Journal of research in health sciences最新文献

{"title":"Monkeypox Virus Infection: A Global Warning for the Possible Next Pandemic.","authors":"Jalal Poorolajal","doi":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2022.80","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research in health sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9818036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10527027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bivariate Survival Copula Analysis of Glaucoma Patients during Blindness: Glaucoma Cases at Alert Hospital in Addis Ababa City of Ethiopia.","authors":"Firomsa Shewa Gari,&nbsp;Gurmessa Nugussu Gelcho","doi":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2022.82","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glaucoma is a worldwide problem that causes vision loss and even blindness, with a prevalence rate ranging from 1.9% to 15%. In Ethiopia, glaucoma is the fifth cause of blindness. This study aimed to explore the dependence between blindness of the right and the left eyes of glaucoma patients and assess the effects of the covariates under the dependence structure.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study population included the glaucoma patients at Alert hospital from January 1, 2018, to December 30, 2021. The copula model was used to estimate the time to the blindness of the right and the left eyes of the glaucoma patients by specifying the dependence between the event times.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 537 glaucoma patients, 224 (41.71%) became blind at least in one eye during the follow-up period. The results of the Clayton copula model revealed that factors, such as age, residence, diabetes mellitus, stage of glaucoma, and hypertension are considered the most prognostic factors for blindness in glaucoma patients. The findings also revealed that there was a strong dependence between the time to the blindness of the right and the left eyes in the glaucoma patients (τ = 0.43).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the obtained results, high age, urban residence, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and higher stage of glaucoma were factors associated with time to the blindness in the glaucoma patients. There was also a dependence between the right and the left eyes of the glaucoma patients. The results revealed that the Clayton Archimedean copula model was the best statistical model for accurate description of glaucoma patients' datasets.</p>","PeriodicalId":17164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research in health sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9818039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10527030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Time to Blindness of Glaucoma Patients: A Case Study at Jimma University Medical Center.","authors":"Meskerem Getachew Gebremariam,&nbsp;Reta Habtamu Bacha,&nbsp;Demeke Kifle Demissie,&nbsp;Kibrealem Sisay Wolde,&nbsp;Kenenisa Tadesse Dame,&nbsp;Geremew Muleta Akessa","doi":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2022.83","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glaucoma is a significant public health problem due to its substantial increase in the projected number of glaucoma cases. In Ethiopia, glaucoma accounts for 5.2% of irreversible blindness and is the fifth main cause of blindness. The main objective of this study was to modeling time to blindness of left and right eyes of glaucoma patients.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>An institution-based retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted among 315 glaucoma patients admitted to the Ophthalmology Department of Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC), Southwest Ethiopia, from January 1, 2016, to August 30, 2020. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and semiparametric and parametric copula models were applied to identify factors that affect time to the blindness in glaucoma patients and the dependence between time to the blindness of the left and right eyes, respectively. An Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to select the best non-nested model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 211 (66.9%) out of 315 glaucoma patients were blind, whereas 104 (33.1%) patients were censored. The median time to the blindness of the left and right eyes was determined to be 12 months. The result suggested that the risk of the blindness in male patients was 1.005 (P = 0.01) times higher than that in female patients, and the risk of the blindness in patients who had early, moderate, and advanced glaucoma was estimated to be 0.582 (P = 0.002), 0.485 (P = 0.001) and 0.887 (P = 0.003) times less than that in the patients with absolute glaucoma, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Age, place of residence, gender, type of medication, diabetes disease, stage of glaucoma, duration of treatment, intraocular pressure (IOP), and cup-disk ratio were significantly associated with and affected by the time to the blindness of left and right eyes in glaucoma patients. Awareness should be given to the community to reduce the burden of glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":17164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research in health sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9818035/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10527031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics and Effectiveness of US COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates and Vaccination Passports: A Review.","authors":"Alexa G Canning,&nbsp;Kyleigh E Watson,&nbsp;Katelyn E McCreedy,&nbsp;John O Olawepo","doi":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2022.81","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The highest-income countries procured 50 times as many COVID-19 vaccines as low-income countries, a global health inequity that resulted in only 4.6% of the poorest 5th of the world receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. High-income countries are considering vaccine mandates and passports to contain the spread of COVID-19. This study is a curated discourse aimed at examining how vaccine mandates and passports may impact global vaccine equity from an ethics perspective.