Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of the Emission Reduction Potential and Combustion Stability Limits of a Hydrogen-Fired Gas Turbine With External Exhaust Gas Recirculation","authors":"Nils Petersen, Thomas Bexten, Christian Goßrau, M. Wirsum","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-58674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58674","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To mitigate its impact on global climate, the power generation sector must strive towards a transition to net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases. This can be achieved by a massive penetration of renewable power generation. However, a high share of renewable power generation requires dispatchable and flexible power generation technologies such as gas turbines to maintain the stability of power grids. To achieve net-zero green house gas emissions, gas turbines have to be operated exclusively with carbon-neutral fuels. Hydrogen is a promising carbon-neutral fuel, although it comes along with several challenges regarding stable combustion. A possible measure to stabilize hydrogen combustion is the partial external recirculation of exhaust gases (EGR). In a previous study, the authors presented a model-based thermodynamic analysis of an industrial gas turbine featuring EGR. The next step was to answer the question of whether the thermodynamically negative impact of EGR (i.e. lower thermal efficiency) is justified by positive effects, such as reduced NOx emissions or a more controllable combustion of hydrogen. By means of a simple 1-D flame approach, the present study provides further insight into the flame behaviour and stability limits during a fuel switch from natural gas to hydrogen. In a following step, the same approach is used to investigate the flame behaviour in an EGR environment at two recirculation temperatures. The results show that if a hydrogen-fired, diffusion-type combustor is combined with sufficiently high EGR ratios, NOx emissions are potentially in the order of a state-of-the-art diffusion-type combustor fired with natural gas. In addition, based on the calculated laminar flame speeds and extinction strain rates, the higher reactivity of hydrogen could potentially be controlled by employing EGR. However, relevant literature suggests that stronger dilution might be required to compensate for the additional impact of turbulence-chemistry interaction in real application which could lead to flame stabilization issues and higher NOx emissions. Moreover, considering the industry efforts to develop hydrogen-capable premixed-type combustors, the results show that EGR has no significantly positive influence on the reactivity of a premixed pure hydrogen flame. The question regarding the preferred EGR temperature is addressed but cannot be answered conclusively.","PeriodicalId":169840,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132100092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Combined Cycle Part Load Performance by Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation Through an Ejector","authors":"Majed Sammak, Chin-Chen Ho, A. Dawood, A. Khalidi","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59358","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The gas turbine inlet air heating system has been used for improving the combined cycle heat rate at part load operation, which has a positive impact on the combined cycle profitability and fuel consumption. The paper objective was to introduce a new gas turbine inlet air heating system.\u0000 The inlet air heating system studied in this paper was exhaust gas recirculation into inlet air compressor through an ejector. The ejector motive flow was defined as the compressor bleed air from the compressor discharge section while the ejector entrainment flow was defined as the recirculated exhaust gases from the gas turbine exhaust duct.\u0000 This study was performed on generic gas turbine and combined cycle model. The selected combined cycle model was 1-on-1 (one gas turbine, one heat recovery steam generator and one steam turbine train). The heat recovery steam generator was a 3-pressure level with reheat.\u0000 The combined cycle heat rate improvement at different ejector entrainment ratio varying from 0.5 to 5 with 0.5 intervals was studied. The selected ejector area ratio was set to 25 which together with the motive to suction pressure ratio gave an entrainment ratio of 2.5. The selected ejector entrainment ratio of 2.5 was aligned with the common practice design of the ejectors. The ejector motive flow was limited to 1% of compressor inlet air flow.\u0000 Furthermore, the combined cycle heat rate improvement at different combined cycle loads were analysed. The analysis was performed on combined cycle loads from 90% to 40% load with a 10% interval and at the ambient temperatures 7°C, 15°C and 35°C.