Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association最新文献

{"title":"H.E.A.T. A New Sustainable Green Solution for Treating and Evaporating Hide Brine Wastewater","authors":"R. Vreeland, J. Long","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i2.4730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i2.4730","url":null,"abstract":"Salt curing of hides releases a significant amount of excess water that must be disposed. In larger abattoirs this can result in production of tens of thousands of gallons of saturated salt brine that is also contaminated with biological material from the hides. These brines are often stored in enclosed impoundments that ultimately fill and need replacement, or the facility must build multiple impoundments. The proprietary, biologically based, sustainable Halophilic Evaporative Applications Technology (H.E.A.T.) process has been developed as a method to accelerate the evaporation of salt saturated brines. The process has been tested for 18 months in a full-scale lagoon located at an operating American beef plant. The process successfully evaporated an additional 31.99 inches of brine (866,900 gal) acre-1 of concentrated hide brine in one year, nearly drying out the South lagoon. Ambient evaporation of the same brine in an identical control lagoon at the site was only 19.19 inches (520,000 gallons) acre-1 representing a 1.66x increase in brine evaporation from the H.E.A.T. microbes. During 2020, the plant produced 3,376,000 gallons of brine, meaning H.E.A.T. evaporated 100.4 % of plant production in one lagoon in its first year. This was accomplished without additional infrastructure, equipment or external heating. During this test, Biochemical Oxygen Demand in the lagoons decreased over 98% with concomitant odor reduction. Beginning in October 2020, the lagoon began receiving all brine produced daily by the plant. This continued over the winter period, during which time the process evaporated over 34% of the inflow. Continued fertilization and microbial augmentation are essential for the continued healthy development of the system. Overall, the process and its essential microbial populations were stimulated by continuing inflow of fresh hide brines. The microbial process increases brine evaporation of concentrated salt brines, reduces odors and represents a new environmentally friendly mechanism for solving an industrial problem that has long plagued hide producers.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88747329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salt Free Preservation of Raw Goat Skin Using Swietenia Mahogany (Seed) Extract","authors":"M. A. Razzaq, M. Chowdhury, Md. Tushar Uddin","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i2.4727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i2.4727","url":null,"abstract":"Curing of hides and skins using sodium salt is a well-established and economical preservation technique worldwide.  But it contributes to generating a large amount of total dissolved solids (TDS) and increasing the salinity of water during leather processing which is a threat to the environment.  The current research is an attempt to preserve goat skin using mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) seed’s extract.  In real practice different percentages of mahogany seed extract were applied on raw goat skin and 3% (by weight of skin) of it showed best result.  To evaluate the preservation efficiency, related parameters of preservation viz. odor, hair slip, shrinkage temperature, moisture content, bacterial count etc. were monitored regularly for 30 days.  The obtained results were compared with conventional salt curing process.  The experimental trial showed efficiency in lessening TDS value and chloride content. The preserved goat skins of both trials were treated following conventional leather processing techniques and physical properties were studied. The discussed preservation method exhibited comparable result in every index.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77359955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonization Region Measurement in Vegetable Tanned Goat Leather using Machine Vision System for Evaluating Performance Measures of Leather Cut Contour Edges","authors":"S. Vasanth, T. Muthuramalingam, Sanjeev Gupta","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i2.4728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i2.4728","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the widespread application and popularity of lasers in recent times, the usage of laser cutting for leather applications has increased as well. Laser technology is needed to provide more consistent and effective results while cutting leathers that include complicated geometries particularly in several sectors where leathers are often utilized such as footwear, apparel and fashion accessories. In this investigation, the diode laser was preferred for leather cutting due to its regulated power density, compact size and portability whereas the CO2 lasers are uncontrollable. The benefit of employing a diode laser is that it can overcome some of the disadvantages associated with CO2 lasers such as power consumption, carbonization layer and geometric inaccuracy. There is no technique available to measure the carbonization at the leather cut contour edges. Hence an attempt has been made to investigate the carbonization percentage with the help of a machine vision system to improve the machining process. The technique of measuring carbonization can be used effectively in the leather industry for the accurate measurement of carbonization. The lower duty cycle with moderate pulse width modulation (PWM) and amplitude could produce lower carbonization layer. PWM frequency has a high influential role on determining carbonization in leather cutting.