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Narrative review adapted for a debate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In November 2021, we conducted a review of studies examining global vaccine mandates for an upper-level global health course at Northeastern University, Boston, United States (U.S.). In total, 19 upper-level students, one research assistant, and one instructor participated in the data collection, analysis, and discussion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review showed vaccine mandates are ethical and effective if autonomy-centered alternatives like soft mandates are first exhausted. Unwarranted stringent public health measures degrade public trust. In the U.S. alone, COVID-19-related deaths hovered above 300 000 before COVID-19 vaccination began in mid-December 2020. Since then, the number of COVID-19 deaths more than doubled, despite the wide availability of the vaccine. For many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) vaccines are not available or easily accessible. Global collaboration to facilitate vaccine availability in LMICs should be a priority.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is essential to get as many people as possible vaccinated to return to some normality. However, vaccine mandates and passports need to be used only sparingly, especially when other options have been exhausted.</p>","PeriodicalId":17164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research in health sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9818041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10527029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship of religion with suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide death: a meta-analysis.","authors":"Jalal Poorolajal,&nbsp;Mahmoud Goudarzi,&nbsp;Fatemeh Gohari-Ensaf,&nbsp;Nahid Darvishi","doi":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2022.72","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Suicide is a significant public health problem and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The effect of religion on suicidal behaviors (i.e., ideation, plan, attempt, and death) is an important issue worthy of consideration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Major electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus, were searched for the articles published until 26 April 2021. Reference lists were also screened. Observational studies addressing the associations between religion and suicidal behaviors were also examined. Between-study heterogeneity was investigated using the χ2, τ2, and I2 statistics. The probability of publication bias was explored using the Begg and Egger tests, as well as trim-and-fill analysis. The effect size was expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 11 389 identified studies, 63 articles were eligible, involving 8,053,697 participants. There was an inverse association between religion and suicidal ideation OR  =  0.83 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.88; P &lt; 0.001), suicidal plan OR  =  0.93 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.04; P =  0.200), suicide attempt OR  =  0.84 (95% CI: 0.79, 0.89; P &lt; 0.001), and completed suicide OR  =  0.31 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.72; P =  0.006). There was a no evidence of publication bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this meta-analysis support the notion that religion can play a protective role against suicidal behaviors. Nonetheless, the effect of religion on suicidal behaviors varies across countries with different religions and cultures. Although this association does not necessarily imply causation, an awareness of the relationship between religion and suicide risk can be of great help in suicide prevention policies and programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research in health sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9315464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10712880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and time series analysis of human brucellosis in Tebessa province, Algeria, from 2000 to 2020.","authors":"Seif Eddine Akermi, Mohamed L'Hadj, Schehrazad Selmane","doi":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.79","DOIUrl":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.79","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brucellosis runs rampant endemically with sporadic outbreaks in Algeria. The present study aimed to provide insights into the epidemiology of brucellosis and compare the performance of some prediction models using surveillance data from Tebessa province, Algeria.