Journal of Testing and Evaluation最新文献

{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Study of Low-Velocity Impact Behavior of Woven Innegra Fiber Composite Plates","authors":"Mohamad Fuladvand, Sayyed Roohollah Kazemi","doi":"10.1520/jte20230660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20230660","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Innegra fibers, which are based on Olefin material, provide very good mechanical properties if woven into a composite structure. These fibers are relatively new, and the composites made of them have been less investigated than fibers such as glass and carbon. In this research, the mechanical properties of Innegra composite specimens, which are manufactured by the vacuum injection process, are investigated experimentally. The experimental results are compared with the results of a micromechanical model, and a good matching is observed. Also, the behavior of these composites under low-velocity impact is experimentally and numerically evaluated. This evaluation includes various parameters such as maximum displacement, maximum force, absorbed energy, and return velocity. The influences of the number of layers and the shape of the impactor are also studied. The results show good agreement between the numerical analyses and the experimental tests.","PeriodicalId":17109,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Testing and Evaluation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141703598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assisting Load Rating Testing of Precast Reinforced Concrete Bridge Slab through Digital Twins and Field Monitoring Data","authors":"Li Ai, L. K C, Elhussien Elbatanouny, Alexander Henderson, P. Ziehl","doi":"10.1520/jte20230748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20230748","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Bridges deteriorate over time because of factors like rebar corrosion and concrete damage, reducing their load-bearing capacity. Traditional load grading processes are costly and time-consuming, often resulting in traffic disruptions of one to four days because of lane closures. This study introduced a load rating technique leveraging digital twins technology. Data related to crack evolution and inherent strain during loading were obtained by monitoring the laboratory bridge slabs using potentiometers, strain gauges, and fiber optic sensors. Subsequently, a calibrated three-dimensional finite element model, representing different loading scenarios, was crafted, forming the foundation for the digital twins model of bridge slabs. The slab model was then integrated into a bridge span, constituting a digital twins model of the bridge span for load rating tests. The developed digital twins model was applied to a bridge in Abbeville, South Carolina, and its accuracy was validated with field monitoring data.","PeriodicalId":17109,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Testing and Evaluation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141697215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of the Phase Spectrum of Impact Echo in the Detection of Grouting Defects in the Tendon Ducts","authors":"Wenhao Chai, Yaxun Yang","doi":"10.1520/jte20230532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20230532","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The impact-echo method is widely used to detect grouting defects within prestressed concrete tendon ducts. However, when the distance from the rebar to the test surface was half the depth from the defect to the test surface, the amplitude spectrum of the conventional fast Fourier transform failed to distinguish between internal defects in tendon ducts and external rebar. To overcome this challenge, in this paper, the phase spectrum and amplitude spectrum were combined to identify the internal defects and external rebar of the tendon ducts. First, the amplitude spectrum was used to determine the depth of defects and rebar, and then the phase spectrum was used to further determine the category of the reflected interface (defect interface or rebar interface). The feasibility of the method was verified by model tests and numerical simulations. Afterward, the effects of impact duration, sampling time, the size of defect, duct thickness, rebar, and defect burial depth on the phase of the impact echo were analyzed. The results show that the proposed method can identify the internal defects in the tendon ducts and rebars very well.","PeriodicalId":17109,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Testing and Evaluation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141709717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eccentric Compression Performance of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Steel-Reconstituted Bamboo Composite Columns","authors":"X. Zhang, Qiaoling Zhang, Ziyan Zeng","doi":"10.1520/jte20230751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20230751","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To investigate the eccentric compression performance of cold-formed thin-walled steel-reconstituted bamboo (CTS-RB) composite columns, 14 specimens were tested under eccentric compression conditions. The parameters included section steel type, thickness of reconstituted bamboo (RB) plates, slenderness ratio, and eccentricity. The study analyzed the observed damage modes and eccentric compression performance of the specimens and investigated the bearing capacity and deformation capacity. It was indicated that the composite of RB and cold-formed thin-walled steel (CTS), connected by self-tapping screws and structural adhesive to form an integrated column, has produced acceptable results. The bearing capacity of the test specimen is influenced significantly by the eccentricity. On this basis, a finite element model is created that considers nonlinearities in material, geometry, and contact. The finite element calculations show good agreement with experimental results, with an error rate within 17 %, which validates the feasibility of using finite element methods. Moreover, the paper thoroughly examines the effects of slenderness ratio and eccentricity on the load carrying capacity of the composite column. This study presents the data fitting of the eccentricity coefficient and the slenderness ratio coefficient in the formulas of the yield and bending capacity of the composite columns, and the obtained theoretical calculations have an error of less than 16 % with the experiment, which is applicable to the prediction of the load bearing capacity of the composite columns.","PeriodicalId":17109,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Testing and Evaluation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141839756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Crack