\u0000 At the ambient temperatures 7°C, 15°C and 35°C, the combined cycle heat rate improvement was measured at loads below 80%. The combined cycle heat rate improvements proved greater at lower combined cycle loads and lower ambient temperatures. The combined cycle heat rate improvement was 0.67% at the ambient temperature 15°C and 60% combined cycle load. On the other hand, the combined cycle heat rate improvement was 1.4% at 40% combined cycle load and ambient temperature 7°C.","PeriodicalId":169840,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132125270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Educational Effectiveness of Brayton Cycle Compare and Solve Interactive Gas Turbine Simulator","authors":"Louis E. Christensen, Randall M. Mathison","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59622","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The air-breathing Brayton cycle is widespread throughout power generation and propulsion systems, making it a staple in every mechanical or aerospace engineering student’s repertoire. Students are typically introduced to cycle analysis in a thermodynamics course and may see more in-depth coverage of gas turbines in advanced technical elective courses. In the Air-Breathing Propulsion course at The Ohio State University, students perform thermodynamic analysis on Brayton cycle engines among other topics. Pedagogy research has shown active learning to be a potent tool for enhancing student learning, and it was decided to incorporate a new active learning module into the existing course. For the module to be successful, students must achieve the learning objectives, positively accept the experience, and the module must have a minimal impact on the course structure. One lecture and one homework assignment were devoted to the use of this tool to allow students to explore gas turbine cycle analysis. A new tool, Brayton Cycle Compare & Solve, has been developed for this module. The tool can accurately perform thermodynamic design point analysis of three types of Brayton cycle engines and allow users to graphically compare the results of their analyses.\u0000 This study is done to present the tool and active learning experience to educators, capture the effectiveness of the tool in an educational setting, and determine whether students enjoy the new tool. The program is evaluated through an Institutional Review Board approved study consisting of two parts. First, students participate in a survey based on the Student Response to Instruction Practices tool to determine how the students react to and accept the active learning experience. Second, a detailed analysis of their homework responses is conducted to determine the extent to which they satisfied the learning objectives. Students unanimously felt that the learning experience with Brayton Cycle Compare & Solve is a valuable addition to the course, and homework analysis shows that their understanding of Brayton cycle analysis improved.","PeriodicalId":169840,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132178583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control Strategy Development for Optimized Operational Flexibility From Humidified Micro Gas Turbine: Saturation Tower Performance Assessment","authors":"W. D. Paepe, Alessio Pappa, Diederik Coppitters, M. M. Carrero, P. Tsirikoglou, F. Contino","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-60209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60209","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Waste heat recovery through cycle humidification is considered as an effective tool to increase the operational flexibility of micro Gas Turbines (mGTs) in cogeneration in a Decentralized Energy System (DES) context. Indeed, during periods with low heat demand, the excess thermal power can be reintroduced in the cycle under the form of heated water/steam, leading to improved electrical performance. The micro Humid Air Turbine (mHAT) has been proven to be the most effective route for cycle humidification; however, so far, all research efforts focused on optimizing the mHAT performance at nominal electrical load, and no thermal load. Nevertheless, in a DES context, the thermal and electrical load of the mGT needs to be changed depending on the demand, requiring both optimal nominal and part load performances. To address this need, in this paper, we present the first step towards the development of a control strategy for a Turbec T100 mGT-mHAT test rig. First, using experimental data, the global performance, depending on the operating point as well as the humidity level, has been assessed. Second, the performance of the saturation tower, i.e. the degree of saturation (relative humidity) of the working fluid leaving this saturator, is analyzed to assess the optimal water injection system control parameter settings. Results show that optimal mHAT performance can only be obtained when the working fluid leaving the saturation tower is fully saturated, but does not contain a remaining liquid fraction. Under these conditions, a maximal amount of waste heat is transferred from the water to the mGT working fluid in the saturation tower. From these data, some general observations can be made to optimize the performance; being maximizing injection pressure and aiming for a water flow rate of ≈5 m3/h. However, having a specific control matrix, that allows setting the saturation tower control parameters for any set of operational setpoint and the inlet conditions would be of more interest. Therefore, future work involves the development of a control matrix, using advanced data post-processing for noise reduction and accuracy improvement, as well as an experimental validation of this methodology on the actual test rig.","PeriodicalId":169840,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121290074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Blade Profile Change on Gas Path Performance and Their Ontology-Based Fault Knowledge Expression","authors":"Yuanfu Li, Yueyun Xi, Jinwei Chen, Hui-sheng Zhang","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59282","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the operation of the gas turbine engine, the blades are prone to gas path faults such as fouling, corrosion, and erosion, or even fracture. Current research usually ignores the impact of different changes in blade profile on the gas path