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75998592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retanning Performance of Carboxymethyl Starch and Its Effects on Dyeing","authors":"Cigdem Ozkan, H. Ozgunay","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i2.4731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i2.4731","url":null,"abstract":"The tanning characteristics of starch samples modified by different methods were investigated in our previous studies. In this study, utilization of modified starch in leather making as a retanning agent and its effect on dyeing process have been investigated. For this purpose, the molecular size of native corn starch was reduced by H2O2 oxidation and then carboxymethylated. A series of analyses (water solubility, degree of substitution, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Proton and Carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) were carried out for characterization. Then, carboxymethyl starches were used in retanning processes to be 3, 5 and 10% based on leather weight and the shrinkage temperatures and filling coefficients of the leathers were determined. Acid and metal complex dyestuffs were used in dyeing processes and the effect of carboxymethyl starch on dyeing was also investigated by examining dye consumption, dry and wet rubbing fastness and color of the leathers. From the results it was concluded that carboxymethyl starch showed a noticeable solo performance in terms of filling property and shrinking temperature without any considerable adverse effect on dyeing.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88105047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extract of Trema Orientalis (L.) Stem Bark: A Potential Source of Environmentally Friendly Tanning Agent for Leather Industry","authors":"Murshid Jaman Chowdury, M. A. Razzaq, Md. Imran Biswas, Ariful Hai Quadery, Md. Tushar Uddin","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4696","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers around the world are in continuous endeavor to develop environment friendly tanning agent due to adverse effect of conventionally used chromium during leather tanning. Recent trend of tanning is thus heading to chrome-free and greener chemical processing options. Vegetable tanning is an exoteric leather processing technique because of their lower pollution load on the environment. Considering the inadequacy and high costing for the commercialized tannins, development of alternative tannins from locally available plants and their characterizations are important. In this research, the stem barks of Trema Orientalis (L.) were extracted at different temperatures employing water solvent with or without additives (sodium hydroxide or sodium sulphite) to attain phenolic-rich extractives. To ascertain appropriateness as a vegetable tanning agent, the obtained extracts were thereafter characterized in respect to yield, total phenolic content, tannin content and molecular structure. The extraction yield for all extracts improves and the quality remains nearly unchanged with temperature rising. The elevated concentration of chemical additives enhances the extraction yield but lessens the quality of extracts. In terms of extraction yield and the quality of extracts the best condition for extraction was discerned at 80°C with water solvent. This water extract has a decent extent of phenolic and tannin content of 266.13 mg Gallic acid equivalent/ gm of dry extract and 30.12 % respectively. The final extract exhibits excellent leather retanning tendency comparable to the commercial quebracho tannins.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76631359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Tearing Resistance of Leather - Part 2 Prevention and Treatment of Low Tearing Strength in the Tannery","authors":"Ricardo A. Tournier, Fernando Lado","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4694","url":null,"abstract":"An appropriate tear strength is one of the main properties that concern customers and it is also a significant source of claims. The authors make a review of the production process, focusing on each step that can either damage the natural strength of collagen fibers or improve them, and therefore, the leather. The aim of this work, divided in Part 1 and 2, is to transfer field tannery experiences collected over 40 years of activity in different tanneries, to colleagues that are looking for world class leather production. Part 1 has been published in JALCA, 116 (12), 2021.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83899648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cleaner Process for Short-Term Preservation of Hides using Wheat Bran","authors":"J. Morera, E. Bartolí, R. Fernández, L. Cabeza","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4695","url":null,"abstract":"Salting is the most common method to preserve hides and skins. However, this preservation system requires the generation of large amounts of contaminated salt, approximately three million tons per year. In recent years several researchers have suggested different methods for the short-term preservation of hides using plant-based formulations, which either minimize or even completely eliminate the use of salt in the process. In this work, the possibility of using wheat bran for this purpose was studied. Two methods of application (dry and aqueous solution) have been developed. They enable the preservation of hides for one month, reducing by half the salt used in the preservation stage without undermining the quality of the final leather. These two methods contribute to the improvement of the overall sustainability of the tanning process. \u0000With dry application, the use of salt is avoided and preservation occurs because the hide is dried. The application in aqueous solution (10% wheat bran) requires its previous hydrolysis and a minimum amount of salt (10ºBé). The preservation occurs because the acidity of the hide is increased.