Flavour and Fragrance Journal最新文献

{"title":"Inflammatory Factors in Allergic Rhinitis: A 20-Year Bibliometric Mapping and Emerging Trends","authors":"Shanshan Jing,&nbsp;Fengying Zhang,&nbsp;Qiqi Liu","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70111","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Allergic rhinitis (AR) is driven by a network of inflammatory mediators released by mast cells, eosinophils and T lymphocytes. Although the AR literature has expanded markedly, a field-specific scientometric synthesis centered on inflammatory mediators over the last two decades is lacking. To systematically visualize global research on inflammatory mediators in allergic rhinitis from 2004 to 2024, identifying key contributors, collaboration patterns and emerging hotspots. Publications were extracted from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) using the search terms ‘inflammation’ or ‘inflammatory factors’ or ‘innate inflammatory response’ from 2004 to 2024, confined to research articles. Following the screening process, 247 publications were excluded as they were not eligible. The remaining 4043 qualified records were extracted with their full bibliographic details and references. Using CiteSpace, VOSviewer and Scimago Graphica, we analysed current progress and emerging trends in AR research. Publications increased overall from 2004 to 2024. China and the United States led output. High-frequency terms highlighted ‘cytokines’, ‘histamine’ and ‘TNF-α’. Emerging hotspots included ‘gut microbiota’ and ‘food allergy’. Citation concentration analyses showed a dual-core journal structure (Allergy and The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology), a multicenter institutional pattern, and broad geographic dispersion. Bibliometric analysis revealed significant involvement of multiple inflammatory factors in allergic rhinitis pathogenesis. The study examined publication timelines, international collaborations, contributing institutions and current research trends. Future investigations will likely prioritize personalized immunotherapy and molecular mechanism exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 5","pages":"1076-1089"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.70111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148699837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Extraction Techniques on the Volatile Profile, Sensory Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of Chinese Kushui Rose (Rosa sertata × Rosa rugosa) Aroma Extracts","authors":"Xingran Kou,&nbsp;Mengyao Dong,&nbsp;Chaodong Hu,&nbsp;Qinfei Ke,&nbsp;Feng Chen,&nbsp;Yuan Niu,&nbsp;Qingran Meng","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A comprehensive analysis of the composition and antioxidant activity of Chinese Kushui rose essential oil (KSEO) obtained by hydrodistillation and three absolutes prepared from concretes obtained by supercritical CO₂ extraction (KSSAA), petroleum ether extraction (KSPAA) and dichloromethane extraction (KSDAA), which were subsequently dewaxed with ethanol and distilled under atmospheric pressure, was conducted using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and sensory evaluation. A total of 156 volatile compounds were identified, among which 8 were common to all four extracts. Multivariate statistical analysis identified 84 key compounds with variable importance in projection (VIP) &gt; 1. Sensory evaluation revealed that KSEO received the highest scores in odour intensity, complexity and overall liking, followed by KSSAA, whereas KSPAA and KSDAA were rated lower. Evaluation of antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays revealed that KSDAA exhibited the strongest comprehensive antioxidant activity. In conclusion, whereas the essential oil (KSEO) demonstrated superior sensory properties, the absolutes (particularly KSDAA) possessed enhanced antioxidant potential. This complementary functional profile may provide valuable guidance for selecting suitable Chinese Kushui rose aroma extracts for specific application.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 5","pages":"1149-1165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148699846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesis of Sulfur Nanoparticles Using Flavour and Fragrance-Relevant Phytochemicals Rich Mukia maderaspatana Extract: Functional Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties","authors":"Krithika Shree Sivasuriyan,&nbsp;S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam,&nbsp;Amrish Varshan Ganesan Subbulakshmi,&nbsp;Sowmya Rajendran","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Green nanotechnology enables the sustainable development of bioactive materials from aroma-rich plant sources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the green synthesis of sulfur nanoparticles using <i>Mukia maderaspatana</i> extract and evaluating their combined anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. In this study, sulfur nanoparticles (Mukia-SNPs) were synthesized using methanolic extract of <i>Mukia maderaspatana</i>, a plant known for its flavour- and fragrance-relevant phytochemicals. GC–MS analysis identified various bioactive constituents such as 13-docosenamide, hexadecanoic acid and dodecanal, contributing