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A retrospective study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), neural network autoregressive (NNAR), and hybrid SARIMA-NNAR models were developed to predict monthly brucellosis notifications. The prediction performance of these models was compared using root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 13 670 human brucellosis cases were notified in Tebessa province from 2000-2020 with a male-to-female ratio of 1.3. The most affected age group was 15-44 years (56.2%). The cases were reported throughout the year with manifest seasonality. The annual notification rate ranged from 30.9 (2013) to 246.7 (2005) per 100 000 inhabitants. The disease was not evenly distributed, rather spatial and temporal variability was observed. The SARIMA (2,1,3) (1,1,1)12, NNAR (12,1,6)12, and SARIMA (2,0,2) (1,1,0)12-NNAR (5,1,4)12 were selected as the best-fitting models. The RMSE, MAE, and MAPE of the SARIMA and SARIMA-NNAR models were by far lower than those of the NNAR model. Moreover, the SARIMA-NNNAR hybrid model achieved a slightly better prediction accuracy for 2020 than the SARIMA model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As evidenced by the obtained results, both SARIMA and hybrid SARIMA-NNAR models are suitable to predict human brucellosis cases with high accuracy. Reasonable predictions, along with mapping brucellosis incidence, could be of great help to veterinary and health policymakers in the development of informed, effective, and targeted policies, as well as timely interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research in health sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9315461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10712882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of COVID-19 Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients, Hamadan Province, Iran.","authors":"Ebrahim Jalili, Salman Khazaei, Ali Reza Soltanian, Seyed Mehdi Hosseini, Saeid Bashirian, Samareh Ghelichkhani, Toos Kiani, Somayeh Akbari, Leila Halimi","doi":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.77","DOIUrl":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.77","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Identification of the predictors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related death in hemodialysis patients plays a key role in the management of these patients. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the predictors of death among COVID-19 infected hemodialysis patients in Hamadan province, Iran.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study investigated 50 COVID-19 infected hemodialysis patients who were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and referred to hemodialysis wards of hospitals located in Hamadan province, Iran, from March 2019 and January 2020. In order to compare the demographic characteristics and clinical variables between survived and deceased patients, the independent student t test and chi-square test were applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 50 confirmed COVID-19 hemodialysis patients, 27 (54%) cases were male, 38 (76%) subjects were urban residents, and 4 (8%) individuals were smokers. A significant relationship was observed between patients' gender, age, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) status, and body mass index (BMI) with the treatment outcome (P &lt; 0.05). A significantly higher level of serum albumin was observed in the survived patients (3.49 ± 0.37 vs. 3.17 ± 0.42, P =  0.030). Moreover, in terms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, a significantly higher level of LDH was observed in the patients who died (1471.1 ± 1484.89 vs. 670.86 ± 268.85, P =  0.005).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It can be concluded that some demographic characteristics of the patients, including age, gender, ARDS status, BMI, co-morbidities, and laboratory signs and symptoms are associated with disease outcomes in COVID-19 infected hemodialysis patients. Therefore, awareness about the predictors of death in these patients can help make better and direct clinical decisions and inform health officials about the risk of COVID-19 mortality among hemodialysis patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":17164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research in health sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9315457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10345817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival time discrepancy among under-five-year children of rural parts of Ethiopia.","authors":"Lema Abate Adulo,&nbsp;Samuel Getachew Zewudie","doi":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2022.78","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ethiopia is ranked as the fifth of heavy under-five death burdened countries with the highest burden in its rural areas. This study aimed to identify the determinants of under-five deaths in rural parts of Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A population-based cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The data for this study was extracted from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Descriptive analysis, non-parametric estimation, and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to examine the determinants of under-five mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 7301 under-five eligible children from rural areas were involved in this survey, and 6.5% of the cases were passed away before reaching their fifth birthday. Male children's death accounted for 59.7% of the death rate in the participants. An estimated median survival time was 31 months [95% CI: 30-32]. About 83% of children's death occurred among children delivered at home. Cox proportional hazard regression model revealed that gender, delivery-place, family-size, mother's education, number of children, contraceptive use, and source of drinking water had significant effects on survival time of under-five children. Under-five mortality was significantly fewer in female children (HR  =  0.728; 95% CI: 0.606-0.875, P =  0.001), children delivered at health facilities (HR  =  0.738; 95% CI: 0.572-0.951, P =  0.019), and those from secondary and above educated mothers (HR  =  0.464; 95% CI: 0.301-0.714, P =  0.001), compared to the reference category.