Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision最新文献

{"title":"Development and validation of a pneumatic metrology mount for spaceborne mirrors.","authors":"Mayank Garg, M Rajkumar Ramajagol, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Nishchith Bhat, B Rao Vishweshwar","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.589909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.589909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the realization of large-size mirrors for high-accuracy space telescopes, the metrology mount, used during interferometric measurement of a mirror's surface figure, is a crucial system in the final surface figure correction stage of mirror fabrication. During these measurements, conveniently, mirrors are placed horizontally (with optical axis vertical), and the purpose of the metrology mount is to enable surface figure measurement in space-like zero-g conditions as the mirror has its operation in space. Considering the advantages of an active metrology mount over proven passive metrology mounts, the development of a pneumatic-based active metrology mount is taken up. A pneumatic metrology mount provides the required multipoint support forces to the mirror at individual support locations through pneumatic actuators by precise and simultaneous control of air pressure regulators using a closed-loop feedback control. In regard to this development, first, sensitivity analysis is carried out to understand the effect of variation in support forces on repeatability of interferometric surface figure measurements. For this, a mirror of diameter 1.2 m and mass 84.7 kg having 18 support points is selected, and various cases of support force variations are simulated. Sensitivity analysis results show that for ensuring repeatability of ±3<i>n</i><i>m</i> in surface figure measurements, the pneumatic metrology mount shall have a sensitivity of ±0.8N. To demonstrate the technology, first, a smaller nine-point pneumatic metrology mount but with sensitivity of ±0.8N, as required for the 1.2 m diameter 84.7 kg mirror, and having a provision in electronics to expand to 25 support points, is realized and validated by testing with an aluminum disk and a spherical mirror. Testing with an aluminum disk of diameter 700 mm and mass 31.28 kg is done to demonstrate the system's capability to support a mass with required forces within a tolerance of ±0.8N. Results show that the system is able to provide the required support forces to the aluminum disk within ±0.6N for a minimum 30 min. With this confidence, then testing is done with a spherical mirror of diameter 600 mm and mass 50.8 kg, having mirror original surface figure rms of 37.5 nm, and whose surface figure measurements using the proven Hindle metrology mount were available to draw comparison with the pneumatic metrology mount. Here as well, the pneumatic metrology mount is able to support the mirror with required support forces within ±0.6N for a minimum 30 min. For three interferometric measurements of surface figure (rms), the repeatability using the pneumatic mount is 0.225 nm, which is close to and better than the 0.259 nm repeatability using the Hindle mount, and the maximum deviation from the Hindle to the pneumatic metrology mount is 0.602 nm. Both values are within the required limit of ±3<i>n</i><i>m</i>. This paper focuses on the details of the sensitivity analysis done to arrive at specifications","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 8","pages":"D75-D85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A gentle introduction to computational optical imaging [Invited].","authors":"Kedar Khare, Mansi Butola, Sunaina Rajora","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.595877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.595877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Computational imaging has become an important research area in the last few decades. Relaxing the traditional requirement that optical hardware directly form the final image of the object on an image sensor has allowed us to better appreciate the image formation process from an information transfer point of view. The physical properties of light that carry this information are amplitude, phase, polarization, spectrum, coherence, photon correlations, etc. Strategies for efficiently measuring one or more of these information-carrying entities, followed by reconstruction algorithms, then decide the ultimate quality of images obtained from an imaging device. With the advancement in optical manufacturing, the availability of computing power, and the development of novel algorithmic ideas for image reconstruction, it is likely that imaging technologies will continue to evolve rapidly, and as a result, the commonly used imaging devices like cameras, microscopes, and telescopes may take a very different physical form in the coming decades. The performance parameters such as resolution, contrast, field of view, depth of focus, and noise sensitivity will also likely be revised in the process to include both hardware and algorithmic aspects. Apart from pushing the fundamental limits, the synergistic working of optical hardware and algorithms has the additional advantage of making imaging systems economical, resulting in significant social impact. This topical review provides an introduction to basic principles and methods of computational imaging in a manner that is accessible to beginning researchers at the early graduate studies level or industry professionals, in order to get them started in this exciting field. The paper further aims to draw attention of experts in optical sciences, precision engineering, mathematics, computer algorithms, and users in multiple application areas by highlighting the interdisciplinary research and development opportunities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 8","pages":"D190-D209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4D wavefront sensing using dynamic neural image sharpening.","authors":"Robert L Lloyd, Tyler J Hardy, Christopher A Metzler, Mark F Spencer, Casey J Pellizzari","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.600698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.600698","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we develop a dynamic framework for wavefront sensing and image sharpening from a video sequence of data collected by a digital-holographic sensor. We build on recent progress using implicit neural representations (INRs) to model the complex phase errors caused by atmospheric turbulence. INRs leverage unsupervised learning to form a continuous functional representation of the atmospheric phase errors. In turn, we extend our framework from modeling 3D phase errors from a single digital-holographic measurement (consisting of three spatial coordinates, <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z</i>), to modeling 4D phase errors from a time sequence of digital-holographic measurements (consisting of three spatial coordinates plus time, <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>z</i>, and <i>t</i>). By introducing additional time-varying measurements, we better model the dynamic behavior of atmospheric turbulence. This improved modeling provides three benefits: (1) it helps constrain our under-determined estimation problem, which improves phase-error estimation quality and image reconstruction; (2) it allows us to estimate phase errors between actual measurements, increasing the effective sampling rate of our sensor; and (3) it allows us to predict future phase errors, helping us reduce latency in our estimation pipeline. At large, (1)-(3) creates numerous benefits for applications where 4D phase errors naturally arise (e.g., microscopy, metrology, lidar, remote sensing, etc.).