Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute最新文献

{"title":"Performing right upper abdominal cytoreduction: anatomical planes, liver mobilization and occult spaces.","authors":"M D Ray, Anik Rathee","doi":"10.1186/s43046-026-00410-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s43046-026-00410-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Optimal Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) is the cornerstone for curative therapy for advanced ovarian malignancies and other peritoneal surface malignancies (PSMs) and achieving a CC-0 score is the principal prognostic factor for long term survival. The right upper abdomen is one of the most technically demanding regions because disease may be hidden beneath the right liver, along the diaphragm, in Morrison's pouch, over Glisson's capsule, and around the hepato-caval groove. Complete liver mobilisation is therefore both an oncologic manoeuvre and a vascular-risk manoeuvre.</p><p><strong>Aims and objective: </strong>To define and describe the surgical anatomy of the right upper abdomen and discuss the intricacies of dissecting this region.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This is a retrospective analysis of the prospectively maintained database at Department of Surgical Oncology, Dr BRA-IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. 205 patients undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) with liver mobilization for Ovarian Malignancy were reviewed and perioperative details regarding Upper Abdominal CRS, injuries in the hepato-caval triangle and postoperative complications were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 600 patients undergoing CRS for ovarian malignancies between January 2014 and December 2025, liver mobilization was performed in 205 patients. Most underwent interval CRS after NACT (57.6%). Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 194 patients (94.6%). RHV injury occurred in 9 patients (4.4%), predominantly during the initial 100 cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This article describes a structured approach to right upper abdominal CRS, emphasizing liver mobilisation, exposure of occult spaces, and safe dissection around the hepato-caval junction. Ray's triangle is presented as a practical danger-zone concept that helps the surgeon understand and avoid RHV-IVC injury during complete mobilisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17301,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148945063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the potential of bacteriophage-based therapeutic gene delivery in hepatocellular carcinoma.","authors":"Sreemoyee Mitra, Damini, Mahima Devi, Sreyosi Guha Niyogi, Utkarsh Pratap Singh, Debanjan Lo, Hitesh Chandra Bishtania, Shubham Thakur","doi":"10.1186/s43046-026-00406-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s43046-026-00406-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver cancer, mainly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains a global health burden marked by poor prognosis with limited therapeutic efficacy, and high recurrence rates. HCC remains one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide, with limited therapeutic options and high resistance to conventional treatments. Despite low therapeutic efficacy, molecular heterogeneity, treatment resistance and high recurrence rate, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a significant health problem worldwide. These restrictions have stimulated the research of focused methods for delivering therapeutic genetic payload into cancer cells. Bacteriophages have been gaining growing attention as an emerging delivery platform due to their genetic versatility, ease of engineering, ability to be surface modified and payload targeted. In this narrative review, the therapeutic potential of engineered bacteriophages in the context of HCC therapy is critically analyzed focusing on phage display-mediated tumor targeting, phage-mediated intracellular gene delivery, TRAIL gene delivery, and CRISPR/Cas-based therapeutic strategies. It has been previously noted in the literature that phage display can be used to attach tumor-targeting ligands to the surface of a phage, which may aid in the recognition of receptors at the tumor site and promote targeted delivery to the receptor. Therapeutic application is stunted by inefficient trafficking to the cytosol, endosomal degradation, immune recognition and clearance, vector stability, manufacturing scalability and regulatory issues. In conclusion, engineered bacteriophages are a promising and versatile tool for targeted gene delivery in HCC but more mechanistic, preclinical and translational research is needed to prove their therapeutic effectiveness and clinical usefulness for this purpose.</p>","PeriodicalId":17301,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13545180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148892018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) and B-cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL2) protein expression using immunohistochemistry in colorectal carcinoma patients from Anbar Governorate.","authors":"Akram Baraa, Hekmat Ahmed, Mohammed Mohammed, Ahmed Abed","doi":"10.1186/s43046-026-00409-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s43046-026-00409-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Colorectal carcinoma is among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. PD-L1 is an immune-checkpoint ligand that can contribute to tumor immune evasion whereas BCL2 is an anti-apoptotic protein involved in cell-survival pathways, with its mutation frequently observed in various human cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of immunohistochemically identified PD-L1 and BCL2 proteins in colorectal carcinoma.</p><p><strong>Materials: </strong>Sixty paraffin-embedded colorectal carcinoma tissue specimens were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for PD-L1 and BCL2 expression, which was analyzed using the DAKO scoring system (0: 0-4%, 1: 5-24%, 2: 25-49%, 3: 50-74%, 4: 75-100%).