cancer establishment bears major responsibility for the cancer epidemic, due to its overwhelming fixation on damage control--screening, diagnosis, treatment, and related molecular research--and indifference to preventing a wide range of avoidable causes of cancer, other than faulty lifestyle, particularly smoking. This mindset is based on a discredited 1981 report by a prominent pro-industry epidemiologist, guesstimating that environmental and occupational exposures were responsible for only 5 percent of cancer mortality, even though a prior chemical industry report admitted that 20 percent was occupational in origin. This report still dominates public policy, despite overwhelming contrary scientific evidence on avoidable causes of cancer from involuntary exposures to a wide range of environmental carcinogens. Since 1998, the ACS has been planning to gain control of national cancer policy, now under federal authority. These plans, developed behind closed doors and under conditions of nontransparency, with recent well-intentioned but mistaken bipartisan Congressional support, pose a major and poorly reversible threat to cancer prevention and to winning the losing war against cancer.","PeriodicalId":174409,"journal":{"name":"International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115435567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wealth and well-being, economic growth, and integral development.","authors":"M. Bunge","doi":"10.1007/978-94-007-4408-0_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4408-0_7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":174409,"journal":{"name":"International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127618048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}