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Significant risk factors were associated with under-five mortality in rural areas. Delivering in health facilities, uses of contraceptives, mother's education, and improvement of infrastructures should be areas of concern to decrease under-five children's deaths.</p>","PeriodicalId":17164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research in health sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9315458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10345816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Bullying and its Co-occurrence with Aggression and Mental Health Problems among Greek Adolescents Attending Urban Schools.","authors":"Zacharias Kalogerakis,&nbsp;Helen Lazaratou,&nbsp;Alexandra Petroutsou,&nbsp;Giota Touloumi,&nbsp;Dimitris Dikeos,&nbsp;Marina Economou,&nbsp;Charalampos Papageorgiou","doi":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2022.73","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bullying is one widespread violence type that threatens adolescent's well-being in family, school, and neighborhood. This study aimed to estimate the percentages of the last 12 months bullying behaviors- types among Greek adolescents, and to identify the associations between these behaviors and adolescents' aggression and mental health- behavioral problems.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sample consisted of 1934 adolescents, attending the second grade of 45 randomly selected public and private high schools and senior high schools, of the Greater Athens Metropolitan Area. Bullying involvement was examined by four questions, evaluating the occurrence and type of bullying. The Buss and Perry Questionnaire and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire were administrated in order to estimate adolescents' aggression and mental health-behavioral problems, respectively. Information about adolescents' individual and family characteristics was also collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 18.4% of participants reported bullying involvement at school, as a victim (11.0%), a bully (5.0%), or both (2.4%), while verbal bullying was the most common type. Compared to uninvolved participants, victims were significantly more likely to report emotional symptoms and peer problems, bullies were more likely to report physical aggression, and bully-victims physical aggression, hostility, and lower prosocial behavior.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Approximately one out of five adolescents were involved in bullying in the past year at school, reporting aggressive behaviors, emotional problems, and/or social difficulties. Further longitudinal research would increase understanding of the mechanisms of bullying involvement and may lead to preventative interventions promoting positive peer interactions in schools.</p>","PeriodicalId":17164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research in health sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9315462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10712878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Inequities in Smoking Prevalence on District Level in Iran: A Systematic Analysis on the STEPS Survey.","authors":"Mohsen Abbasi-Kangavari,&nbsp;Masoud Masinaei,&nbsp;Nima Fattahi,&nbsp;Yekta Rahimi,&nbsp;Negar Rezaei,&nbsp;Sina Azadnajafabad,&nbsp;Ali Ghanbari,&nbsp;Roozbe Fakhimi,&nbsp;Zahra Jourahmad,&nbsp;Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari,&nbsp;Mohammad-Reza Malekpour,&nbsp;Naser Ahmadi,&nbsp;AmirAli Hajebi,&nbsp;Hamed Jafarpour,&nbsp;Farshad Farzadfar","doi":"10.34172/jrhs.2022.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2022.75","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The prevalence of tobacco smoking and its burden on societies is not homogenous at the national and district levels. This nationwide study aimed to investigate current inequalities in the prevalence of smoking at the district level and the association of smoking behaviors with gender, wealth, education, and urbanization in Iran. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This study was conducted by analyzing the data of the STEPS survey 2016 with 30541 participants. The small-area estimation method using the Bayesian spatial hierarchical multilevel regression model was employed to generate district-level prevalence of all types of smoking by gender. The inequalities between the groups by wealth, education, and urbanization were investigated via concentration index. Results: The prevalence rates of current daily cigarette smoking were found to be at the range of 4.6-40.9 and 0-4.5 among men and women, respectively. Current daily cigarette smoking was higher in men than in women: 19.0 (95% CI: 9.5-28.7) vs 0.7 (95% CI: 0-6.9). Women with lower wealth, education, or urbanization were more likely to smoke tobacco or be exposed to secondhand smoking. On the other hand, men with higher wealth or education indices were more likely to smoke tobacco. Men with lower wealth, education, or urbanization were more likely to be exposed to secondhand smoking. Conclusion: The smoking behavior varied significantly at the district level in Iran. Gender, wealth, education, and urbanization were determinants of smoking prevalence.","PeriodicalId":17164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of research in health sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9315459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10712879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}