Tip Constraint Effects on Fracture Assessment of API 5L X65 Steel Grade for Low-Temperature Applications (−120°C)","authors":"Paul Sukpe, R. Vignjevic, Kevin Hughes, R. Kulka","doi":"10.1520/jte20230747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20230747","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Crack tip constraint is a significant issue in engineering components’ design and repair decisions. The main reason is that fracture assessment procedures, such as BS 7910, rely on lower-bound fracture toughness test data from deeply cracked bend specimens. This can generate stress states under various loading conditions with an appropriate crack tip stress triaxiality for metallic structures. Many real components (e.g., oil and gas pipelines) have small in-plane (shallow cracks) and out-of-plane (thin-wall thickness) dimensions that can cause a reduction in crack tip constraint to a considerable amount, thereby increasing the fracture toughness. As such, the structural assessment of low-constraint structural components using fracture toughness data obtained from deeply notched specimens may be safe but overly conservative, resulting in unnecessary repair shutdowns and costs. Consequently, relating fracture toughness values determined from laboratory specimens to real structural components becomes an issue in structural integrity assessments based on the two-parameter fracture mechanics methodology. This study investigates the applicability of the constraint-based failure assessment diagram (FAD) approach for the evaluation of cracked pin-loaded single-edge notched tension and three-point single-edge notched bend specimens at low (−120°C) and room temperatures. The analyses reveal that the experimentally measured toughness values, J0, depend on the crack sizes for the considered specimen geometries (a/W = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5). The results show the benefits of using constraint-modified FAD approach for the assessment of shallow cracks. Therefore, the enhanced toughness associated with constraint reduction indicated an increased margin and allows realistic design and repair decision-making that can help prevent catastrophic failures.","PeriodicalId":17109,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Testing and Evaluation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141695845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Block Ratio, Polymer Architecture, and Soft Segment Structure on Modified Asphalt Rheological Performance","authors":"Hang Xiao, Dan Cao, Na Fu, Hongyu Yi","doi":"10.1520/jte20230661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20230661","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the impact of styrenic triblock copolymer (STC) modifiers with different block ratios, polymerization methods, and soft segment structures on the microstructure and rheological properties of modified asphalt. Six commonly used STCs were selected, and modified asphalt was prepared using a rapid quenching method without stabilizers, ensuring no phase separation. These samples underwent laser confocal microscopy, temperature sweep, multiple stress creep recovery, linear amplitude sweep, and bending beam rheometer tests. The findings are as follows: Based on the characteristics of different STC types, it is observed that modifiers with higher block ratios and crystallinity are more challenging to disperse uniformly in modified asphalt. However, the presence of methyl side chains enhances the dispersion uniformity of the modifier in asphalt. Additionally, star-shaped modifiers exhibit weaker dispersion uniformity compared to linear ones. Among them, the styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt with a block ratio of 3/7 demonstrates the highest composite modulus and maximum creep recovery, showcasing superior high-temperature performance. Star-shaped SBS-modified asphalt excels in high-temperature performance and exhibits better stress relaxation at low temperatures, but it has a lower fatigue life compared to linear SBS. Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene modified asphalt exhibits the maximum modulus but the poorest elastic recovery performance. Styrene-isoprene-styrene modified asphalt has the minimum modulus and fatigue life but demonstrates optimal elastic recovery.","PeriodicalId":17109,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Testing and Evaluation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141708243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Weak Ultrasonic Defect Signal Detection of Carbon Fiber Composites Based on Double-Sided Pulse Reflection Scanning","authors":"Mengyuan Ma, Mingshun Jiang, Lei Zhang, Qingmei Sui, Lei Jia","doi":"10.1520/jte20230149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20230149","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents a signal correlation–based two-sided detection method to detect delamination defects in widely used carbon fiber reinforced plastics with high accuracy and a convenient process. This method can improve the accuracy of ultrasonic testing and distinguish non-defective signals from defective signals, especially those with small amplitude, and to present the depth and size of defects by images. We combined the echo signals from both sides of ultrasonic detection at the same location to extract the weak defect signals and achieved the detection of materials with high ultrasonic attenuation. First, empirical mode decomposition filtering is performed on the ultrasonic raw signal. Then, the defect echoes are identified by smart thresholding and combined with the results of ultrasonic detection on both sides. Next, the defect depth and size are calculated, and the defect image is drawn. Finally, the ultrasonic phased array C-scan obtained by the ultrasonic phased array equipment was compared with the detection results of carbon fiber laminates with artificial delamination by the algorithm of the present invention, showing that the proposed algorithm defect depth calculation error is less than 4 %, the defect size calculation error is less than 0.5 mm, and it performs well in defect shape presentation and position calculation.","PeriodicalId":17109,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Testing and Evaluation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141700583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase Stability Evaluation of Highly Modified Asphalt with High Vinyl Content Copolymer","authors":"Alexandre Luiz Manfro, João Victor Staub de Melo, B. Barra","doi":"10.1520/jte20230407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20230407","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study evaluated whether