to both aroma profile and biofunctionality. Mukia-SNPs exhibited characteristic UV–Vis peaks (270 and 370 nm) and phytochemical capping, indicating the role of natural constituents in nanoparticle formation and stabilization. Structural analyses confirmed orthorhombic crystallinity and spherical morphology (60–80 nm) with moderate stability. Functionally, Mukia-SNPs showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, reducing edema (~2%–3%) in a carrageenan-induced zebrafish model, comparable to diclofenac. This was supported by suppression of iNOS and TNF-α expression. In addition, Mukia-SNPs exhibited notable antibacterial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. Molecular docking revealed strong binding of key phytochemicals, particularly 13-docosenamide, with inflammatory targets such as NF-κB p65. These findings highlight <i>Mukia maderaspatana</i>-derived nanoparticles as multifunctional systems linking aroma-active phytochemicals with bioactive potential, supporting applications in flavour, fragrance and related natural product formulations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 5","pages":"1286-1309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148700034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure of Healthy Individuals to Pleasant Odours During Sleep: Effects on Odour Identification and Sleep Quality","authors":"Zetian Li,&nbsp;Tony Sehr,&nbsp;Jonathan Warr,&nbsp;Antje Haehner,&nbsp;Thomas Hummel","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Odours are closely linked to sleep quality, yet the effects of nocturnal odour exposure on objectively measured sleep remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of pleasant odours on sleep compared with an odourless control and explored differences between similar vanilla-rich odours with added components. Eighty-eight healthy participants with subjective normal olfactory function were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Vanilla (<i>n</i> = 23, mean age ± SD = 26 ± 6 years), floral (<i>n</i> = 25, mean age ± SD = 26 ± 5 years), sandalwood (<i>n</i> = 21, mean age ± SD = 26 ± 5 years), or control (<i>n</i> = 19, mean age ± SD = 26 ± 4 years). Following baseline assessments in the clinic, sleep was monitored at home using a portable EEG and questionnaires. After two odour-free nights as baseline, participants slept with their assigned diffuser for two weeks (Phase 1), with EEG recordings on two odour-exposure nights. In Phase 2, participants slept without odour for one week, with a final EEG night recording and follow-up assessments. Subjectively, odours reduced waking time during the night. EEG data did not demonstrate robust interaction effects of odour exposure on sleep architecture. However, exploratory findings indicated that individuals with poorer baseline sleep quality had greater benefit from odour exposure compared to baseline. Participants exposed to sandalwood performed better in cued odour identification at follow-up, though without a significant interaction effect. Exposure to pleasant odours during sleep showed potential to enhance odour identification and reduce awakenings, but further studies are needed to confirm these effects. While the overall sleep quality in healthy individuals remained largely unchanged, nocturnal olfactory stimulation shows promise for supporting those with suboptimal baseline sleep.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 5","pages":"1177-1186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148700078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiling the Bioactive Odorants in Agarwood Essential Oils From Two Germplasms of Aquilaria sinensis Trees by Integrating Chemical Analysis With Bioinformatics","authors":"Tingting Yan,&nbsp;Sheng Ma,&nbsp;Yuan Chen,&nbsp;Gaiyun Li","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Agarwood essential oil (AEO) maintains aromatherapeutic effects of antidepression and alleviating anxiety and insomnia. To target the bioactive compounds in agarwood essential oil (AEO) for the aroma and aromatherapy, the odorants analysis integrating with bioinformatics was applied. The key odorants of AEOs originated from Qi-Nan and ordinary germplasm of <i>Aquilaria sinensis</i> trees were tentatively identified and compared by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-O-MS) coupled with aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA). Thirteen key odorants including benzaldehyde, α-guaiene, benzylactone, γ-selinene, et al. were identified with FD &gt; 243 in all AEO samples. Molecular docking of the key odorants with olfactory receptors (OR) was performed. Twenty-nine odorants from AEOs with 23 therapeutical targets for insomnia, anxiety and depression were screened by intersection of the target genes from Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), PubChem and MalaCards. The screened genes mostly mediated multiple neurotransmitter signal pathways. α-selinene, β-selinene and γ-selinene acted both as the key odorants and bioactive components for aromatherapy of insomnia, anxiety and depression. The study provides proofs for the application of AEO in aromatherapy by interdisciplinary approaches firstly, which will also favour similar researches of other plant EOs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 