Applied Physics research最新文献

{"title":"Three Serious Mistakes in Einstein’s Original Paper of Special Relativity in 1905","authors":"Xiaochun Mei, Canlun Yuan","doi":"10.5539/apr.v15n2p80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n2p80","url":null,"abstract":"It is revealed in this paper that there were three serious mistakes in the Einstein’s original paper in 1905. Einstein did not prove that the motion equation of classical electromagnetic field could satisfy the invariance of the Lorentz coordinate transformation. The Einstein’s derivations on the formulas of transverse and longitudinal masses, as well as the calculation on the mass-energy relation are wrong. 1. In order to prove that the classical Maxwell electromagnetic field equation satisfied the invariance of Lorentz transformation in free space without charged and current, Einstein introduced the transformations of electromagnetic fields themselves, called the Einstein’s transformations of electromagnetic fields. However, these transformations are completely different from the Lorentz transformations of electromagnetic fields themself, which leads to contradiction and does not hold. 2. For the electromagnetic field equations in non-free space with charge and current, the Einstein’s transformations can not make the electromagnetic fields unchanged under the Lorentz transformation. 3. The constitutive equations of electromagnetic theory in the medium do not satisfy the invariance of the Lorentz transformation too. Therefore, the classical electromagnetic field equations have no the invariance of the Lorentz transformation actually, and the most important theoretical and experimental basis of special relativity do not exist. 4. The Einstein's derivations on the formulas of transverse and longitudinal masses have a series of elementary mistakes in mathematics and physics. Einstein took the relative speed between two reference frames as the arbitrary moving velocity of a particle, and the obtained formulas were completely different from the existing mass-velocity of special relativity. 3. When Einstein derived the mass-energy relationship, he only calculated the work done by the force in the x-axis direction of particle’s motion, ignoring the work done by the force at the y- and z-axes directions. Meanwhile, the constant relative motion velocity between two reference frames was misused as the variable arbitrary velocity of a particle. Therefore, Einstein had not derived the mass-velocity formula and mass-energy relationship used in the present special relativity.","PeriodicalId":174036,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics research","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124139689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Could Covid-19 Be a Microorganism Carrying Carbon Monoxide?","authors":"A. L. Bhuiyan","doi":"10.5539/apr.v15n2p71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n2p71","url":null,"abstract":"It is speculated that a microorganism can take carbon monoxide from the surrounding atmospheric air through the process of adsorption. When this microorganism is exposed to sunlight / near uv light, the adsorbed carbon monoxide may transform into carbonyl diradical which together with the (polycarbonyl) polymer can cause harmful biological effects similar to those observed in COVID-19. For this, it can act as a virus identical with COVID-19. One important property of the speculated virus (SV) is that it can undergo mutation by inserting the associated carbonyl diradical at the C-H, C-O, and C-N bonds in DNA/RNA and their precursors which form its core.","PeriodicalId":174036,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics research","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131852700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Truths of Space-time Contractions of Special Relativity","authors":"Xiaochun Mei","doi":"10.5539/apr.v15n2p36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n2p36","url":null,"abstract":"This paper points out that there is no any experimental evidence for the length contraction of a moving object in special relativity. It is just a theoretical prediction based on the Lorentz transformation formula. Einstein put forward the concept of simultaneous relativity in order to explain the length contraction. In this paper, an example called Ji Hao's bridge-breaking paradox is provided to prove that this kind of paradoxes cannot be explained by simultaneous relativity. A completely symmetric method is introduced to prove that the famous twin paradox is unsolvable. The time delay experiments of special relativity, such as the life time of μ meson and the atomic clocks moving around the Earth are discussed. It is proved that time slows down of a moving clock does not exist too. It is a misunderstanding to use the lifetime of μ mesons to prove the time delay of special relativity because μ mesons decay prematurely due to strong collisions with other nuclei in the Earth's surface atmosphere. What calculated in theory is the time difference between two atomic clocks flying east and west observed in the stationary reference frame of the Earth's mass center. But the measurement of time difference is on the surface of the Earth. Because of the symmetry of motion speed, there is no time difference caused by the motion speed between the two atomic clocks observed on the Earth’s surface, so the experiment of atomic clocks moving around the Earth is invalid. The experiment is also suspected of fabricating experimental data. The conclusion of this paper is that the space-time contraction of special relativity and its relativity cannot happen in real nature, time and space are absolute concepts, and the Lorentz transformation cannot be correct.","PeriodicalId":174036,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124394004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Action Integral of Regular Systems With Higher Order Lagrangian","authors":"Ola