Fidele M. Abedi, Nagiat Hwisa, Keith R. Cadwallader, Pawan S. Takhar
{"title":"Influence of baking conditions and initial flavour load on the evolution of flavours in cookies","authors":"Fidele M. Abedi, Nagiat Hwisa, Keith R. Cadwallader, Pawan S. Takhar","doi":"10.1002/ffj.3781","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.3781","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the impact of baking conditions and initial concentrations of flavourings on the evolution of three key flavourings (benzaldehyde, butyl butyryl lactate, and vanillin) in cookies during baking and subsequent storage. Controlled baking experiments were conducted at two temperatures (130°C and 160°C) with varying initial flavouring concentrations. The results reveal that baking at the higher temperature (160°C) led to a substantial loss of benzaldehyde and butyl butyryl lactate, resulting in a significantly lower proportion of these compounds in the final product compared to baking at 130°C. In contrast, vanillin showed greater stability at the higher temperature, with its proportion in the final product remaining stable or increasing compared to the lower temperature. Specifically, the proportion of benzaldehyde decreased from 18.33% in the dough to 4.31% after 2 weeks of storage for cookies baked at 160°C, whereas the proportion of vanillin increased from 47.24% to 61.38% in the same period. Statistical analysis, employing ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer HSD tests, confirmed the significant effect of baking temperature on the evolution of flavour compounds (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These analyses further revealed the notable influence of initial flavouring concentrations on the changes in benzaldehyde across all tested temperatures, as well as on butyl butyryl lactate and vanillin specifically at 130°C. These results offer valuable insights on how the baking process can be optimized to enhance the sensory profile of cookies and highlight the importance of temperature control and initial flavouring mix design.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"39 3","pages":"181-199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.3781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140198884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"One-pot synthesis of phenylacetaldehyde from styrene via metal oxide catalysed oxidation in presence of cumene hydroperoxide","authors":"Sudip Das","doi":"10.1002/ffj.3780","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.3780","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phenylacetaldehyde (PhA) is an aromatic aldehyde which has a hyacinth-like floral, sweet and green-leafy odour. PhA is used as a perfumery chemical and a rate-controlling additive in cosmeceutical and polymer industries, respectively. The conventional process of PhA manufacturing in industries involve hazardous and costly feedstock and often lead to generation of substantial amount of waste. Moreover, usage of stoichiometric reagents often makes the processes economically impractical. This article illustrates the possibility of production of PhA from low-cost feedstock styrene through a single-step, one-pot method wherein various metal oxides have been utilized as catalysts for styrene oxidation under the influence of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). Ag<sub>2</sub>O is found to be the highest PhA-yielding catalyst and a promising candidate for scaling up for its considerably good reusability up to 6 consecutive uses. A maximum of ~45% PhA selectivity has been observed at ~60% styrene conversion. Interestingly, this process does not require any alkaline/acid wash and hence does not produce any organic/inorganic liquid effluent stream. Furthermore, all the major byproducts found, that is styrene oxide, benzaldehyde and acetophenone, are themselves considered as valorized styrene derivatives. Overall, the metal oxide catalysed styrene oxidation has potential to take over the conventional industrial process(es) for sustainable selective production of PhA Along with a plausible mechanism of styrene oxidation over Ag<sub>2</sub>O, a conceptualized reaction–separation framework has been reported for intensified production of PhA from CHP-based styrene oxidation.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"39 3","pages":"172-180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140032661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design, synthesis, olfactory evaluation and molecular docking study of Isoxazoline carboxylate derivatives as fragrance molecules","authors":"Muhammet Büyükbayram, Sonay Gürer, Yeşim Çat, Oğuzhan Canayakın, Cevher Altuğ, Akın Sağırlı","doi":"10.1002/ffj.3778","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.3778","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this research, a wide range of aldoxime derivatives with aromatic and aliphatic substituents were synthesized as precursors to nitrile oxide in cycloaddition reactions. The aldoximes were synthesized with good to high yields and showed a lack of diastereoselectivity, as confirmed by <sup>1</sup>H NMR measurements. These aldoximes were then utilized as precursors of nitrile oxide in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions and were treated with dipolarophilic reagents, namely methyl methacrylate (MMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), to produce isoxazoline carboxylate derivatives with high regioselectivity. The obtained compounds were characterized using various techniques, including NMR, FT-IR, GC–MS and TOF-LCMS analyses. The study also targets the molecular docking analysis, using Autodock 4.2.6 software, targeting the OR51E2 protein. This protein has drawn recent attention, with the hypothesis that propionic acid activates OR51E2, making it a suitable candidate for the carboxylate group within the obtained isoxazoline skeleton. Through these multifaceted investigations, this research contributes to the design and development of fragrant molecules with potential applications in the fragrance industry, offering a promising avenue for future olfactory innovations.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"39 3","pages":"158-171"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ffj.3778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140002616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haitao Wang, Lingyun Yao, Shiqing Song, Huatian Wang, Min Sun, Qian Liu, Chuang Yu, Tao Feng
{"title":"Aroma release regularities of Rosa damascena from Xuancheng via HS-GC-IMS and P&T-GC–MS","authors":"Haitao Wang, Lingyun Yao, Shiqing Song, Huatian Wang, Min Sun, Qian Liu, Chuang Yu, Tao Feng","doi":"10.1002/ffj.3776","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.3776","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Damascus rose (DR) is an important economic crop. In recent years, DR has been widely planted and utilized in China. In order to improve its aroma quality, the volatile releasing regularities of DR need to be studied. Therefore, HS-GC-IMS were used to examine the style of aroma release in DR under three flowering states: pre-bloom (PB), half-bloom (HB) and full bloom (FB). The results show that HS-GC-IMS detected 56 volatile compounds to investigate the changes of volatile compounds in three states of DR during the growth period. The results of PCA showed that changes in aroma substances were obvious during the growth stage of DR. In addition, FB contributed some key aroma molecules of DR. Thus, volatiles in DR at different times of a day (5 AM, 11 AM, 5 PM) and were further examined by using P&T-GC–MS towards FB. Finally, a total of 68 volatile compounds were identified; most of them were terpenoids (47.83%–59.62%). Totally 21 volatiles were considered key compounds due to their high concentration (≥1%). These key compounds showed the highest levels at 5 AM and lowest levels at 5 PM. Heat map clustering showed that most of the key compounds possessing higher levels in the flowers had maximum levels at 5 AM and compounds with lower levels peaked at 11 AM. This study will provide a theoretical understanding of the aroma generation mechanism of DR. It also helps the rose farmers to plant and sow rose flowers practically.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"39 3","pages":"146-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139977465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of post-harvest drying on the volatile flavours of spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.): Emphasis on fatty aldehyde reduction","authors":"Gitasree Borah, Bhaskar Protim Mahanta, Begom Rifah Samia, Siddhartha Proteem Saikia, Saikat Haldar","doi":"10.1002/ffj.3775","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.3775","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spiny coriander (<i>Eryngium foetidum</i> L.) is a traditional food flavouring herb of tropics with coriander-like odour. This study evaluated six different drying conditions (sun, shade, oven at 40°C and 60°C, microwave, freeze-drying) for spiny coriander leaves, emphasizing on the drying time, essential oil yield and composition. Fatty aldehydes, especially <i>trans</i>-2-dodecenal, majorly abundant key aromatic flavour of spiny coriander underwent probable enzymatic reduction to alcohols upon long-term oven-drying, affecting the oil quality. Non-conventional techniques like microwave and freeze-drying, despite their certain advantages significantly reduced the oil yield (0.030%–0.031%) in comparison to fresh leaves (0.045%). Sun drying was found to be superior among the tested conditions, considering a reasonable drying time (4 h) and ability to retain the oil yield (0.043%), composition (quality) and chlorophyll content. It can be a sustainable drying technique for spiny coriander in the tropical region with abundant sunlight, especially for its value addition and commercialization in future.