Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaves and flowers ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions from an Algerian endemic plant Calycotome spinosa (L.) Link","authors":"Radia Cherfia, Mounira Kara Ali, Imen Talhi, Akila Benaissa, N. Chaouche","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0471","url":null,"abstract":"Calycotome spinosa (L.) Link is one of the important plants in traditional medicine especially in Algeria. The present work deals with the phytochemical screening, the flavonoids extraction from leaves and flowers of this plant, the quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as the evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions. While, the rest, interacted with its phenolics identification. The results of preliminary phytochemical screening showed that C. spinosa contained various metabolites: Polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins etc. In addition, the findings of polyphenols determination using Folin Ciocalteu was high in all the fractions: 107.75±0.41 and 64.24±1.81 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract for leaves ethyl acetate and n-butanol respectively and 81.45±0.6 and 96.06±2.72 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract for flowers ethyl acetate and n-butanol successively. Conversely, the flavonoids content in the four fractions by AlCl3 was less important than polyphenols. Moreover, the obtained fractions were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity using DPPH assay. Besides, the obtained result revealed that Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of leaves exerted very high antioxidant activities with IC50 equal to 45.25±1.8 and 52.80±2.05 µg/mL, respectively compared with flowers. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of those fractions against many microbial strains have also been investigated using the disc diffusion method; the leaves ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity against Acinetobacter baumannii with a zone inhibition diameter equal to 22±0.06 mm. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detector (HPLC/DAD) analysis performed with C. spinosa fractions revealed the richness of plant in many phenolic compounds. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Calycotome spinosa (L.) Link, medicinal plant, phenolics and flavonoids content, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial potential, high-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detector (HPLC/DAD).","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"98 1","pages":"185-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90600549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical and biological analyses of Citharexylum spinosum","authors":"A. Kamal, M. Abdelhady, Heba Tawfeek, Maha G. Haggag, E. Haggag","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0479","url":null,"abstract":"The phytochemical screening of Citharexylum spinosum L. aerial parts resulted in the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and/or glycosides, triterpenes and/or sterols and saponins. The percentage of hydrocarbons and sterols in C. spinosum petroleum ether extract were 99.57 and 0.3%, respectively. In petroleum ether extract, saturated fatty acids (78.76%) and unsaturated fatty acids (9.14%) were found. Chromatographic fractionation of 80% aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of C. spinosum resulted in isolation of 10 compounds; β-Sitosterol, β-Sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Oleanolic acid, Gallic acid, Quercetin, 6-Methoxy acacetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Naringenin, Quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (Quercetrin), 1, 2, 6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and Rutin. The antipyretic activity of aqueous methanolic residue using Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats was significant at dose 300 mg/kg. All tested samples had no analgesic activity. The major isolated compounds were quercetin and quercetrin, their biological activities, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, were determined parallel to the extracts. It was found that the aqueous methanolic residue, chloroform extract, quercetin and quercetrin exerted significant antimicrobial activity. From 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay on A2780 human ovarian cell line, quercetrin showed moderate cytotoxic activity, whereas quercetin showed significant cytotoxic activity. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Citharexylum spinosum, lipoidal matter, phenolics, antipyretic, antimicrobial.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"26 1","pages":"173-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87253890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of some biological activities of Trigonella hamosa aerial parts","authors":"Sameer H Qari, M. Nayer","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0473","url":null,"abstract":"The antimicrobial activity of T. hamosa aerial parts extract against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus fecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas auregenosa, Candida albicans, Fusarium sp. and Aspergilus niger was evaluated by disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for susceptible test microorganisms were further determined. Also the antioxidant and α-amylase inhibition activities were investigated. The extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against C. albican, B. subtilis and E. fecalis; the MICs were 5.5, 7 and 8.5 mg/ml, respectively. Antioxidant and α-amylase inhibition activities of the extract were concentration dependent and the IC50 values were 0.19 and 35 mg/ml, respectively. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography was used to detect the bioactive fractions of the extract. It revealed that three different fractions of different polarities exhibited antimicrobial, α-amylase inhibition and antioxidant activities. The toxicity of the extract to brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae was assessed and the LC50 was found to be 2.3 mg/ml. This study suggests that the extract of T. hamosa aerial parts could be a source of bioactive compounds of different biological activities and is safe in terms of toxicity level. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Trigonella hamosa, antimicrobial, antioxidant, α-amylase, toxicity.