performance. Due to the lack of a unified description between the faulty blade and the gas path performance, it is difficult to implement the knowledge expression for the blade faults. This paper proposed the following framework to fill this gap. (1) Establish a corresponding relationship between blade profile change and gas path performance degradation based on numerical simulation. (2) Combined with ontology, case-based reasoning in knowledge expression of blade faults is investigated. The knowledge base for blade faults is constructed with ontology using the simulation results. The integration, traceability, and reuse of the simulation results are realized. (3) A case is used to verify the effectiveness of the ontology knowledge base for the faulty blade and realize the knowledge expression of blade faults. This will support the real-time diagnosis of blade faults and health management for the gas turbine engine.","PeriodicalId":169840,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117036883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Efficient Prediction Method for the Azimuthal Migration of Combustion Inhomogeneity in Multi-Stage Cooled Turbines","authors":"Qingfu He, Zhongran Chi, S. Zang","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-60220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60220","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The outlet temperature of combustor is commonly monitored by thermocouples at the turbine exhaust. In order to establish the corresponding relationship between the temperature measured by each thermocouple and the working state of each burner, the azimuthal migration of the combustion hot/cold streaks in the multi-stage turbines needs to be quantified. Experiments to measure this migration have high cost and considerable error. It is also difficult to quantify the migration under multiple working conditions. Three-dimensional full-annulus unsteady simulation can obtain this migration. But the unsteady simulation of a single working condition could take several weeks, which is too expensive for engineering usage.\u0000 A method named Steady-state Computation of Azimuthal Migration (SCAM) is proposed in this paper. By establishing and solving the transport equation of the migration angle, the azimuthal migration of hot/cold streaks can be predicted by steady-state numerical simulation using the mixing plane at rotor-stator interface. The migration computed by this method is compared with the full-annulus unsteady simulation results in multiple working conditions. The results of SCAM method show good agreement with full-annulus simulations, while costing only 0.01% of the CPU hours. It is also found that the error of SCAM is mainly caused by the fixed boundary value at coolant source terms. The optimal spanwise location of the thermocouples at turbine exhaust is discussed based on the results. The method proposed could be applied to the fault diagnosis and precise repair of the combustors of gas turbines.","PeriodicalId":169840,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125367846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical and Choking Mach Numbers for Organic Vapor Flows Through Turbine Cascades","authors":"S. Wiesche, Felix Reinker, R. Wagner, L. Hake, Maximilian Passmann","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Results are presented of a theoretical and experimental study dealing with critical and choking Mach numbers of organic vapor flows through turbine cascades. A correlation was derived for predicting choking Mach numbers for organic vapor flows using an asymptotic series expansion valid for isentropic exponents close to unity. The theoretical prediction was tested employing a linear turbine cascade and a circular cylinder in a closed-loop organic vapor wind tunnel. The cascade was based on a classical transonic turbine airfoil for which perfect gas literature data were available. The cascade was manufactured by Selective Laser Melting (SLM), and a comparable low surface roughness level was established by subsequent surface finishing. Because the return of the closed-loop wind tunnel was equipped with an independent mass flow sensor and the test facility enabled stable long-term operation behavior, it was possible to obtain the choking Mach number with high accuracy. It was observed that non-perfect gas dynamics affect the critical Mach number locally, but the observed choking behavior of the turbine cascade was in good agreement with the asymptotic result for the considered dilute gas flow regime.","PeriodicalId":169840,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114420461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Calibration and Investigation of the Influence Of Reynolds Number on Measurements With Five-Hole Probes In Compressible Flows","authors":"C. Schäffer, Konstantin Speck, V. Gümmer","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-58618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58618","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents an investigation into the numerical and experimental calibration of a five-hole probe and effects of Reynolds number variations on the characteristics of the probe. The test object is a cone-type drilled elbow probe with a head diameter of 1.59 mm and a cone angle of 60°. The experimental calibration maps of four different probes of the same type and nominal geometry are compared. A significant variation of the curves can be observed especially at high yaw angles. This led to a visual inspection of the probes with a 3D measurement system. The actual geometry of the three used probes and the surface and radii in particular varied significantly from that of the unused spare probe.