Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Chemical composition and anticancer activity of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae) essential oil from Egypt","authors":"Mouchira A. Choucry","doi":"10.5897/JPP2015.0399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2015.0399","url":null,"abstract":"The aerial parts of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip., wildly grown in Egypt, yielded 0.8 and 1.5% (v/w) of essential oils prepared by hydrodistillation (HD), or by conventional volatile solvent extraction method (preparation of the “absolute”, SE), respectively.  The volatile components of this essential oil were determined by GC–MS analyses. Twenty eight compounds were identified in the HD sample, among which caryophyllene oxide (23.50%), 1-terpinen-4-Ol (11.15%), viridiflorol and guaienol (9.84%) were the main components. Meanwhile, 21 compounds were detected in the SE sample; 1-terpinen-4-Ol (30.90%), p-cymen-3-Ol (21.22%) were the main components. The anticancer activity of the prepared oils was evaluated against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and colon cancer cell line (HCT116). The oil prepared by hydrodistillation revealed an IC50 0.51 µg/ml for MCF-7 and 0.62 µg /ml for HCT116, while that prepared by volatile solvent extraction had a value of 0.80 µg/ml for MCF-7 and 0.91 µg /ml for HCT116. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Achillea fragrantissima, cytotoxic and terpinen-4-ol.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"86 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86842459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial and antifungal activities of leaf extracts of Phyllanthus amaru Schum and Thonn.","authors":"C. T. Senjobi, A. O. Ettu, C. O. Otujo","doi":"10.5897/JPP2013.0261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2013.0261","url":null,"abstract":"The leaf extracts of Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn. a common Western Nigerian weed, was investigated for phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities. Hexane extracts demonstrated the highest extraction of 59% followed by Acetone (57%) and water (48%). Saponins, tannins, alkaloid flavonoids, balsam, anthraquinones and phenols were extracted in an acidic medium. Twelve microorganisms (8 bacterial species and 4 fungal species) were investigated for antimicrobial activities. Generally, the fungal species showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) than the bacterial species. The test organisms showed close susceptibility to the leaf extracts when compared with Bacitracin and Erythromycin. Generally, the combination of the leaf extract with either bacitracin or erythromycin alone demonstrated synergistic effect thus showing the potential benefit of combining these standard antibiotics with the leaf extracts of P. amarus for combating infections. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Phyllanthus amarus, leaf extracts, phytochemicals, antimicrobial property antibiotic.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"31 9 1","pages":"6-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79285651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brown seaweeds administration generate psychotherapeutic response associated with brain norepinephrine modulation in rats","authors":"Adnan Khan, N. Uddin, Saima Khaliq, Shazia Nawaz, M. Rasheed, A. Dar, Muhammad Hanif, P. J. Siddiqui","doi":"10.5897/JPP2013.0430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2013.0430","url":null,"abstract":"Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has increased considerably over the past few decades in search of panacea for neuroprotection. Seaweeds are one of the herbal sources consumed in many Asian countries as medicine due to their remarkable bioprospecting properties and evident health benefits. Keeping in view the bioactive potential of seaweeds, the present study was designed to evaluate the psychotherapeutic potential of Sargassum swartzii and Stoechospermum marginatum, in association with the role of brain norepinephrine (NE) using a rat model. Adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=6) as control rats (CR), S. swartzii extract treated (SSET) and S. marginatum extract treated (SMET). Seaweeds were extracted using methanol and administered orally to rats for four weeks at a dose of 60 mg/kg. Behavioral changes for stimulant activities were assessed by activity cage and open field tests, while anxiety was observed in light-dark exploration test. Followed by scoring behavioral activities, rats were decapitated and brain samples taken out from the cranial cavity were immediately stored at -70°C until estimation of brain NE levels by high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Results exhibited an increase in ambulatory and anxiolytic activities by SSET and SMET rats with subsequent increase in brain NE as compared to CR. The increase in NE in SSET and SMET rats could be attributed to the lipolytic activity of seaweeds. However, the exact mechanism underlying the increase in NE needs further investigations. In conclusion, seaweed extracts showed significant psychostimulant and anxiolytic activity by ameliorating brain NE levels and could be studied further for isolation of active ingredients responsible for eliciting such a response. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Brown seaweeds, norepinephrine, psychostimulant activity, anxiety.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"29 1","pages":"11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77875444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary bioactivity investigation of Styrax officinalis fruit extract as potential biopesticide","authors":"R. Dib, Karim Makhoul, R. Maalouf","doi":"10.5897/JPP2016.0422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2016.0422","url":null,"abstract":"Styrax officinalis is a deciduous large shrub that grows in many Mediterranean countries. Active ingredients are localized in the fruit pericarp. Primary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of saponins, tannins and triterpenes and absence of alkaloids and flavonoids. No antimicrobial, but strong ichthyotoxic and molluscicidal effects were observed in the saponin-rich extract .Toxicity tests with the snail Cornu aspersum proved to be a potent contact molluscicide. Allowing the snail to creep on leaves and surfaces sprayed with a 1% (w/v) of pericarp extract resulted in severe dehydration and foaming through their membranes, which resulted in their death after 30 min. When the snails were fed lettuce leaves treated with the same extract solution, it did not cause any observable effect. These findings show that S. officinalis is a promising natural source of a potent contact molluscicide with no visible effect on the snail upon ingestion. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Styracaceae, Styrax officinalis, saponins, ichthyotoxic, molluscicidal, antimicrobial.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"30 1","pages":"209-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84768514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from leaves of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. in Tropical region of Nepal","authors":"S. Dhakal, P. Aryal, S. Aryal, D. Bashyal, D. Khadka","doi":"10.5897/JPP2016.0425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2016.0425","url":null,"abstract":"This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated by diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method using ascorbic acid as standard in the concentration of 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 µg/ml. Phytochemical analysis were done with the established procedure and total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of similar constituents in both methanol and chloroform extracts such as alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrate, phenol, flavonoid, steroids, protein, and amino acids. Total phenolic content in methanol and chloroform extracts were 207.39 ± 8.77 and 58.08 ± 4.41 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, respectively. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for methanol and chloroform extracts of A. indica were calculated and found to be 80.28 and 439.60 µg/ml, respectively. The finding suggests that methanol extract of the plant has significantly more antioxidant activity than the chloroform extract as clarified by total phenolics contained in the plant. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, Azadirachta indica.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"2016 1","pages":"203-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86377926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant, hypolipidemic and preventive effect of Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) on alcoholic liver damage in rats","authors":"José Luis Martínez-Rodríguez, Claudia Araceli Reyes-Estrada, Rosalinda Gutiérrez-Hernández, J. A. López","doi":"10.5897/JPP2016.0428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2016.0428","url":null,"abstract":"The use of alcoholic beverages is more common and accepted by our society despite the health risks. Alcohol catabolism produces free radicals that cause oxidative stress and damage in liver principally. Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) is a medicinal plant that has been shown to have wide variety of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant and hypolipidemic effect. The objective of this study was the evaluation of Hawthorn methanol extract as preventive treatment in alcoholic damage. A rat model of chronic alcoholic intake was generated with the administration of 3 g/kg/day in two times with 35 % ethanol for twelve weeks to evaluate the protective effect of 50 mg/kg/day for twelve weeks of Hawthorn administration by the determination of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), acid phosphatase (ACP), total bilirubin, liver glycogen, lipid peroxidation, serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL) levels in blood and hepatic tissues. Oxidative stress was evaluated by lipid peroxidation through MDA and TAC in the serum of animals. Lipid profile and glycogen was measured by LDL, HDL and glycogen concentration, respectively. Histological tissue cuts were visualized by hematoxylin eosin and Masson trichrome staining. Hawthorn treatment decreased AST, ALT, γ-GT and ACP activity in liver damage with a decrease of total bilirubin and an increase of liver glycogen stores in rats administrated with alcohol. Hawthorn showed an antioxidant and preventive effect decreasing liver lipid peroxidation levels and increasing serum TAC evidencing a hypolipidemic effect decreasing total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels without affecting HDL levels. Our results indicate that Hawthorn exhibited a protective effect against liver damage in rats with chronic alcohol administration providing a possible alternative treatment for alcohol liver damage. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Crataegus oxyacantha, antioxidant, preventive treatment, hypolipidemic, alcoholic liver damage.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"61 1","pages":"193-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82786510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities as well as stability of green and roasted coffee bean extracts from Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora grown in Thailand","authors":"Kanokwan Kiattisin, Thananya Nantarat, P. Leelapornpisid","doi":"10.5897/JPP2016.0413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2016.0413","url":null,"abstract":"Coffea arabica (Arabica) and Coffea canephora (Robusta) are the economic plants in Thailand that are widely cultivated in Northern and Southern Thailand. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities, toxicity, stability and identify chemical components of the coffee bean extracts. The best extract that showed good biological activities will be further used to develop cosmeceutical products. Green and roasted coffee beans from two species were extracted with hexane following ethanol by maceration. Their antioxidant activities were detected by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. In addition, anti-tyrosinase activity was also evaluated. The results revealed that the ethanolic coffee bean extracts showed a higher level of antioxidant activity than in the hexane extracts. All extracts also possessed a considerable anti-tyrosinase activity, but less potent than kojic acid and arbutin. Chemical compounds of these extracts were determined using caffeine and chlorogenic acid as standards of reference by the thin layer chromatography and the high performance liquid chromatography. The green coffee bean extracts consisted of caffeine and chlorogenic acid while the roasted coffee bean extracts presented only caffeine due to a few chlorogenic acid content after the roasting process. The ethanolic coffee bean extracts that showed good activities were selected to be evaluated on toxicity and stability. The selected extracts were kept at various storage conditions to evaluate their stability using DPPH assay and anti-tyrosinase activity assay. The result showed that the extracts were not toxic to cells. Therefore, the extracts were safe to be components in skin care products. After the stability test, the extracts indicated a good stability and activities. These results led to the conclusions that the coffee bean extracts possess a good biological activities and are assumed to be promising natural active ingredients with a good stability profile for further development of cosmeceutical or anti-aging products. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, green coffee bean, roasted coffee bean, antioxidant activity, anti-tyrosinase activity.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"82 1","pages":"182-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90857394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amaranthus viridis modulates anti-hyperglycemic pathways in hemi-diaphragm and improves glycogenesis liver function in rats","authors":"S. Uddin, Md. Mahmodul Islam, Md. Mynul Hassan, A. Bhowmik, B. Rokeya","doi":"10.5897/JPP2016.0406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2016.0406","url":null,"abstract":"Amaranthus viridis is an ecumenical species in the botanical family of Amaranthaceae, which has been traditionally used to treat several skin diseases along with some antilipidemic activities. The present study was carried out to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic effect of 75% ethanolic extract of A. viridis in Neonatal streptozotocin (N-STZ) induced rats’ hemi-diaphragm, including screening for secondary plant metabolites. Qualitative phytochemical studies were done by various conventional methods for the possible secondary metabolites. For antidiabetic assay via hemi-diaphragm, Long-Evan rats were used in the study. Type 2 diabetes was induced by a single ip injection of streptozotocin to 48 h old pups (N-STZ) and after 3 months, rats were confirmed by an oral glucose tolerance test and further selected for the experiment. Studies to evaluate the glucose utilization capacity of A. viridis in isolated rat hemi-diaphragm were done. The data were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis. In vitro glucose uptake by hemi-diaphragm study showed glucose uptake increased significantly in left diaphragm of type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin alone treated and A. viridis alone treated group, where A. viridis alone treated group showed very highly significance (p=0.000). Treatment with both insulin and A. viridis increased the glucose uptake also very significantly (p=0.004). A. viridis extract acted more significantly compared to insulin in T2DM rats. In the normal rats at left hemi diaphragm, A. viridis extract also increased glucose uptake more significantly (p=0.009) compared to insulin (p=0.013). At the right diaphragm, glucose uptake increased in all treated groups compared to control group but not significantly. This plant may contain potential anti-hyperglycemic agents which possibly act through some extra pancreatic mechanism that include glucose uptake by diaphragm and increased glycogenesis by liver. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Amaranthus viridis, antidiabetic, hemi-diaphragm, streptozotocin, glucose, Long-Evan rats.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"14 1","pages":"173-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85550278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of seasonal changes on the quantity of phytochemicals in the leaves of three medicinal plants from Limpopo province, South Africa","authors":"S. Gololo, L. J. Shai, N. Agyei, M. Mogale","doi":"10.5897/JPP2016.0408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2016.0408","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to investigate the effect of seasonal changes on the quantity of phytochemicals in leaves of three medicinal plants: Barleria dinteri, Grewia flava and Jatropha lagarinthoides, collected from Limpopo province in South Africa. Three medicinal plants were collected during different seasons of the year and phytochemicals were quantified on plant samples collected in each season. Alkaloids and tannins were in high amounts during colder seasons (autumn and winter) in all plants, whereas flavonoids were in high amounts during warmer seasons (spring and summer). In addition, saponins were in high amounts during warmer seasons in G. flava and J. lagarinthoides, while no significant seasonal difference was recorded in B. dinteri. Furthermore, simple phenols were in high amounts during autumn in G. flava, while in high amounts during summer in J. lagarinthoides with no significant difference amongst seasons in B. dinteri. The findings of the study indicate that seasonal changes affected the quantity of inherent phytochemicals in the leaves of three medicinal plants under current study in a phytochemical specific manner.   \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Barleria dinteri, Grewia flava, Jatropha lagarinthoides, phytochemicals, seasonal changes, quantitative","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"32 1 1","pages":"168-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90591187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Essential oil constituents and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the root of Mondia whitei (Hook. F.) Skeels (Periplocaceae)","authors":"Idayat Titilayo Gbadamosi, S. Aboaba","doi":"10.5897/JPP2016.0392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2016.0392","url":null,"abstract":"The composition of the essential oil of the root of Mondia whitei was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The agar-well diffusion technique was used for the antimicrobial assay of the oil against nine clinical pathogenic organisms viz. Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococccus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Twenty-eight compounds representing 99.92% of the essential oil were characterized. The major constituents of the oil were (E)-2-hexen-1-ol (25.96%), heptacosane (20.94%), phytol (15.60%), 1-hexanol (8.94%), (E)-2-hexenal (4.29%) and 2-hydroxy-p-anisaldehyde (4.21%). At 106 cfu/ml inoculums concentration, the oil was most active against E. coli (50.0 mm) and S. aureus (48.3 mm) and least active on C. albicans (15.0 mm). Generally, the oil exhibited significant (P ≤ 0.05) antimicrobial activity against the test organisms. The observed antimicrobial activity justify the ethnomedicinal uses of M. whitei in Nigeria. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Essential oil, Mondia whitei, root, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, pathogenic organisms, antimicrobial assay.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"1 1","pages":"163-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75568359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}