Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Smoke movement characteristics in subway stations - Fire safety assessment of center platform stations by numerical studies - Fire s","authors":"N. Okazawa, Y. Hasemi, S. Moriyama, D. Nam, Wenting Ding","doi":"10.11196/KASAI.57.1_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11196/KASAI.57.1_17","url":null,"abstract":"既報1)では初期火災程度の火源を使った地下鉄駅舎 の煙流動実験を報告したが,火災が更に成長した後の 煙流動性状の予測は,シミュレーションに依存せざる を得ない。こうしたモデルとしては,煙層の形成を前 提とするゾーンモデルと,より普遍的な数値流体 (CFD)解析が代表的であるが,前者は簡便な反面, 煙層の安定を阻む条件がある場合に不向きであり,後 者は地下駅のように平面が著しく異なる階が連続する ような場合,実用的な計算が困難になる。また,いず れも地下鉄駅舎での実験的検証例に乏しく,要素過程 のモデル化の程度や空間分割の精粗をどう選別すべき かは不明確である。本報では,ゾーンモデルの適用に 困難がある条件についてCFD解析を既報実験と比較 Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering Vol. 57. No. 1 (2007)","PeriodicalId":168386,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125378107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Large-scale Forest Fires in Boreal Forests and Climate Change","authors":"H. Hayasaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kushida","doi":"10.11196/KASAI.57.3_45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11196/KASAI.57.3_45","url":null,"abstract":"The boreal forest (Taiga) occupies one-third of the world’s forest area. During summer, the risk of fire is high in this region due to relatively low rainfall (average <300mm); Kasischke (2000). Recent trends toward warmer, drier summers associated with global climate change are expected to increase the number and size of boreal forest fires; Campbell and Flannigan (2000). Recent regional fire events appear to support these predictions. In 2002, many large-scale forest fires occurred near Yakutsk, the capital of the Sakha Republic in Siberia, burning a total area estimated at over 23,000km 2 -the largest reported in Sakha since 1955 and about ten times greater than mean burnt area, or about 2,400km 2 . In 2003, forests burned near the Baikal Lake in Siberia were especially severe, and burnt area in Russia (Siberia) totaled in excess of 234,000km 2 . In 2004, many large-scale forest fires occurred in Alaska due to record-breaking lightning strikes aggravated by severe drought conditions and the occurrence of foehn winds. The total burnt area in 2004 was about 26,000km 2 , the largest on historical record since 1956. In 2005, many large-scale forest fires recurred in Alaska. Many fires became very active in the middle of August due to drought and foehn winds. The total burnt area in 2005 was about 26,000km 2 , the third largest area since 1956. Active fire occurrence of two consecutive years has seldom occurred. Trends in and features of large forest-fire occurrence and weather hold the key to understanding how climate change may affect boreal ecosystems, and fire in the boreal forest is now being actively researched. Kasischke et al. (2002) studied the patterns of large fires over the last 50 years in Alaska by analyzing the large-fire database (LFDB) and other information. The influence of El Niño weather events was investigated by Hess et al. (2001), who concluded that many of the largest fire years occurred during or just after a warm ENSO episode. Stevens and Dallison (2005) urged that recent climate change in the boreal forest could substantially impact on the number and size of wildfires in Alaska and should be more thoroughly studied. New fire-management strategies may need to be explored under climate change to protect crucial wildlife habitats, subsistence resources, and human inhabitants in the boreal forest from incendiary impacts. The authors are now seeking strategies through comparative studies of forest fires and weather in Alaska, North America, and Sakha, Far Eastern Siberia.","PeriodicalId":168386,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128897274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life Loss Prevention of Residential Fire Based on Demographics and a Classification of the Fatalities","authors":"Keiko Suzuki","doi":"10.11196/KASAI.57.2_29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11196/KASAI.57.2_29","url":null,"abstract":"住宅火災による年間死者数1)は、1980年代は800人 前後で推移していたが,1990年代から上昇傾向を示 し,2005(平成17)年には1220人2)に達した。特に2005 (平成17)年は前年の1038人から約18%の急激な増加 を示したことから,消防機関はこの急増の原因究明と 住宅防火対策の更なる取り組みを求められている3)。 本報は,住宅火災による死者の人的要素に着目し, 死亡率(人口10万人あたりの年間死者数,以下同 じ。)の差違とその経年変化,住宅火災による死者に 占める割合の変化等により,近年の死者数の増加要因 の解明を行った。これまでは,住宅火災による死亡率 が他の年齢層に比べ高いことが知られている高齢者の 増加により,住宅火災による死者総数も増加すること が予想されてきた。また,男女・年齢・一人暮らしか どうかにより4)5),あるいは建物の構造により6),住宅 火災による死亡率が異なることが既往の研究で指摘さ れているが,死亡率や死者の属性の推移を詳細に分析 した研究はなかった。 また,本報ではクラスター分析手法を用いて住宅火 災による死者をその人的要素によって類型化するとと もに,各類型の死者数と死亡率の推移から,死者を低 減するための対策を検討した。 住宅火災による死傷者の類型化を目的とした分析事 例は複数ある。自治省消防庁7)(1989)は,数量化III 類により死者の人的属性項目を用いて類型化を行った。 この結果は,現在消防機関が住宅防火対策を講じる際 の死者像の基本となっている。