\u0000 Furthermore, a numerical calibration map of the ideal probe was generated for a Mach number of Ma = 0.3. A comparison between the experimental and numerical calibration coefficients revealed that total pressure, yaw and pitch angle were reproduced reasonably well. The dynamic pressure coefficient, however, has a considerable offset.\u0000 Finally, a parameter study of the effect of varying the Reynolds number over different yaw angles was conducted. The calibration Reynolds number is of the order of Re = 1 · 104 and was varied between 0.5 · 104 < Re < 6 · 104. While the results suggest that only minor measurement errors occur for yaw angle, total pressure and static pressure, a relatively large error was observed for pitch angle measurements.","PeriodicalId":169840,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124115985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The EPRI Gas Turbine Digital Twin – a Platform for Operator Focused Integrated Diagnostics and Performance Forecasting","authors":"Jamie Lim, Christopher A. Perullo, J. Milton, R. Whitacre, C. Jackson, Chris Griffin, David Noble, Lea Boche, S. Seachman, L. Angello, S. Maley, T. Lieuwen","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59572","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 EPRI has been developing a digital twin of simple and combined cycle gas turbines over the last 5+ years to provide owners and operators with improved capabilities that typically reside in the expert domain of OEMs and 3rd party service providers. The digital twin is a digital model, a physics-based representation of the actual asset. The model is thermodynamic and is created with the intent to support 5 M&D areas:\u0000 • Integrate with existing M&D tools such as advanced pattern recognition (APR)\u0000 • Power plant performance prediction and trending such as day, week, and month ahead performance prediction for capacity and generation planning\u0000 • Health Monitoring and Fault Diagnostics to support asset management with additional health scores and virtual instrumentation enabled by the digital twin model\u0000 • Monitoring and prediction of both base and part-load performance. Many gas turbine tools have been simplified to work only at full load conditions. To be useful and to improve utilization of collected data, part-load conditions should also be considered.\u0000 • Outage and repair impacts, including “what-if” capability to understand and quantify potential root causes of less than expected performance improvement or recovery after outage and repairs.\u0000 This paper presents current progress in creating an EPRI Digital Twin applicable to gas turbines. The formulation, methodology, and real-world use cases are presented. To date, digital twins have been created and tested for both E and F class frames. This paper describes the process of generating closed-form equations capable of transforming existing, measured historian data into the health parameters and virtual sensors needed to better track unit health and monitor faulted performance. These equations encapsulate the digital twin physical model and provide end-users with a methodology to calibrate to their specific unit and efficiently use their choice of monitoring software. Tests have been performed using operator data and have shown good accuracy at detecting anomalous operation and predicting week ahead performance with excellent accuracy. Post-outage impact analysis is also assessed.\u0000 Real-world application cases for the digital twin are also presented. Examples include using the digital twin to identify causes of post-outage emissions and performance issues, expected impact of degradation and fault conditions, and simulating improvements to operation through part repair and upgrades.","PeriodicalId":169840,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115548776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Energy Storage System Based on Carbon Dioxide Unique Thermodynamic Properties","authors":"M. Astolfi, D. Rizzi, E. Macchi, C. Spadacini","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59487","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper focuses on the thermodynamic performance and techno-economic assessment of a novel electrical energy storage technology using carbon dioxide as working fluid. This technology, named CO2 battery and recently patented by Energy Dome SpA., addresses to an energy market which has great need of energy storage solutions able to handle the increasing share of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources like photovoltaic and wind energy. After a brief introduction, the present study presents the concept of CO2 batteries and their operation. Then the detailed numerical model developed for the accurate calculation of system round trip efficiency is presented with the adopted assumptions and the optimization routine description. Results on the reference case and following sensitivity analysis confirm a RTE of around 77% (±2%) which makes CO2 batteries a very promising technology with respect to other energy storage systems based on thermodynamic cycles like compressed air and liquid air energy storage thanks to the high performance and the easiness of installation. Finally, calculation of system footprint, capital investment cost and levelized cost of storage are discussed.","PeriodicalId":169840,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric Power","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122640008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}