</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>PD-L1 protein expression was detected in all patients, with immunoreactivity noted in 33.3% (score 3), 31.7% (score 2), 20.0% (score 4), and 15.0% (score 1), with score 0 cases showing no detectable immunoreactivity Similarly, Bcl-2 protein expression was identified in all colorectal carcinoma patients, with immunoreactivity observed in 38.3% (score 3), 25.0% (score 2), 20.0% (score 4), and 16.7% (score 1), while no detectable immunoreactivity was seen in score 0 cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the ubiquitous expression of PD-L1 and Bcl-2 in colorectal carcinoma and their potential role as prognostic biomarkers, providing insights into their relevance in cancer progression and therapeutic response.</p>","PeriodicalId":17301,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13545192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148892031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computationally guided multi-epitope vaccine design targeting oncoprotein BZLF1, EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2 for of EBV associated gastric cancer.","authors":"Elvin Delonio, Ysrafil Ysrafil, Herlina Eka Shinta, Sari Eka Pratiwi","doi":"10.1186/s43046-026-00407-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43046-026-00407-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is distinct molecular subtype of gastric cancer for which effective preventive and targeted therapeutic strategies remain limited. This study aimed to design and evaluate multiepitope vaccine candidates targeting four EBV proteins critically involved in this disease, namely BZLF1, EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An integrated immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology approach was employed to predict and screen MHC-I (CTL), MHC-II (HTL), and B-cell epitopes. Selected epitopes were assembled into multiepitope vaccine constructs, which were then evaluated for physicochemical properties, potential interactions with immune receptors, and post-injection immune responses using computational simulations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 20 immunodominant epitopes in each CTL, HTL and LBL were identified and selected based on their predicted antigenicity, immunogenicity, non-allergenicity, and non-toxicity, while the selected MHC-II epitopes were additionally predicted to induce IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 responses. Global population coverage analysis estimated worldwide coverage of 98.74%. The final vaccine construct comprised 1,091 amino acids and exhibited favorable physicochemical properties with acceptable structural quality, as indicated by a ProSA Z-score of - 2.28 and 79.1% of residues located in the most favored regions of the Ramachandran plot. Disulfide engineering identified six residue pairs with the potential to enhance structural stability. Molecular docking demonstrated favorable binding of the vaccine construct to TLR9, with a HADDOCK score of - 165.4 ± 0.7 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulations further supported the structural feasibility of the vaccine-TLR9 complex, yielding an average RMSD of 1.253 nm; 963.3 hydrogen bonds, and SASA of 911.3 nm². Meanwhile, normal mode analysis corroborated the dynamic stability of the complex. Codon optimization in the pET-28a(+) vector resulted an optimal codon adaptation index (CAI = 1.0) and GC content of 57.86%, suggesting high potential for recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. Immune simulations further predicted coordinated humoral and cellular immune responses, accompanied by immunological memory formation following simulated vaccination regimen.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study proposed multiepitope vaccine candidate targeting crucial antigen of EBVaGC based immunoinformatics-based approach. The construct predicted to have favorable in silico immunological and structural properties. However, further experimental validation is required to confirm its safety and immunogenic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":17301,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148891869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-omics integration uncovers epigenetic control of metabolic reprogramming in triple-negative breast cancer.","authors":"Esraa M Hashem, Mai S Mabrouk","doi":"10.1186/s43046-026-00401-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s43046-026-00401-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype characterized by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, limiting effective targeted therapies. Increasing evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming, a hallmark of TNBC progression, is driven by underlying epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. The represented study performed an integrative analysis of transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and methylome data to uncover the metabolic-epigenetic interplay in TNBC. Differential gene expression analysis using DESeq2 revealed significant dysregulation of key metabolic genes, including upregulation of genes encoding glycolytic and serine biosynthesis enzymes and downregulation of metabolic tumor suppressors. Genome-wide methylation profiling identified extensive cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) hypermethylation events associated with transcriptional repression, particularly in promoter regions. Integrative analysis pinpointed a subset of metabolism-related genes exhibiting both differential expression and methylation, such as FBP1, RASSF1A, and PHGDH. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted aberrations in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and one-carbon pathways (adjusted p < 0.01). Importantly, TNBC patients with hypermethylated metabolic gene signatures displayed significantly shorter overall survival (log-rank p < 0.05). These findings reveal that DNA methylation-driven metabolic dysregulation contributes to TNBC aggressiveness and may provide novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets at the metabolic-epigenetic interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":17301,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13538300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148880167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of indocyanine green fluorescence versus patent blue V dye for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early breast cancer, a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Muhammad Nida, Ashraf Abdelmoghny, Ahmed G Osman, Mohammad A Abd-erRazik, Dina M Hanafy","doi":"10.1186/s43046-026-00403-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s43046-026-00403-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is standard for axillary staging in early breast cancer. While the combination of radioisotope and blue dye (e.g., patent blue V, PBV) remains the standard, it has limitations including logistics, variable identification rate (IR), and allergic potential. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence is a promising alternative, but high-quality comparative evidence is needed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Forty patients with early-stage, node-negative breast cancer were allocated to SLNB using either ICG (n = 20) or PBV (n = 20). All patients subsequently underwent completion level I-II axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) as the pathological reference standard for diagnostic performance assessment. Primary outcome was sentinel lymph node (SLN) IR. Secondary outcomes included detection time, number of SLNs retrieved, false-negative rate (FNR), and safety.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. The SLN IR was significantly higher with ICG (100% [20/20]) than with PBV (75% [15/20], p = 0.047). ICG was associated with a significantly shorter median detection time (14.5 vs. 24.0 min, p < 0.001) and retrieved more SLNs (mean: 3.6 vs. 2.4, p = 0.002). Most critically, ICG demonstrated 100% sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and overall diagnostic accuracy, with a 0% FNR. In contrast, PBV achieved a sensitivity of 75%, an overall diagnostic accuracy of 90%, and an FNR of 25%. No ICG-related adverse events occurred. PBV caused skin discoloration in 75% of patients and one (5%) allergic reaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ICG fluorescence achieved a higher SLN IR, shorter detection time, higher sensitivity, lower FNR, and fewer tracer-related adverse events than PBV as a single tracer for SLNB in patients with early-stage breast cancer. These findings suggest that ICG is a promising standalone tracer when radioisotope mapping is unavailable. Larger multicenter studies are required before widespread adoption can be recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":17301,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13538306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148880333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot study on RECAF (Receptor for Alpha-Fetoprotein) expression in pediatric acute leukemia: insights from flow cytometry analysis.","authors":"Soha Raouf Youssef, Mohamed Hany Mohammady, Shams ElDoha Galal ElDin Zaiema","doi":"10.1186/s43046-026-00404-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s43046-026-00404-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute leukemia is the most common cancer in children, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis. RECAF is an AFP receptor that is abnormally re-expressed in various malignant tumors, serving as a promising biomarker for tumors.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to assess the clinical utility of RECAF expression by flow cytometry immunophenotyping in pediatric de novo acute leukemia patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our study was conducted in 80 pediatric patients with acute leukemia, comprising 40 newly diagnosed ALL patients, 40 newly diagnosed AML patients, and 40 age- and sex-matched non-malignant control subjects. Flow cytometric analysis for the Acute Leukemia panel and RECAF expression was performed on all subjects, along with other laboratory and clinical parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study revealed that RECAF expression was significantly higher in patients with acute leukemia than in controls. We also established a cutoff of ≥ 13.31% for positive RECAF expression by flow cytometry to distinguish RECAF-positive acute leukemia patients from FECAF-negative patients and normal controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that RECAF could be an important biomarker for differentiating leukemic blasts and may become a useful tool for monitoring measurable residual disease in the future. Such advancements have the potential to improve clinical outcomes and enhance patient monitoring and management for this high-risk group.</p>","PeriodicalId":17301,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13538328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148880185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomedicine strategies for overcoming multidrug resistance in breast cancer: recent advances and future perspectives.","authors":"Mohit Kumar, Tejaswi, Rohit Bangwal, Manish Yadav, Rahul Singh","doi":"10.1186/s43046-026-00400-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s43046-026-00400-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major challenge in the effective treatment of breast cancer, often leading to therapeutic failure, tumor recurrence, and poor clinical outcomes. Multiple mechanisms contribute to MDR, including overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, evasion of apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In recent years, nanomedicine has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these resistance pathways by enhancing drug delivery, improving intracellular drug accumulation, and enabling targeted and combination therapies.This review provides a comprehensive overview of nanomedicine-based approaches for overcoming MDR in breast cancer. Various nanocarrier systems, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanocarriers, nanoemulsions, and ligand-targeted systems, are systematically discussed in terms of their design, drug delivery capabilities, and role in bypassing resistance mechanisms. Particular emphasis is placed on combination nanotherapeutic strategies, such as co-delivery of chemotherapeutic agents with natural compounds, gene modulators, or sensitizers, which have demonstrated enhanced efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo models.In