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"39 3","pages":"139-145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139807662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spray drying encapsulation of essential oils: Insights on various factors affecting the physicochemical properties of the microcapsules","authors":"Shirish K. Phanse, Sudeshna Chandra","doi":"10.1002/ffj.3774","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.3774","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spray drying is a process that involves instantaneous conversion of a liquid or slurry into a free-flowing powder in the presence of hot air or nitrogen gas current in a drying chamber. The technique is usually used to encapsulate active molecules like essential oils, plant extracts, fragrances, flavours and enzymes within a wall material. The encapsulation provides chemical and physical stability to the actives by converting them into free-flowing powders which prevents their susceptibility to external atmospheric conditions like temperature, humidity, UV exposure and chemical oxidation. Spray drying encapsulation has an edge over other encapsulation techniques because it is fast, simple, efficient and economically feasible. The article focuses on encapsulating various essential oils within natural polymers and emulsifiers by spray drying methods to form stable microcapsules. The review also provides information on different types of spray drying equipment and process parameters like the type of atomiszer and nozzles, inlet–outlet temperature and type of cyclones. All the process parameters and materials are found to influence the physicochemical properties of the microencapsulates of essential oils. The review also discusses the effects of process parameters and materials on the encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, bulk and tapped density, agglomeration properties and thermal stability of the microencapsulates. Thus, the consolidated review will provide an overview of various optimization parameters and governing factors for obtaining microencapsulates of essential oils.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"39 2","pages":"93-115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139095530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ziting Gao, Wenjuan Chu, Lu Han, Jiqiang Wan, Mengxue Li, Xiaopeng Yang, Qi Guo, Hongliang Lu, Xiaoming Ji, Haiying Tian, Miao Lai
{"title":"Analysis of hygroscopicity and pyrolysis behaviour of propanediol esters synthesized by the enzymatic method","authors":"Ziting Gao, Wenjuan Chu, Lu Han, Jiqiang Wan, Mengxue Li, Xiaopeng Yang, Qi Guo, Hongliang Lu, Xiaoming Ji, Haiying Tian, Miao Lai","doi":"10.1002/ffj.3771","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.3771","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to develop food or tobacco usable flavour precursors, compounds 2-hydroxypropyl benzoate (3a), propane-1,2-diyl dibenzoate (4a), 2-hydroxypropyl cinnamate (3b) and propane-1,2-diyl (2E,2′ E)-bis(3-hydroxypropyl cinnamate) (4b) were synthesized by transesterification propanediol with vinyl benzoate and vinyl cinnamate under the biological enzyme Novozym435. The structures of the propanediol esters were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The hygroscopicity and moisture retention capacity of reconstituted tobacco shreds with the synthesized propanediol were explored by 100 h hygroscopic desorption assay, model validation and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (LF-NMR). The results showed that the bound water content of 3a and 3b was lower than that of propanediol and higher than that of the control under both low (RH = 32%) and high (RH = 84%) humidity conditions. In addition, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique was applied to investigate the thermal behaviour of 3a and 3b. Four and five pyrolysis products were formed by pyrolysis of 3a and 3b, respectively. The main pyrolysis products benzoic acid and cinnamic acid could be used as flavouring agents in food and tobacco. 3a and 3b had good moisture and humidity retention effects as well as uniform and sustained flavour release. The results of the study not only effectively improve the water absorbency of reconstituted tobacco and enhance the flavour, which is suitable for the storage and smoking process, but also provide a reference for the further development of new flavour moisturizers in the tobacco industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"39 2","pages":"125-135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138557117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhuo Ling Yang, Ze Ying Li, Dian Qiu, Xin Kang Li, Na Feng, Bao Qiong Li