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"31 1","pages":"165-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80361995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves and roots of Cassia sieberiana DC.","authors":"T. F. Omolola, B. E. Kevwe, A. Jemilat, F. Oluyemisi","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0461","url":null,"abstract":"Cassia sieberiana DC. (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae), commonly known as drumstick and ‘aridantooro’ in Yoruba, is a perennial tree native to Africa. It is used in ethno-medicine to manage arthritis and rheumatism. Pharmacological activities such as myorelaxant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial have been reported in literature. Pharmacognostic investigation including microscopy, chemomicroscopy, physicochemical analysis and phytochemical investigations including thin layer chromatographic finger printing were conducted on fresh and powdered leaf and root samples of this plant. The macro and microscopic studies revealed the leaves to be simple, petiolated, glabrous and pinnately veinnated. The lower epidermal surface is characterized by abundant anomocytic stomata, polygonal epidermal cells and numerous uniseriate, unicellular trichomes. Quantitative leaf analysis revealed the following: stomatal number (163.8), stomatal index (19.04), palisade ratio (17.01), vein islet number (56.45) and vein termination number (61.45). Chemomicroscopic characters present include lignins, tannins, mucilage, starch, oils and calcium oxalate crystals. The physicochemical parameters evaluated are moisture content of 6.3%, total ash of 4.2%, acid-insoluble ash of 3.4%, sulphated ash of 11.0%, water-soluble ash of 0.8%, alcohol-soluble extractive of 21.3%, and water-soluble extractive of 16.7%. Chromatographic fingerprints of ethanol 70% extracts show major spots at Rf = 0.18 daylight (brown), UV366 (deep brown), spray reagent at 100°C (brown); Rf = 0.57 daylight (brown), UV366 (deep brown), spray reagent at 100°C (brown); Rf = 0.89 daylight (green), UV366 (red), spray reagent at 100°C (brown). The pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves of C. sieberiana is reported here for the first time. The results of this research provide information which can be included in official monograph of the plant for its proper identification and quality control. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cassia sieberiana, pharmacognostic studies, physicochemical studies, chemomicroscopy.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"44 1","pages":"157-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83243974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the management of mental illnesses in some selected local government areas of Plateau State, Nigeria","authors":"L. Ior, S. Otimenyin, V. A. Okwori, D. Umar, J. J. Azila","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0464","url":null,"abstract":"Mental illness refers to all diagnosable mental disorders which are characterised by abnormalities in thinking, feelings or behaviours. Ethnobotanical study surveyed the different types of medicinal plants used for the treatment of mental illness in Bassa, Pankshin, and Kanke Local Government Areas of Plateau State, Nigeria. Information was obtained from traditional medicine practitioners, herbalist and herb sellers, with the aid of semi structured questionnaire. Plant samples were collected and identified by taxonomists in the herbarium section of Federal College of Forestry Jos and Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. The information was obtained from a total of 35 respondents. Forty two plants were identified from the study, from 31 families. The source, uses, plant parts, and methods of preparation were some of the information derived. The family with the highest number of represented species was Lamiaceae accounting for 10% with a user value of 0.035. The dominant route of administration employed for drug delivery was oral accounting for up to 80% (56% as strictly oral). The plant parts mostly collected by the respondents for management of the conditions reported are leaves amounting to 51%. Some of the plants have recorded scientific values for neuropharmacological activities, whereas others are yet to be tested. It is important to validate these plants scientifically for possible neuropharmacological properties that may be harnessed for future use. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Neuropharmacological, ethnobotanical, survey, mental illness, herbalists, traditional medicine.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"13 1","pages":"146-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76904476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity of Randia dumetorum Lam. leaf extract","authors":"Abdullah-Al-Ragib, M. Hossain, Javed Hossain, Md Jakaria","doi":"10.5897/JPP2016.0435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2016.0435","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the current study was to explore the antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity of different ’fractions from the leaf extract of Randia dumetorum. Proximate analysis and phytochemical screening were done with standard protocol. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity determination, determination of total phenolic content, determination of total flavonoid content and reduction of ferric ions by ortho-phenanthroline color method. In the antioxidant studies, ascorbic acid, gallic acid and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) were used as standard antioxidant compound. The brine shrimp lethality test was used to examine cytotoxicity. In the proximate analysis, moisture content, total ash value, acid insoluble ash and water-soluble ash value were found in the leaf of R. dumetorum. Concerning the phytochemical screening, there was the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, reducing sugars, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins on different fractions, but the absence of gums and mucilage, alkaloid, protein, and amino acid. The results show that all the extracts of R. dumetorum leaf possess significant antioxidant activity. ’The methanol and water extracts of the leaves showed significant cytotoxic activity as compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (LC50 1.07 µg/ml). These findings suggest that R. dumetorum leaves might be a good antioxidants source and possess mild cytotoxic effect. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Randia dumetorum, proximate analysis, phytochemical screening, antioxidant, lethality bioassay.