addition, this review critically evaluates the limitations of current preclinical studies and highlights key challenges in clinical translation, including variability of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, safety concerns, and large-scale manufacturing issues. Overall, nanomedicine offers a multifaceted and promising approach to overcome MDR in breast cancer; however, further translational and clinical studies are required to fully realize its therapeutic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":17301,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13518755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148829843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head and neck cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, global burden and advances in radiotherapy.","authors":"Karunya A S, Sudeep Kumara K, Avin Kumar, Kamalaksh Shenoy","doi":"10.1186/s43046-026-00398-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s43046-026-00398-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Head and neck cancer (HNC), a heterogeneous group of malignancies that arising from the mucosal surfaces of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract (UADT), is a major health concern worldwide. By 2050, the number of cancer cases worldwide is expected to reach 35 million, with nearly half of all new cases and deaths occurring in Asia. In India, HNC is particularly prevalent accounting for about 30% of the global burden, with lip and oral cavity cancers (OCC) make up 10.17% of all cases, highlighting a serious public health crisis. A comparative analysis of GLOBOCAN 2022 data reveals a significant variation in HNC burden; India's overall Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) for lip and OCC is 9.8, which is considerably higher than the Asian average of 3.2 and the global average of 4.1. Indian males facing a particularly high burden (ASIR: 14.7) compared to females (ASIR: 4.9). While India leads in sites such as the larynx and hypopharynx, it maintains a notably lower burden of nasopharyngeal cancer (ASIR: 0.4) compared to the rest of Asia (ASIR: 1.9). High Mortality-to-Incidence Ratio (MIR) persist across all sub-sites, with tobacco, alcohol, and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) being the main risk factors. This review critically analyses HNC literature by integrating historical perspectives with recent progress in radiation therapy (RT). This includes Three- Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3DCRT), Intensity- Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT), Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), and new methods like Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS), Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SRT), Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT), Tomotherapy, Proton therapy (PT) and Adaptive Radiotherapy (ART). Radiotherapy remains a cornerstone of treatment, with its success relying on precise technology and accurate treatment delivery. By analysing epidemiology, risk factors, and evolving clinical approaches, this work creates a clear framework for current management and highlights future directions to improve patient quality of life and treatment results.</p>","PeriodicalId":17301,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13499771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148794577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnology-based immunotherapy: integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) with current strategies in combating brain cancer disease.","authors":"Alia Syazana Mohd Roslei, Hasniza Zaman Huri, Dyah Ayu Oktavianie A Pratama, Ahmad Khusairi Azemi, Zulhisyam Abdul Kari, Md Yasin Ina-Salwany, Najihah Mohd Hashim, Mohd Faizal Ghazali, Abdin Shakirin Mohamad Norpi, Muhammad Fauzi Abd Jalil, Asif Nawaz, Said AlGhenaimi, Mazlan Mohamed, Muhammad Luqman Nordin","doi":"10.1186/s43046-026-00394-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43046-026-00394-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain cancer is one of the most challenging malignancies and a major contributor to worldwide morbidity and mortality. Glioblastoma, the most aggressive adult brain tumor, is associated with poor prognosis despite conventional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, which often result in severe toxicity and long-term side effects. Immunotherapy holds the potential to provide durable and specific anti-tumor responses; however, its success in brain cancer is hindered by obstacles such as the blood-brain barrier, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and tumor heterogeneity. Nanomedicine offers a powerful approach to overcoming these barriers through targeted and efficient drug delivery. Nanotechnology-based platforms, including lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic nanoparticles, have demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy compared to free drugs, with several formulations advancing into clinical trials. Among these, nanotechnology-enabled vaccines represent an emerging frontier, capable of enhancing antigen presentation, stimulating strong immune responses, and overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression. By combining the precision of nanocarriers with the long-lasting protection of vaccines, nano-vaccines hold great potential to transform brain cancer immunotherapy. Recent studies also suggest that integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with nanotechnology could further enhance the design, targeting, and effectiveness of immunotherapies. Moreover, AI is revolutionizing treatment development by enabling the prediction of immunogenicity, immune responses, and optimizing formulation design and dosing strategies. These advancements collectively accelerate the development and enhance the precision and efficiency of immunotherapy. Hence, this review discusses current nanotechnology-based immunotherapies and highlights the emerging role of integrating AI in vaccine development as next-generation strategies for improving outcomes in brain cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17301,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148794703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}