A Hidden LegacyPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0006
Thomas E. Schindler
{"title":"Love in the Laboratory","authors":"Thomas E. Schindler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the marriage of two prodigies and how it represented a fruitful alliance of complementary research personalities: the brilliant theoretician and the skillful experimenter. Esther Zimmer and Joshua Lederberg were two of the youngest scientists to attend the 1946 summer symposium at Cold Spring Harbor. Edward Tatum arranged for his protégé, young Lederberg, to present his stupendous discovery of bacterial conjugation, showing that bacteria could mate and recombine their genes. Zimmer and Lederberg began a short romance and married five months later. The young couple moved near the campus of Yale University, where Joshua wrote up his thesis and Esther researched Neurospora genetics with Norman Giles. The following summer, Tatum negotiated with Yale to grant an accelerated PhD to Joshua. The University of Wisconsin offered him an assistant professorship, and Joshua and Esther moved to Madison in 1947. There they established the first research program in bacterial genetics.","PeriodicalId":174043,"journal":{"name":"A Hidden Legacy","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115212838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Hidden LegacyPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0011
Thomas E. Schindler
{"title":"What She Did for Love","authors":"Thomas E. Schindler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the marked asymmetry exhibited by the Lederberg collaboration. After 1958 when he won the Noble Prize, Joshua’s career took off while Esther’s sharply declined. For the awards ceremonies in Stockholm, Esther was demoted to Nobel wife. Coincidentally, 1958 was the year that Rosalind Franklin died, which disqualified her for sharing the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the DNA double helix. Franklin’s exceptional X-ray diffraction micrographs of DNA provided the critical evidence for Watson and Crick’s chemical model of DNA. In 1947, Gerty and Carl Cori were the first scientific couple to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. An exceptional complementarity distinguished the Cori relationship. More often, husband and wife collaborations are asymmetric: for six out of the seven other couples who earned one Nobel Prize, the husband alone received the award. Unlike most of their colleagues, B. O. Dodge congratulated both Lederbergs for achieving together the Nobel Prize.","PeriodicalId":174043,"journal":{"name":"A Hidden Legacy","volume":"885 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115521379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Hidden LegacyPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0008
T. Schindler
{"title":"Clarifying the Unique Features of Bacterial Sex","authors":"T. Schindler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers bacterial sex, the details of which turned out to be counter-intuitive, quite different from Joshua Lederberg’s conceptions that were influenced by the ways that higher organisms recombined genes. The contributions of Luca Cavalli, William Hayes, and later, Elie Wollman and Francoise Jacob served to clarify the apparent anomalies, finally to reveal that bacterial sex was very, very different from the modes of genetic recombination of other organisms. The French team clarified the stages of conjugation by interrupting the mating of Hfr x F- at different time points. HGT, can occur by three different processes: transformation, conjugation, and transduction. In every case, HGT is fragmentary and unidirectional, much different than genetic transfer in sexual reproduction in higher organisms, which involves the entire genome in a mutual, two-way recombination of genes.","PeriodicalId":174043,"journal":{"name":"A Hidden Legacy","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125862094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Hidden LegacyPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0010
Thomas E. Schindler
{"title":"The Matilda Effect","authors":"Thomas E. Schindler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter suggests that the most important factors that diminished Esther Lederberg’s scientific career and legacy were her gender and marriage. The fact that her famous collaborator was also her husband doubled the chances that her own scientific achievements were overshadowed. The chapter goes on to explain how the so-called Matthew and Matilda Effects altered the history of science right at birth of genetics as a distinct branch of biology. As an example of the Matilda Effect, the chapter presents Nettie Stevens whose discovery of the XY sex-determining chromosomes in 1905 and establishment of the two patterns of sex chromosomes in various beetles, flies, and bugs was credited to Edmund Wilson, a better-known scientist. In an example of the Matthew Effect, Thomas Hunt Morgan, the most famous geneticist of the early twentieth century, eventually received most of the credit for discovering sex chromosomes. Finally, the careers and legacies of three other Matildas who worked in the early days of microbial genetics—Martha Chase, Laura Garnjobst, and Daisy Dussoix—are presented.","PeriodicalId":174043,"journal":{"name":"A Hidden Legacy","volume":"236 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125559665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Hidden LegacyPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0016
Thomas E. Schindler
{"title":"Making Music and a New Life","authors":"Thomas E. Schindler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews Esther Lederberg’s life in music. Researchers who study multiple intelligences have observed an overlap between musical and linguistic intelligence. Esther Lederberg’s mastery of foreign languages would have given her confidence to independently master the recorder. Her enthusiasm for music resonated with her French colleagues, Jacob and Monod, at the Institut Pasteur. Probably the most famous musician/scientist of the twentieth century was Albert Einstein, who admitted that if he hadn’t become a physicist, he would have become a musician. In the 1960s, Early Music—of the Renaissance and Baroque eras—enjoyed an international revival. In 1962, Esther Lederberg and some like-minded amateur musicians founded the Mid-Peninsula Recorder Orchestra (MPRO). She performed with the MPRO for over forty years. This shift in her social circle marked a new phase of personal growth toward music and the arts. Drawn together by a shared passion for music, Matthew Simon and Esther Lederberg married in 1993.","PeriodicalId":174043,"journal":{"name":"A Hidden Legacy","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125423130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Hidden LegacyPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0009
Thomas E. Schindler