5","pages":"1262-1271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148699991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement on the Muscle Protein Quality of Vacuum Packaged Salmon (Salmo salar) Fillets by Active Absorbent Pad Containing Oregano Essential Oil During Cold Storage","authors":"Yu-Meng Liu,&nbsp;Jia-Yi Yu,&nbsp;Cheng-Jian Shi,&nbsp;Sheng-Ping Yang,&nbsp;Yun-Fang Qian","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The effect of sustained-release pad with oregano essential oil on the shelf life and muscle protein degradation and oxidation of vacuum-packaged salmon was studied at 4°C. The oregano essential oil was embedded by β-cyclodextrin, and then incorporated with nonwovens fibril pad to preserve salmon fillets. It showed that the optimal ratio of oregano essential oil to β-cyclodextrin was 9:91. Its encapsulation efficiency reached 90.70%, the loading content reached 13.53%, and the cumulative release was 42.37% after 72 h, indicating a good sustained-release effect. The complex had a remarkable inhibition on <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Shewanella putrefaciens,</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. The sustained-release pad with antibacterial complex also showed antibacterial effect on salmon. Besides, it could inhibit the muscle protein degradation and oxidation due to the antioxidant properties of oregano essential oil. The sustained-release pad had higher efficiency in inhibiting bacterial growth, protein degradation, and oxidation of salmon than pure essential oil, showing great potential for application.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 5","pages":"1166-1176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148699992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional Properties of Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) Essential Oil: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Insecticidal Effects","authors":"Miroslava Kačániová,&nbsp;Minhang Qiao,&nbsp;Alessandro Bianchi,&nbsp;Joel Horacio Elizondo-Luevano,&nbsp;Anis Ben Hsouna,&nbsp;Rania Ben Saad,&nbsp;Zhaojun Ban,&nbsp;Li Li,&nbsp;Jian Lou,&nbsp;Wissem Mnif,&nbsp;Stefania Garzoli","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and insecticidal properties of wintergreen (<i>Gaultheria procumbens</i> L.) essential oil (GPEO). The EO was chemically characterized by GC–MS, confirming methyl salicylate as the predominant compound (99.3%). Its antimicrobial activity was evaluated against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as <i>Candida</i> spp., using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. GPEO exhibited moderate to strong antimicrobial effects, with the highest inhibition zones recorded for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (15.67 mm) and <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (14.67 mm). MIC₅₀ values ranged from 0.34 mg/mL for <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> to 6.75 mg/mL for <i>L. monocytogenes</i>. In situ assays on pear, peach, Hokkaido pumpkin, and parsley confirmed that GPEO inhibited microbial growth in a dose-dependent manner, with the strongest effects observed at 500 μL/L, achieving up to 94.33% inhibition on parsley against <i>E. coli</i>. Antibiofilm assays demonstrated significant activity against biofilm-forming <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, with MBIC₅₀ and MBIC₉₀ values of 2.56 and 2.71 mg/mL, respectively. MALDI-TOF MS spectral analyses revealed distinct differences between planktonic and surface-attached cells, with spectral heterogeneity increasing over time and depending on the growth surface. In addition, insecticidal testing against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> adults showed complete mortality at 50%–100% GPEO, whereas partial effects were observed at 25% (80% mortality). These results highlight the strong antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and insecticidal potential of GPEO, supporting its application as a natural preservative and bioactive agent in food safety and pest management.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 5","pages":"1245-1261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.70096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148700004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensory and Neurophysiological Validation for the Short-Term Emotional Relieving Effects of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Aroma","authors":"Qinfei Ke,&nbsp;Jiawei Xu,&nbsp;Jingzhi Zhang,&nbsp;Jiaona Lin,&nbsp;Jiaqi Sun,&nbsp;Xingran Kou","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Aromatherapy is widely concerned for its positive emotional impacts, and <i>Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium</i> (CRP), a classic traditional Chinese medicinal-edible homologous substance, stands out for its unique natural aroma. To systematically validate the emotional relieving effects of short-term CRP aroma inhalation and explore its neural underpinnings, this study recruited 30 participants and adopted a multi-method approach integrating sensory evaluation, electroencephalogram (EEG), and solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC–MS). Brief Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale results confirmed CRP aroma significantly reduced subjective tension and fatigue, while enhancing vigour (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). EEG data showed elevated α band power (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), a well-recognized neurophysiological marker of brain relaxation. Source localization identified activated brain regions, including the bilateral superior frontal gyri, which are involved in emotional regulation, reward processing, and interoception. SPME-GC–MS combined with relative odour activity value (ROAV) analysis identified nine key aroma components (ROAV &gt; 1), with D-limonene as the core, plus anxiolytic and sedative substances such as 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol. In conclusion, these findings confirm that the aroma of CRP can effectively alleviate negative emotions, promote an emotional relieving and energetic emotional state, providing a scientific basis for the application of CRP in aromatherapy and emotional regulation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 5","pages":"1112-1124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148700033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jasmine Essential Oil-Mediated Off-Flavour Masking of Camellia Oil and Preparation and Performance Study of ROS-Responsive Microcapsules","authors":"Yunwei Niu,&nbsp;Chunling Huang,&nbsp;Yamei Wang,&nbsp;Di Zhao","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70070","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Camellia oil contains a variety of bioactive substances and plays an important role in protecting and repairing the skin barrier. However, its volatile components have an unpleasant smell, which has a significant impact on consumer preferences. To enhance the application of camellia oil in the cosmetics field, this study selected 15 key characteristic aroma components of camellia oil and investigated the influence of jasmine essential oil on these key aroma components. Subsequently, the composition oil was encapsulated using β-cyclodextrin grafted with 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylboronic acid pinacol ester. Studies have shown that jasmine essential oil has a masking effect on 11 out of the 15 key aroma components of camellia oil, and an additive effect on 4 of them. The microcapsules prepared with the modified β-cyclodextrin were in block form, and the release rate reached 58% within 72 h under ROS conditions, while that of the unmodified one was only 22%. This study significantly improved the sensory and storage properties of camellia oil, greatly enhancing its application value in the skincare products field. Moreover, the prepared microcapsules also demonstrate potential application value in fields such as drug delivery and biomedicine.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 4","pages":"859-867"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147381936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Role of Shading on Quality and Quantity of Patchouli Essential Oil Through Changing Seasons in Subtropical Agroclimatic Zone","authors":"Lopamudra Ballabh,&nbsp;Adinpunya Mitra","doi":"10.1002/ffj.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Pogostemon cablin</i> (Blanco) Benth., commonly known as patchouli, is extensively popular for its EO content. Plants were grown under shade net (~90%) and open environment in the three most prevalent seasons of subtropical eastern India to evaluate the quality and quantity of essential oil. The highest EO yield was obtained in summer (0.73 ± 0.11 g/plant) and monsoon (1.03 ± 0.08 g/plant) in the open environment. Plants grown under shade nets in all three seasons did not show enhanced essential oil accumulation. Among the total 20 major terpenoids identified through GC–MS analysis, patchouli alcohol (ranging from 23.15% ± 1.322% to 34.65% ± 2.975%) and γ-curcumene (ranging from 18.57% ± 0.973% to 32.20% ± 2.142%) dominated the fragrance profile in all three seasons, reporting quite a higher percentage than any earlier reports. A dominating presence of γ-curcumene with such a higher concentration provides the particular cultivar (CIM-Samarth) a unique fragrance profile distinct from the commonly available patchouli. The content of patchouli alcohol was found to be significantly increased under the influence of shade nets in both winter and monsoon. The antioxidant capacity of the extracted essential oil also showed variation correlating with compositional variation across seasons. The lowest IC₅₀ value was reported under shade net in monsoon (2.09 ± 0.28 μg/mL), whereas the highest value was observed in open environment during winter (8.43 ± 1.3 μg/mL), with an indication of strong association between patchouli alcohol and antioxidant capacity of the EO. Although exploring the relationship between the chemical components of patchouli essential oil and environmental parameters, it has been revealed that both temperature and light intensity are the primary environmental drivers for the formation of certain sesquiterpenoids.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"41 4","pages":"829-840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148238255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}