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81137647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salt-free Chromium Tanning: Practical Approaches","authors":"M. Sathish, R. Aravindhan, J. Rao","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4690","url":null,"abstract":"Chromium tanning finds a prominant place in leather manufacturing for permanent stabilization of hide/skin matrix. Though, it has multiple advantages in terms of high thermal stability, easy process and low cost etc., the current practice is not environmentally sustainable. Poor chromium exhaustion and TDS load generation are the major environmental threats of conventional chromium tanning systems. On the other hand, salt-free chromium tanning is identified as one of the efficient alternative approaches for hide/skin matrix stabilization. However, it has not been commercially practiced due to the several practical difficulties. In this work attempts have been made to develop a practically viable high-performance salt-free chromium tanning system using deliming liquor as tanning float and changing the order of addition of masking salt. The developed methodologies completely avoid the use of salt/basification process and it is suitable for all kinds of raw materials and tannery houses. Besides, the process enjoys 71-77% reduction in TDS load and the uptake of chromium is around 90%. The physical strength characteristics are on par with conventional process and the leathers exhibit good grain tightness and roundness. The developed methodologies are simple and do not require any specialty chemicals.     ","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81916012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Leather Cutting Board from Plastic Waste","authors":"F. E. Ahmed, Rotick K. Gideon","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i12.4689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i12.4689","url":null,"abstract":"Cutting is the process in which goods or garment material are cut and converted into pattern shapes of the goods or garment components. There are two methods of Leather cutting, which are hand cutting and machine cutting. Hand cutting is done with the use of hand knife, cutting board and cutting patterns. Machine cutting can be done using semi-automatic cutting machines or fully-automatic cutting machines. Currently, in Ethiopia, different local and foreign investors are participating in leather products manufacturing. Most of the leather product manufacturing industry and some Small and Medium enterprise’s (SME’s) in the country are using leather cutting machines in order to cut leather goods or garment parts. Most of the industry and SMEs are using imported cutting board made of plastics and rubbers. However, these cutting boards are expensive. \u0000  \u0000This research aimed at developing a cutting board made from HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) plastic waste as main material, calcium carbonate as a filler and glass fiber as a reinforcing material. Primary and secondary data gathering techniques were applied simultaneously. Primary data were collected through interview and field observation. Secondary data was gathered by reviewing different literature. The cutting board developed through collecting HDPE plastic waste, washing, shredding and melting the shredded plastic with filler and reinforcing material. The melted plastic poured in to cutting board mold and cooled. The developed cutting board was compared with HDPE cutting board available in the local market. The developed board showed relative compression and hardness properties with the HDPE cutting board available in the market. In the cost analysis, the developed cutting board is cheaper than the cutting board which available in the market. However, the cutting board in the market has better surface texture and quality than the developed cutting board. Melting HDPE plastic waste using metal or clay cooking pots and charcoal fire is a tedious task and smoke from the fire will cause human health problem and will affect environment. Consequently, manual plastic melting method is not feasible for mass production, because it is difficult to control the amount of heat (charcoal fire) during melting process. Based on this the authors recommend using machine based plastic melting and molding during HDPE and related plastic recycling.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72552598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Releasing Kinetics of Chromium from Leather","authors":"Wenjun Long, Liangqiong Peng, Xiaofeng Jiang, Faming He, Wenhua Zhang","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i12.4688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i12.4688","url":null,"abstract":"The release of chromium from leather inevitably results in potential risks and this study is conducted to investigate the long-term releasing behavior. The leaching tests proceed using water at solid to liquid ratio of 1:20 and rotational speed 60 r/min for 240 hours to simulate the release of chrome leather under natural conditions. The experimental data successfully fit with the Pseudo-second-order equation, Elovich equation, and Weber-Morris model, indicating the long-term leaching behavior of chromium in heterogeneous leather is controlled by liquid-solid film, while the interparticle and intraparticle diffusion also play important roles. The leachable chromium accounts for 2.8-4.5% total chromium in leather and increases with temperature. The Three-compartment model depicts the releasing process as rapid, slow, and very slow stages, and temperature mainly affected the very slow stage. The amount of released chromium in rapid and slow stages slightly increases with temperature, which could be used to assess the hazard of chrome leather.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86473091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}