</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 7","pages":"C52-C60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal sensing of underwater optical turbulence using beams carrying orbital angular momentum, part 1: statistical analysis.","authors":"Owen O'Malley, Svetlana Avramov-Zamurovic, Daisy Dastrup, Nathaniel Ferlic, Martin Lavery, Vasanthi Sivaprakasam, K Peter Judd","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.600543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.600543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a comprehensive experimental study investigating orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams for sensing underwater optical turbulence strength using multimodal optical measurements. Synchronized measurements of pupil plane intensity, focal plane intensity, and mode-sorter spectra were collected in a Rayleigh-Bénard convection tank across three turbulence strengths, ranging from <i>C</i><i>n</i>2=1.96×10^-10 to 2.06×10^-9m^-2/3. The pupil plane scintillation index provided the best discrimination between turbulence conditions, with comparable performance across OAM modes. Focal plane beam wander showed a monotonic increase with turbulence strength across all OAM modes. The mode-sorter results varied with the OAM mode, with modes <i>ℓ</i>=2 and <i>ℓ</i>=4 yielding greater separation in the mode spreading due to the turbulence. Our results demonstrate that the pupil plane scintillation across all OAM modes tested captures the most relevant information for discriminating between optical turbulence strengths, validating structured light as a versatile probe for environmental sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 7","pages":"C93-C104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distance evaluation on spectral reconstruction.","authors":"Antony Madaleno, Hermine Chatoux, Noël Richard, Franck Marzani","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.597228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.597228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spectral distance and similarity measures inherently bias optimization toward spectral shape or total radiance. In this work, we analyze how such biases affect reconstruction outcomes by comparing several commonly used metrics, including SAM, SGA, SCA, SID, the Euclidean distance, and the Kullback-Leibler pseudo-divergence (KLPD). Distances are evaluated through a spectral reconstruction task based on distance-driven optimization. By exploiting the KLPD decomposition into shape and radiance terms, our results provide a finer interpretation of reconstruction errors and reveal how each metric biases the solution space. This study highlights the relevance of the KLPD for analyzing and comparing spectral distance measures in reconstruction problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 7","pages":"1136-1151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat flux as a key to predicting optical turbulence: experimental validation of a scaling constant in Rayleigh-Bénard turbulence.","authors":"David McLeod, Robert A Handler, Richard J Watkins","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.590033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.590033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical turbulence caused by refractive index fluctuations poses a major challenge for imaging, free-space communication, and directed-energy systems. Rayleigh-Bénard (RB) convection offers a controlled laboratory analog for studying buoyancy-driven turbulence and its optical effects. Building on theoretical predictions that link turbulence strength to heat flux, we experimentally determine the scaling constant <i>γ</i> by simultaneously measuring the refractive index structure constant (<i>C</i><i>n</i>2) and heat flux in an RB environment. Using a variable turbulence generator (VTG), we validate RB conditions through Nusselt-Rayleigh scaling and direct numerical simulations (DNS). Three independent optical diagnostics were employed to estimate <i>C</i><i>n</i>2 (scintillation, beam wander, and long-term beam spot size), while embedded sensors captured heat flux. This scaling constant validation is confined to the experimental conditions described. Results confirm the predicted <i>C</i><i>n</i>2∝Q^4/3 relationship, with <i>γ</i>=8.79±0.61 closely matching simulations (8.65). This strong agreement demonstrates the robustness of the heat-flux-based scaling relationship and establishes RB systems as effective testbeds for turbulence characterization. These findings provide a practical framework for predicting optical performance in complex environments and advancing turbulence mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 7","pages":"C20-C29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149168056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning forecasts of laser intensity evolution through underwater turbulence.","authors":"S Avramov-Zamurovic, K Fleming, E Kincade, G Taylor, O O'Malley, K P Judd","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.601066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.601066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This experimental study investigates whether the temporal evolution of received laser-beam intensity can be forecast from intensity images alone under controlled underwater turbulence. Conventional adaptive-optics systems commonly rely on present wavefront measurements and are therefore reactive to measured turbulence-induced distortions. We examine a different prerequisite problem: whether established deep-learning components can be assembled into short-horizon predictors of experimentally measured intensity evolution, without phase measurements or iterative wavefront reconstruction. Synchronized pupil-plane and focal-plane image sequences are recorded after propagation through a Rayleigh-Bénard water-tank turbulence emulator at three turbulence strengths. Two plane-matched