use of a high-vinyl styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymer can provide adequate phase stability to highly modified asphalt (HiMA). An asphalt binder was modified with 7.5 % high-vinyl SBS to produce HiMA. A conventional polymer-modified asphalt was produced with 4 % SBS without vinyl and, together with the base asphalt, considered as reference samples. In the first phase, samples were analyzed considering unaged and short-term aged conditions. The experimental procedure analyzed binder morphology using fluorescence microscopy and determined chemical functional groups through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Rheological behavior at intermediate temperatures was evaluated concerning dynamic shear modulus, phase angle, and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests at 20°C. High-temperature properties, including apparent viscosity, performance grade, aging index, and multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test, were also assessed. In the second phase, unaged asphalt binders were subjected to storage stability test, and the top and bottom sections were evaluated through fluorescence microscopy, FTIR, LAS, and MSCR tests. The samples with 7.5 % high vinyl SBS exhibited enhanced fatigue tolerance in the LAS test compared to base asphalt (14.35 times higher at 15 % shear strain) and samples with 4 % SBS without vinyl (6.62 times higher at 15 % shear strain). Additionally, it displayed superior resistance to deformation accumulation at high temperatures (ε10 parameter from MSCR) compared to base asphalt (99.65 % smaller at 64°C) and samples with 4 % SBS without vinyl (93.05 % smaller at 64°C). However, the storage stability of the asphalt samples with 7.5 % high vinyl SBS was compromised due to phase separation, severely impacting the rheological performance at intermediate and high temperatures. It was concluded that the incorporation of high levels positively impacts mechanical/rheological performance, but the molecular characteristics of the high vinyl SBS are not capable of providing adequate storage stability at a content of 7.5 %.","PeriodicalId":17109,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Testing and Evaluation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141697060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presenting a CBR Estimation Model and Compaction Characteristics of Base Layer of Pavement Using a Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Test","authors":"Mohammad Reza Elyasi, D. Daryaee, Fatemeh Sarabi","doi":"10.1520/jte20230157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20230157","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In general, the basis of any type of management decision-making system is a correct evaluation of the current situation, future prediction, and finally optimal decision-making. There are various field methods for road pavement evaluation, among which are destructive and nondestructive methods. One of the nondestructive testing methods is dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) testing. The main objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using DCP to control the quality of pavement layers and estimate parameters such as California bearing ratio (CBR) and compaction ratio. For this purpose, DCP, CBR tests, and determination of density percentage have been used as parameters used to control the quality of pavement layers. The dynamic resistance meter or DCP is a device that is used to quickly measure the resistance of different pavement layers. This device causes a small destruction on the surface. Hence, it is also called nondestructive testing. However, to use DCP, it is necessary to measure its results with the results of prevalent and widely used tests such as CBR and to examine their relationships. In this research, the DCP, CBR, density, sieve analysis, moisture content, and Atterberg limit tests were performed on two locations (a highway under construction and a landscaping project). Then, the results of the DCP test with CBR and soil compaction ratio (R) in two different locations were investigated and the relationships between these parameters were determined. The results showed that there is a good relationship statistically between DCP and CBR parameters in both locations. Also, for the first time, a very good correlation between the R parameter and the results of the dynamic penetrometer cone test was obtained. The observations represented that the correlation coefficients are higher than 0.9 in the highway location, which had well-graded soil in comparison with the landscaping project.","PeriodicalId":17109,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Testing and Evaluation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141693318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toughness Characteristics of Microfiber-Based Geopolymer Concrete Voided Slabs under Soft Impact","authors":"P. Bhuvaneshwari, Bodu Suchitra, Ramachandran Divya","doi":"10.1520/jte20230634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20230634","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present study aimed to experimentally and numerically analyze voided geopolymer concrete slabs applied with soft impact through a drop-hammer impact setup. Six slabs (600 mm ×600 mm × 115 mm) were cast using geopolymer concrete. Two were cast as solid slabs and the remaining four slabs were cast as voided slabs by placing a 70 mm diameter spherical void formers in two different patterns. Two patterns of void formers are followed as 70 mm void former at 240 mm spacing and 70 mm void former at 120 mm spacing. Micro steel fiber at a dosage of 1 % by volume fraction was added in companion specimens in each case. The placing of void former reduced the self-weight of the slabs by 6 % and 12.6 %, respectively, compared to solid slabs. The soft impact was achieved by releasing a 4.5 kg steel ball from a fall height of 0.457 m in a fabricated soft impact test frame. A similar soft impact test was accomplished numerically using the analysis system (ANSYS) workbench. Parametric analysis shows that when compared to fiber-reinforced solid slabs, the impact resistance of fiber-reinforced voided slabs with 70 mm void former at 240 mm was enhanced. The enhancement percentage for energy absorption, ductility index, and ultimate crack resistance were 34.05 %, 55.26 %, and 9.68 %, respectively. The fiber-reinforced voided slabs were also found to be economical and sustainable with reduced CO2 emission and embodied energy.","PeriodicalId":17109,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Testing and Evaluation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141688976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}