しかしこの分析で採用 Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering Vol. 57. No. 2 (2007)","PeriodicalId":168386,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124644327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smoke Movement Tests in Subway Stations Actually in Service","authors":"S. Moriyama, Y. Hasemi, N. Okazawa, D. Nam, Wenting Ding","doi":"10.11196/KASAI.56.3_65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11196/KASAI.56.3_65","url":null,"abstract":"地下鉄駅などの地下空間は、韓国テグ市での地下鉄 火災事件1)2)3)にみられるように,一度,火災が発生し 煙が充満してしまうと,避難はおろか消防活動にも支 障をきたし易い構成の地下空間である。また,煙流動 の観点からみても,地上に建設される高層ビルとは異 なり,避難方向に煙が流れることで避難に大きな支障 が生じることや,消防隊の進入口が煙排出口となるこ となど地下空間独特の危険性が考えられる。 特に最近の地下鉄駅はより深層化する傾向にあるが, その火災安全性注1)は必ずしも実験等で検証されたも のではない。類似施設については,自動車トンネル空 間における煙流動実験やシミュレーション等の研究例 があるが,地下鉄駅舎については発煙筒規模の熱・煙 源を用いた目視観察注2)3)以外に実験例がなく,現状で は,シミュレーションのみを行ったとしても妥当性を 判断できず,火災・煙流動の一般性状の把握や計算手 Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering Vol. 56. No. 2 (2006)","PeriodicalId":168386,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132837689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling on the Trajectory of An Inclined Fire Plume in Cross-winds","authors":"Y. Oka, O. Sugawa, Tomohiko Imamura, Yoshio Takeishi, M. Honma","doi":"10.11196/KASAI.55.2_49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11196/KASAI.55.2_49","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168386,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128583104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Evaluation Method of Accessibility to Water Resources for Fire Fighting in Urban Earthquake Disaster","authors":"Takao Nakano, Yoshio Kumagai","doi":"10.11196/KASAI.54.2_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11196/KASAI.54.2_25","url":null,"abstract":"1.1 研究の背景と目的 消防の使命は,消防組織法(昭和22年,法律226 号)第一条によって「消防は,その施設及び人員を活 用して,国民の生命,身体及び財産を火災から保護す るとともに,水火災又は地震等の災害を防除し,及び これらの災害に因る被害を軽減することを以て,その 任務とする」とされている。社会情勢が変化し続ける 中,この使命を達成するために,消防関係者は,常に, 災害現場において,また,調査研究や制度見直し等に 全力で取り組んできている。 しかし,平成7年1月17日未明に大都市直下で発生 した「平成7年(1995年)兵庫県南部地震」では,消 防関係者の予想を上回る未曾有の被害が発生した。後 に「阪神・淡路大震災」と命名されたこの大震災は, 都市化の進んだ日本ではもはや起こることはないと思 われていた同時多発火災と市街地延焼が被害を拡大さ せた。 地震発生から既に約10年が経過し,多くの研究者に よって様々な角度からの被害検証が進められ1),同じ 過ちを繰り返さないための政策実施が始まってい る[注1]。消防関係者も例外ではなく,阪神・淡路大震 災から学んだ教訓から地震等の災害による被害を軽減 するために調査研究を進め,消防活動のあり方を検討 し,事前対策を講じてきている2),3)。 そこで,本研究では,消防力の一つとしての“消防 水利”に焦点をあてることとした。震災時の市街地火 災による人的被害と延焼被害を減少させるための一方 策を提案するため,地震動による建物倒壊を加味した 上で,消防ポンプ自動車が消防水利まで到達できる可 能性を指標とした,消防水利の評価を行うことを目的 Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering Vol. 54. No. 2 (2004)","PeriodicalId":168386,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130719022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Kinetic Analysis on Thermal Decomposition of a Flammable Solid Decomposing through Multiple 1st Order Reactions","authors":"H. Ohtani, Akio Miyazawa","doi":"10.11196/KASAI.53.2_49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11196/KASAI.53.2_49","url":null,"abstract":"Thermogravimetry is a popular analytical method for investigating thermal decomposition mechanism of solid material. From data obtained by thermogravimetry, the activation energy and the frequency factor of decomposition reaction can be de-rived easily if the material is decomposed through a single reaction. However, it becomes harder when several reactions occur when the material decomposes. In this study, we chose PMMA as a sample solid, which decomposes thermally through four elementary steps. The analytical method to derive the activation energy, the frequency factor, and the decomposition fraction of each elementary step was discussed. Abstract","PeriodicalId":168386,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114592401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Backdraft and its Related Phenomena in a Small Compartment Fire","authors":"Y. Kudou, H. Hayasaka, Yoshihiro Hashimoto, Takashi Ueda","doi":"10.11196/KASAI.50.1_31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11196/KASAI.50.1_31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168386,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131544632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Basic Study on Fire Spread Speed and Prediction both Earthquake and Strong Leeward Fire in Urban Area","authors":"K. Yasuno, Y. Namba, Tadahiko Nishitani","doi":"10.11196/KASAI.48.1_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11196/KASAI.48.1_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168386,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132937491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical Model and Experiments of Axisymmetric Spread of Smoke Front under Ceiling","authors":"T. Matsushita, H. Fukutani, M. Matsumoto","doi":"10.11196/KASAI.48.1_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11196/KASAI.48.1_19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168386,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131418611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}