A. Jarab’ah","doi":"10.5539/apr.v15n2p31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n2p31","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper Euler Lagrange equation is studied to obtain the equations of motion of the regular systems with higher order Lagrangian. The solutions of the equations of motion help us to obtain the action integral by substituting the solutions in the given Lagrangian. Then, action integral is typically represented as an integral of the Lagrangian over time, taken along the path of the system between the initial time and the final time of the system. The regular systems with higher order Lagrangian are examined using illustrative example.","PeriodicalId":174036,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics research","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114478941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmological Constant as a Variable Parameter: Spring Theory","authors":"L. Tsang","doi":"10.5539/apr.v15n2p22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n2p22","url":null,"abstract":"A spring term is added into Newton’s law of gravitation. The universe accelerates to luminal or superluminal speed at the outer rim of the Hubble sphere where no matters can be observed. Such a big bang is explained three dimensionally from which we obtain the Hubble constant 10-17.5 /s which is the square root of the cosmological constant   10-35 /s2  .  The missing mass of galaxies in the rotation curves can be clarified via the virial theorm in which galaxies mass 1041    kg and their spring constant 10-31 /s2 match with other authors. Under certain conditions in Sect.5, the Schroedinger equation can be reduced to 1st order for long range interaction and 2nd order(both time and spatial part) for micro interaction; whereas the latter has the same form as the Klein-Gordan equation. Upon a simple modification of the classical field theory, we derive the equation V(r) = a ln(1 + b/r) + C which is compatible with the well known Cornell potential in quark confinement. Such a modified field theory can furtherly apply to planetary motions by adding a spring term in the Binet equation to estimate different spring constants of the sun for the inner planets;they are  1��-14  /s2Mercury, 10-15/s2 Venus amd 10-16 /s2    (Earth). Since spring is a fluid which cannot break except its value k decreases at farther distance. A comparison with the Fischbach’s fifth force is also dicussed in the conclusion.","PeriodicalId":174036,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics research","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115299425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing Foam Physics: A Cutting-Edge Drainage Equation Model for Wet Foam","authors":"A. Al-Qararah","doi":"10.5539/apr.v15n2p18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n2p18","url":null,"abstract":"Foam physics is a field of study that scientists and researchers are interested in due to the vast range of uses, e.g. foam-foamed materials, oil extraction, and food processing. This study proposes a new equation for the drainage of wet foam that could add to the science of foam. To improve our comprehension of the intricate behaviour of wet foam, this model expands on a theoretical derivation. The usage of a bubble size formula that was proposed using the experimental data is one of the model's distinguishing characteristics. The size of foam bubbles can be predicted using this formula more precisely. A thorough derivation of the theoretical model is provided in the paper. Finally, this work presents a novel wet foam drainage model that has the potential to enhance the field of foam physics. The results of this work have important implications for industries. Therefore, more study is needed for developing a two dimensional drainage equation.","PeriodicalId":174036,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116866605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applied Physics of Extended (or Gamma) Sine and Cosine Functions","authors":"Luis Teia","doi":"10.5539/apr.v15n2p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n2p1","url":null,"abstract":"Evolution of fundamental mathematical tools (such as trigonometric functions sin(α) and cos(α)) has inherent repercusions \u0000on how we solve problems in applied physics. Recently published extended or gamma sine function sin∗(α, γ) \u0000and cosine function cos∗(α, γ) — along with their upgraded identity angle sum and subtraction rules sin∗(A ± B, γ) and \u0000cos∗(A ± B, γ) — have enabled a new approach on how to tackle practical problems using mathematics (a published example \u0000is the energy-coupled mass-spring oscilatory system). The usefullness of a theory is measured by both the insight \u0000it generates, and the solution it produces, when applied to physical problems with pertinent applications. Its acceptance \u0000amongst peers depends on the availability of such examples, as way-showers of how the theory can be applied in practice, \u0000and how useful results can be derived by employing it in similar or related examples/problems. This article has the \u0000purpose of providing this bridge between the above theories and its application in some common scientific fields. Several \u0000exercises are solved employing these new formulae, and new potential applications are identified that cover various topics \u0000in physics such as civil engineering (i.e., measuring distances in bridges), aerospace and aeronautics (i.e., turbine velocity \u0000triangles and optimum orbital deployment for a satellite constellation) and telecommunications (i.e., antenna array \u0000beamforming and steering, as well as new modulations based on quadrature phase-shift keying). These problems (and \u0000solutions) are designed to indicate the usefullness of these new expanded functions, and can become practical classroom \u0000exercises applicable to both academic and professional environments.","PeriodicalId":174036,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics research","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121103626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revised Work on Absolute Position and Energy of a Particle and Its Anti-particle","authors":"E. Brodet","doi":"10.5539/apr.v15n1p129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n1p129","url":null,"abstract":"The experimental indication that the universe expands may allow to use its expansion velocity to fix a unique and absolute reference frame in which an absolute position for a particle may be defined. The absolute position may include the particle's external information but also all its internal information. This was first discussed in [Brodet, 2017], [Brodet, 2018], [Brodet 2019] and is updated and developed further in this paper. The absolute position suggested here is built on the space-time structure of special relativity and the absolute reference frame fix. It includes the particle's mass and information related to the particle's charge and spin. Defining the particle's absolute position may subsequently allow to also define its absolute energy and momentum. Furthermore, we shall show that by adopting a deterministic approach to the decay time of a particle we may get novel absolute expressions for the particle's internal energy and for its mass, charge and magnetic moment. The absolute expressions we get for the energy, momentum, charge, mass and magnetic moment are all related to the running of the coupling constant and to the absolute reference fix. The absolute quantities discussed above are defined for a particle and for its anti-particle. In this context, the relationship between a particle and its anti-particle are discussed as well. Experimental ways to investigate the suggested additional information related to the fundamental quantities and to the relationship of a particle and its anti-particle are discussed.","PeriodicalId":174036,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131220701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surprising and Unexpected Discoveries the James Webb Space Telescope Will Likely Make: Based Upon Our Research","authors":"Forrest W. Noble","doi":"10.5539/apr.v15n1p115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n1p115","url":null,"abstract":"The following research study and assessments involve predictions of the future observations of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) concerning its most distant observations and related cosmology theory. Our research began in 2014 and is based upon astronomical observations published by many groups starting from 2008, and ending in the spring of 2022. Observations involve the Hubble (HST), the ALMA radio telescope array, and a number of other telescopes including other infrared scopes. General conclusions and predictions of this research and paper are that the same kinds of galaxies and clusters observed at the furthest possible distances by the Hubble Space Telescope and other telescopes, will continue to be observed by the JWST at the farthest observable distances, and that none of the expected Big Bang related observations will be observed such as the dark ages, the epoch of Reionization, population III stars, or a panorama of only young blue newly-forming galaxies, nor the first stars of the universe, etc. Although we expect that some astronomers might initially claim that the most-distant JWST observations conform to predictions of mainstream cosmology, and have observed some of these predicted eras of theory. In time, however, we predict it will become apparent to many or most that mainstream cosmology is being contradicted by the James Webb observations at the farthest distances. Based upon our research, this will be because the universe is many times older than what the Lambda Cold Dark Matter model and the Hubble distance formula could allow – and that the Perfect Cosmological Principle will eventually be realized as being valid concerning the observable universe and JWST observations.","PeriodicalId":174036,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics research","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131817856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the Hidden Information: A Novel Approach to Modeling Physical Phenomena Through Information Theory","authors":"B. Menin","doi":"10.5539/apr.v15n1p101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n1p101","url":null,"abstract":"The growing need to study more complex physical phenomena and technological processes determines the importance of reducing the uncertainty of formulated models. However, measurement theory does not provide a clear answer to the question of how to calculate and use model structure uncertainty: the presence of certain base quantities and derived variables. The key novelty of this research lies in the informational method, which allows you to find the value of the uncertainty of the model of the phenomenon that has a certain structure. This uncertainty is initial and precedes the definition of uncertainties associated with the implemented computer algorithms, subsequent experiments, data processing, and the people involved in the study. This article aims to provide a detailed explanation of the informational method and its application for the selection of a model that satisfies the chosen universal criterion of comparative uncertainty. This criterion allows for solving the problem of identifying the preferred model that meets the requirements and philosophical outlook of the observer. So far, for many decades, no efforts have been made to take this uncertainty into account in scientific and technical practice. We applied the information method to analyze the attainable accuracy or perfection of established physical laws in this paper.","PeriodicalId":174036,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics research","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123827751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}