forecasting algorithms are evaluated. A latent-space autoencoder-ConvLSTM is applied to the compact, wandering focal-plane intensity pattern, while a 3D spatiotemporal attention network predicts inter-frame intensity changes in the extended pupil-plane distribution. Forecasts are evaluated at horizons of +1, +2, and +3 frames using mean-squared error and structural similarity index, with persistence baselines, regime-specific and all-regime training comparisons, metric-domain analysis, OAM-mode evaluations, and a cross-algorithm diagnostic. The results show that the learned models produce nontrivial short-horizon forecasts beyond persistence, that the two measurement planes favor different algorithmic designs, and that similar intensity-forecasting behavior extends across Gaussian and beam carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) morphologies while remaining limited to intensity prediction rather than phase structure, modal purity, or topological-charge recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 7","pages":"C77-C92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confusion-line-guided hue-arrangement test for quantitative diagnosis of deutan color vision deficiency.","authors":"Zhenxing Li, Mingyuan Zhao, Boyang Fu, Lin Guo, Shuxin Zhao, Xinger You, Lizhi Han, Xin Li, Wei Li, Qi Dai","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.590911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.590911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the advancement of display technologies and the widespread use of mobile devices, color vision tests have become accessible to the general public at a relatively low cost. Among the test methods, the hue-arrangement test is widely adopted for its simple operation and ability to map the physiological wavelength shift of cone sensitivity. However, constrained by conventional methodology in color cap selection, it is difficult to achieve high mapping accuracy, and the test process is time-consuming. In this paper, we propose a novel, to our knowledge, hue-arrangement test methodology based on a color cap selection strategy that follows the deutan confusion lines of color vision deficiency (CVD). In contrast to the conventional design, the colors within confusion lines have the advantage of greatly increasing the discrimination difficulty for deutan observers without affecting color normal observers (CNOs), resulting in a more accurate mapping relationship to the wavelength shift, defined here as the spectral shift between the peak sensitivities of the normal M cone and the anomalous M^' cone in deutan observers. Such a hypothesis was validated through human factor experiments. We adjusted combinations of individual confusion lines, luminance settings, and the number of caps to investigate the impact of these factors on time efficiency and diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, we compared the confusion effect of deutan versus protan confusion lines (Smith & Pokorny's version). The deutan lines demonstrated pronounced effects, whereas the protan lines showed minimal impact, which may be due to a combination of factors, including the risk of inaccuracy of the theoretical confusion line implemented. The findings of this study provide a more accurate and efficient methodology, which contributes to areas like CVD diagnosis, wavelength shift assessment, color enhancement, personalized color settings, etc.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 7","pages":"1084-1095"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supercontinuum laser beam propagation in free space through atmospheric turbulence.","authors":"Angel Martín Fernández Álvarez, Hervé Leblond, Darío G Pérez, Philippe Roy, Régis Barillé","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.600097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.600097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a theoretical and experimental study of supercontinuum (SC) laser beam propagation through weak atmospheric turbulence, introducing a broadband extension of the Born-Rytov framework that generalizes discrete multiwavelength Rytov approaches to a continuous spectrum. The scintillation index is derived in the space-frequency domain, with the cross-spectral density expressed as the product of a turbulence-dependent term and a spectral term modeled by a multi-Gaussian ansatz over the full SC bandwidth. This formulation reduces the mean irradiance and its second moment to numerically tractable integrals weighted by the second-order statistics of refractive-index fluctuations, thereby establishing a unified framework bridging the coherence theory of broadband optical fields and atmospheric scintillation theory. Experimental measurements performed with a calibrated laboratory turbulence generator for six values of <i>C</i><i>n</i>2 provide a limited proof-of-principle validation of the model within the investigated turbulence regime. The measured SC scintillation index falls an order of magnitude below that of monochromatic Gaussian beams at visible wavelengths, consistent with spectral averaging across the broadband emission. This advantage reverses in the short-wave infrared for the present source, indicating that mid-infrared SC sources would restore the benefit for free-space optical propagation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 7","pages":"1046-1052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unmixing algorithm in multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering with application to label-free protein discrimination.","authors":"Ludovic Trautmann, Ugo Arles Bottega, Emilie Chouzenoux, Simon Frachet, Aurore Danigo, Jean-Christophe Pesquet, Claire Lefort","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.599829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.599829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microspectroscopy has emerged as a powerful technique for probing molecular assemblies with high chemical specificity. However, differentiating proteins within the same family remains a significant challenge. Here, we address the problem of the discrimination between actin and myosin filaments in human muscle. Starting with an inverse problem formulation, we propose a two-step computational resolution. First, the pure CARS spectra of actin and myosin are estimated. Second, these spectra are used to perform a spectral unmixing onto the whole image in order to quantify the relative contribution of each protein at the pixel level. Experiments on human muscle samples demonstrate that automated, label-free, and qualitative discrimination between protein families can be achieved using CARS microscopy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 7","pages":"1002-1013"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149170162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}