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"49 1","pages":"138-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91069622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacognostic studies and elemental analysis of Cassytha filiformis Linn","authors":"A. A. Ambi, Garba F. Nuru, A. Mora, A. Ahmad","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0448","url":null,"abstract":"Cassytha filiformis, a leafless and perennial vine with small scales as a replacement of the leaves is currently being used in the treatment of various disease conditions such as jaundice. Macroscopic/ organoleptic characters, microscopic, chemo-microscopic characters, numerical standards, and elemental analysis were determined from the whole plant of C. filiformis. Findings from this study revealed the presence of some diagnostic microscopical features such as paracytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes with cystoliths, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals and annular xylem vessels. Quantitative physical constants include moisture contents (5.5 %), ash value (17 %), acid insoluble ash value (1 %), total tannins (27.3 %), swelling index (165 %), water, ethanol and oil extractive indices (20.6, 13.6 and 1.6%, respectively). Trace metals such as Fe (165.4279 ppm), Mn (14.4093 ppm) and Ni (2.7933 ppm) detected in C. filiformis were higher than FAO/WHO (1984) permissible limit for edible plants, While others: Pb (0.0568 ppm), Zn (0.1094 ppm), Cd (0.0103 ppm) and Cu (0.0535 ppm) were found to be within the safety limit. The aim of this work was to study the pharmacognostic, characters, elemental analysis and numerical standard of C. filiformis. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), Rumfar gada, Lauraceae, pharmacognosy.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"44 1","pages":"131-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86991539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical and zootechnical studies of Physalis peruviana L. leaves exposured to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","authors":"C. Fokunang, F. Mushagalusa, E. Tembe-Fokunang, J. Ngoupayo, B. Ngameni, L. N. Njinkio, J. Kadima, F. Kechia, B. Atogho-Tiedeu, W. Mbacham, B. Ngadjui","doi":"10.5897/JPP2016.0418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2016.0418","url":null,"abstract":"This is a phytochemical and zootechnical study on Physalis peruviana leaves in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. This was part of a scientific development program of plant resources used in Congolese traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in which individual and community consequences are well established. Different fractions with hexane, ethyl acetate and the residue were obtained from the hydroalcoholic extract of P. peruviana leaves. Phytochemical screening was focused on the usual reactions of characterization based on precipitation and coloration with general reagents. The diabetic conditions were induced in rats by a single administration of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight) intravenously. The positive control group received glibenclamide (6.5 mg/kg body weight) and each test group received 100 mg/kg of body weight. Those groups were compared with a control group which received only a Tween 20 solution (1 ml per 100 g body weight). Zootechnical profiles were evaluated by weight monitoring as well as food and water consumption in rats. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthocyanins, mucilages, cardiac glycosides, coumarins and betalains in the hydroalcoholic extract and its fractions. A highly significant difference (P ˂ 0.001) of water consumption in opposition to the food intake and weight changes was observed. This study suggested the isolation and characterization of compounds from hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of P. peruviana L. and its fractions for an extensive antidiabetic investigation. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Physalis peruviana, phytochemical, antidiabetic activity, streptozotocin, zootechnical parameters.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"30 1","pages":"123-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83299935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential health benefits and scientific review of ginger","authors":"N. Al-Awwadi","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0459","url":null,"abstract":"Ginger has been known for its several scientific properties and valued for the last 2500 years in different parts of the globe. Ginger has rich phytochemistry and several health promoting perspectives. In ginger family, Zingiber officinalis is one of most widely used species and it is found in several foods and beverages. Ginger has been used commonly to treat diarrhea, stomach upset, indigestion and nausea. It also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Ginger constituents are 80% moisture, 2% protein, 2% fiber, 1% mineral, 0.9% fat, and 12% carbohydrate. The chemistry of ginger is well documented with the respect to the oleoresin and volatile oil. It is concluded that, ginger has potential to treat numerous disorders including cancer due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. It is also useful in controlling the process of aging. This scientific review favors ginger due to its rich phytochemistry; however, due to some ambiguities, it is recommended to conduct clinical trials of ginger with sound protocol design before claiming its efficacy. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Ginger, Zingiber officinalis, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"18 1","pages":"111-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77247570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the effect of aqueous leaf extract of cassava (Mannihot esculenta) on adult Wistar rats","authors":"K. Obeten, Imasa E. Ushie, G. Udo-Affah, Obi O. Ndifon","doi":"10.5897/JPP2017.0454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2017.0454","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to explore the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Mannihot esculenta on the morphology and histology of the kidney of adult Wistar rats. Three groups of Wistar rats were used. Group A served as the control treated with 0.3 ml of normal saline, while groups B and C served as the experimental groups. Group B and C were treated with aqueous extract of M. esculenta orally at 0.2 and 0.5 ml, respectively for 14 days. At the end, the animals were sacrificed and the kidneys were processed for routine histology. From the results obtained, significant decrease in body weight of the rats treated with 0.5 ml and significant increase in the weight of the rats treated with 0.2 ml of the extract as compared to the control group was observed. The kidney section from the control group revealed normal kidney architecture. Low dose group showed hypertrophy of the tubular cells, occlusion of the Bowman’s space and edematous glomerulus. High dose group animals revealed dilated convoluted tubules, occluded Bowman’s space and glomerular derangement indicating adverse effect of the extract. From the results of this study, it may be concluded that the administration of aqueous extract of M. esculenta leaf is toxic to Wistar rats. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cassava, Wistar Rat, kidney, Bowmans space.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"5 1","pages":"117-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74898063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}