{"title":"Simultaneous quantitative and qualitative analysis of three kinds of Jigucao related pharmaceuticals by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with chemometrics method","authors":"Zhuo Ling Yang, Ze Ying Li, Dian Qiu, Xin Kang Li, Na Feng, Bao Qiong Li","doi":"10.1002/ffj.3770","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.3770","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Abri Herba (Jigucao) and Abri mollis Herba (Maojigucao) are derived from dried plants of <i>Abrus cantoniensis</i> Hance (Leguminosae) and Abrus mollis without pods. Abri Herba is commonly used in Jigucao tablets; Abri mollis Herba is usually used in Jigucao capsules and FufangJigucao capsules. Surprising, there are few reports focused on the quantitative control of these mentioned Jigucao related pharmaceuticals. This research endeavour has harnessed the formidable power of cutting-edge ACQUITY UPLC technology to formulate a groundbreaking methodology for the simultaneous quantification of 10 target compounds in Jigucao capsules, Jigucao tablets and FufangJigucao capsules. The primary aim is to bolster quality control and precise identification within the realm of these pharmaceutical products. Separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 Column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm), gradient elution was performed with 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. A column temperature of 40°C acts as our guiding compass, and DAD detection scans the spectral landscape in the wavelength range of 210–400 nm. The concentrations of the 10 target components can be used to identify Jigucao tablets, Jigucao capsules and FufangJigucao capsules through the art of chemometrics. The results showed that the established method for determination of 10 target compounds was accurate and reliable with good linearity (<i>r</i> ≥ .9948) and satisfactory recoveries (82.91%–108.6%). The identification of the three Jigucao related pharmaceuticals can be performed using chemometrics based on the 10 target compounds. Thus, our study not only showcases a pioneering analytical approach but also unveils a new dimension in the identification of these pharmaceutical treasures.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"39 2","pages":"116-124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Damien L. Berthier, Jérôme Girard, Katharina M. Fromm, Andreas Herrmann
{"title":"Fixative effect of 2-oxo-2-phenylacetates in fine fragrance and eau-de-toilette applications","authors":"Damien L. Berthier, Jérôme Girard, Katharina M. Fromm, Andreas Herrmann","doi":"10.1002/ffj.3769","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.3769","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evaporation of fragrances with volatilities spanning over several orders of magnitude results in a shift of the olfactive impression of a perfume over time. Fixatives have repeatedly been used to slow fragrance evaporation in multiple perfumery applications. We developed a simple and reliable method to measure the evaporation kinetics of individual fragrances in a model perfume and analysed the fixative effect of 2-oxo-2-phenylacetates (α-ketoesters) on perfume evaporation. 2-Oxo-2-phenylacetates, some of which have been described as light-sensitive profragrances, are commercially available or readily prepared by esterification or transesterification of commercial starting materials. (−)-Menthyl 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate afforded single crystals that were suitable for X-ray crystal structure analysis. 2-Oxo-2-phenylacetates were found to have a fixative effect on the evaporation of fragrances with volatilities below 5000 μg L<sup>−1</sup> in fine fragrance and eau-de-toilette applications. The molecular structure of the compound rather than its molecular weight had an impact on the fixative effect to some extent.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"80-89"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135390280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simultaneous quantification of six flavouring agents in herbal freshness gel toothpaste by gas chromatography","authors":"Sumit Tiwari, Vishal Sareen, Yamini Sharma, Neha Sindhi, Prasun Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan Mitra","doi":"10.1002/ffj.3767","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ffj.3767","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There are many methods reported to identify and quantify volatile compounds. Many of them are based on chromatographic techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID), and GC coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). But among all GC-FID and GC–MS are majorly used for the detection and quantification of volatile compounds. A new gas chromatographic method has been developed for simultaneous determination of six flavouring agents [menthol, benzyl alcohol, methyl salicylate, anethole, menthol carboxamide (WS-3) and eugenol] in herbal freshness gel toothpaste. All six flavours were separated using a DB-WAX (Agilent) capillary GC column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) and flame ionization detector (FID). This method was validated for various parameters such as precision, linearity, accuracy, stability, robustness, limit of detection, and limit of quantification as per ICH guidelines, AOAC internationals Appendix K. All the validation parameters were found to be within acceptable limits. The method was successfully applied for the quantification of all flavouring agents in toothpaste formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":170,"journal":{"name":"Flavour and Fragrance Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"69-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135113471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}