{"title":"Replica Plating","authors":"Thomas E. Schindler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how Esther Lederberg, in daring to re-purpose her compact makeup pad as a kind of ink stamp, developed the new Replica Plating Technique but later her husband Joshua seemed to claim sole credit for this discovery. The Lederbergs demonstrated the effectiveness of the new plating technique in their study of spontaneous bacterial mutations, using the technique to resolve a longstanding question of bacterial mutations: Did mutations occur spontaneously or was some other process of adaptation involved? While at first, Joshua defended Esther’s co-equal contribution to the invention of replica plating, in later publications, he seemed to claim sole credit, by ignoring her contributions. This is a classic example of the Matilda Effect, when a male colleague is given sole credit for an invention by unfairly ignoring the female colleague’s contribution. Some of the Lederbergs’ colleagues recognize Esther as the primary inventor of replica plating, since she had the reputation of an experimental genius; others assumed that the creative insight was Joshua’s.","PeriodicalId":174043,"journal":{"name":"A Hidden Legacy","volume":"06 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127187540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Hidden LegacyPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0007
T. Schindler
{"title":"Strange Genetics","authors":"T. Schindler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter relates how, in the 1950s, Esther and Joshua Lederberg and their colleagues uncovered a whole new kind of genetic transfer involving plasmids and viruses. In plants and animals, genetic recombination is integrated within the processes of sexual reproduction. Imagine if you could trade genes with strangers at will! That’s what bacteria can do. Esther Lederberg’s discoveries of the F-plasmid and the λ bacteriophage were happy accidents that occurred while she working to complete her dissertation research. Serendipity happens to those who are very attentive, broadly experienced, and open to surprises. Esther Lederberg discovered a transferable factor, the F-factor, that could transform recipients into donors. Then she discovered a lysogenic virus, hiding harmlessly inside the chromosome of its bacterial host. These two surprising discoveries showed that bacteria could transfer genes and pieces of chromosomes horizontally, as opposed to the classical inheritance of plants and animals which pass on genetic traits vertically, down through generations.","PeriodicalId":174043,"journal":{"name":"A Hidden Legacy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125599972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Hidden LegacyPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0003
T. Schindler
{"title":"The Pathway to Bacterial Genetics","authors":"T. Schindler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews Esther Zimmer’s early training, as she set out on a parallel career pathway, from Neurospora to bacteria, to her future husband Joshua Lederberg. While still a junior at Hunter College, Zimmer found the best possible mentor in Bernard Ogilvie Dodge, the foremost expert in Neurospora, the new model organism of genetic research. After graduation, Dodge helped her gain further research experience at the Industrial Hygiene Research Laboratory in Bethesda, Maryland, where she worked with Alexander Hollaender, an expert in radiation biology. After two years of training in the procedures for developing X-ray and UV induced mutations, Zimmer acquired her bona fides for graduate school. She was accepted to graduate school at Stanford University because of Dodge’s association with George Beadle, who, with Edward Tatum, had developed a new paradigm for biochemical genetics: “one gene: one enzyme.” In 1946, their similar experiences in Neurospora research brought Joshua and Esther together.","PeriodicalId":174043,"journal":{"name":"A Hidden Legacy","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127524965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Hidden LegacyPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0014
Thomas E. Schindler
{"title":"The Lederbergs’ Stanford Years, 1959–1976","authors":"Thomas E. Schindler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter picks up the story of Esther’s life after she and her husband moved to Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, in 1959, and Joshua became chairman of the newly formed Genetics Department. The Lederbergs separated in September 1966, divorced in 1967, and a year later, Joshua married Marguerite Stein, a thirty-year-old divorcee and pediatrician. Esther Lederberg collaborated with her husband less and less after the move to Stanford. When they separated, Esther was suddenly exiled from the laboratory, cut off from research funding, and facing uncertain employment prospects. After winning the Nobel Prize, Joshua began collaborating with new colleagues in chemistry, engineering, and computer science. He became an international proponent of exobiology. In 1976, Esther Lederberg became director of the Plasmid Reference Center of Stanford University. Although it was not a research position, she applied her extensive knowledge of plasmids and bacteria to curating one of the largest collections in the world. She held this position until her retirement in 1985.","PeriodicalId":174043,"journal":{"name":"A Hidden Legacy","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128512606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Hidden LegacyPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0013
T. Schindler
{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance, the Horrendous Consequences of Bacterial Sex","authors":"T. Schindler","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews how bacterial sex explains the rapid emergence of superbugs that are resistant to multiple antibiotics, the so-called MDR pathogens. Millions of years before humans evolved, bacteria invented antibiotics and the defensive molecules that make some bacteria resistant to an antibiotic. Therefore, antibiotic resistant genes pre-exist in many bacterial strains, literally lying in wait to emerge in superbugs. In postwar Japan, bacteriologists discovered the first MDR pathogens during dysentery outbreaks. Researchers demonstrated that the genes for resistance to several antibiotics were transferred by bacterial sex—from normal flora to the dysentery pathogens—all together and “at one stroke.” Methicillin was intentionally designed to treat penicillin-resistant infections. Only three years after its introduction of, hospitals began to find methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Gerard Wright coined the term resistome to signify “the global collection of resistance genes that have been readily available to pathogens for millennia.”","PeriodicalId":174043,"journal":{"name":"A Hidden Legacy","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125044390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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