Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Bee propolis: Production optimization and applications in Nigeria","authors":"Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale, C. Nkwegu, Grace E. Ugbabe, J. Ibrahim, H. Egharevba, O. Kunle, J. Igoli","doi":"10.5897/JPP2019.0561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2019.0561","url":null,"abstract":"Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees with a wide range of medicinal uses. It is collected by bees from buds, leaves and bark exudates of several plants in both tropical and temperate regions. Propolis is sometimes referred to as “bee glue” as it is produced by bees for sealing and protection of their hives. Exploration and research into propolis and its biologically active constituents is increasing. Bee farming has become a popular commercial venture in several Nigerian communities and propolis which is a by-product of the bee hive is increasingly being produced and wasted as the economic benefits are completely unknown to the farmers or bee keepers. Propolis production has proven to be economically viable and sustainable. Phytochemical investigations of propolis had yielded several biologically active compounds which are potential drug candidates. This review examines local production and under-exploitation of propolis as a potential source of sustainable wealth creation in Nigeria. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Propolis, bee farming, production optimization, applications, wealth creation.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"39 1","pages":"33-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91244338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of extracellular calcium on in vitro uterine muscle contractions stimulated by acetone leaf extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa","authors":"M. Chiroma, H. A. Madziga, Ijuptil Chiroma, U. T. Mamza, Sanda Abba Kyari, Kwaru Mbursa Chiroma, C. Uchendu","doi":"10.5897/JPP2020.0599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2020.0599","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of extracellular calcium on isolated uterine muscle contractions stimulated by acetone leaf extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa was investigated in a rat. About 12 m segment of the uterine muscle strip was mounted initially in a thermostatically regulated organ bath (37°C) containing normal Physiological Salt Solution (PSS; De Jalon) and later inphysiological salt solution devoid of CaCl2. The extract contracted the uterine muscle preparation in a concentration-related manner in normal PSS, with 0.53 mg/ml as the lowest active concentration. This contractile response was abolished by the calcium channel blocker, verapamil HCl (2 µg/ml). The extract however, did not evoke any contractile activity on the isolated tissue in a calcium-free media (PSS), even when caffeine (2 mmol) known to release calcium via the calcium induced-calcium release (CICR) mechanism was added to the perfusate. The results demonstrated the requirement for extracellular calcium for the extract mediated contractions and the inability of the extract to access calcium from intracellular storage sites such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Therefore, the influx of Ca2+ into the cell cytosol is a pre-requisite for the extract-mediated uterine muscle contraction. \u0000 \u0000 Key word: Anogeissus leiocarpa, thermostatically organ bath, verapamil, caffeine, uterus.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75355386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medicinal plant-derived compounds as potential phytotherapy forCOVID-19: Future perspectives","authors":"Salama M. El-Darier, Suzan A. Rashed, Ayat Fayez, S. S. Hassanein, R. Muhammed, Sharaby, Noran M. Tawfik, Heba Mansour, Mohamed Adel","doi":"10.5897/JPP2021.0603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2021.0603","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the human being faces a contagious virus called SARS-CoV-2 with a high transmission ability, infection, and a relatively high mortality rate, especially for the elderly. All research interest is directed to finding a drug or vaccine to save millions of people’s lives;some have succeeded and applied now in some countries. Medicinal plants represent a green treasure that renders plentiful primary and secondary metabolites characterized by potent biological activities. Interestingly, the secondary metabolites, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids, own a broad antiviral history. The plant antiviral capabilities may be due to inhibition of viral attachment to/penetration of the host cell;inhibition of the virus replication;suppressing RNA replication;downregulation of viral proteins translation;interfering with virus non-structural/structural protein;downregulation of virus-induced pro-inflammatory/inflammatory signaling pathways in the host cell, and antioxidant activity thus abating the virus-induced oxidative stress effect. Presently, as we are trapped with a surly virus, there are attempts to exploit the power of nature. Therefore, this review’s main objective is to refer to some medicinal plants or their derivatives that limit the virus’s virulence or alleviate the symptoms associated with this virus.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88938047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive compounds and antimicrobial potential of the roots extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa, a chewing stick used for oral care in Benin Republic","authors":"Olay e Th eophile, Tchobo Fidèle Paul, Chabi Nicodème, Koudokpon Hornel, Amoussa Abdou Madjid Olatound e, Lagnika Latifou, A. Guy, Avlessi F elicien, Sohounhlou e Dominique","doi":"10.5897/JPP2020.0574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2020.0574","url":null,"abstract":"Chewing stick are still used in developing countries for oral hygiene in other to prevent oral diseases. But still, few is known about their phytochemical potential and antimicrobial activity. The present work was devoted to one of these plants used in the Republic of Benin, namely the root of Anogeissus leiocarpa. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods were used for the antioxidant activity of three crude extracts (aqueous, decoction and ethanolic). Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts as well as three fractions namely the chloroform fraction, the ethyl acetate fraction and the butanol fraction was carried out by the diffusion method. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the three fractions of A. leiocarpa was performed to identify the active fraction as well as bioactive compounds. The results show that the crude extracts exhibited a good ability to inhibit the DPPH radical and a good ability to reduce ferric Fe3+ ions to ferrous Fe2+ ion and this could be explained by their good content in phenolic compounds. The ethanolic extract of A. leiocarpa was the most active against all microorganisms used in this study. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) ranged from 0.195 to 12,500 mg/mL. The butanolic fraction was the most active with an inhibition diameter of 20.666 ± 0.577 and 22.333 ± 2.081 mm, respectively at the concentration of 50 and 100 mg/mL. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids such as chlorogenic, ferulic and gallic acids as well as tannins including tannic acid and ellagic acid and from these results, A. leiocarpa is a good plant candidate for the production of herbal toothpaste. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Phenolic compound, antimicrobial, antioxidant, chewing stick, oral care.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"53 7 1","pages":"71-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88655881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of hydroethanolic extracts from leaves and roots of Cochlospermum planchonii (Bixaceae)","authors":"Nakpane Fankibe, K. Metowogo, Yendubé T. Kantati, Yaovi-Gameli Afanyibo, P. Lawson-Evi, A. Mouzou, K. Eklu-Gadégbéku, K. Aklikokou","doi":"10.5897/jpp2020.0591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jpp2020.0591","url":null,"abstract":"Cochlospermum planchonii is traditionally used in Togo in treating several diseases, including burn wounds which achievement requires anti-infective and good cicatrisation processes. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of hydroethanolic extracts from leaves and roots of C. planchonii and its phytochemical composition. Five (05) bacterial strains were suspended in liquid media with plant extracts at various concentrations and then spread, after 24 h incubation, on solid media. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimal microbicidal (MMC) concentrations were assessed. Phytochemical characterization tests were performed and flavonoids, tannins and total phenol contents were also determined. Hydroethanolic extracts from the leaves and roots of C. planchonii were active on all the germs tested, with MICs ranging from 0.782 to 50 mg/mL and MMCs ranging from 1.563 to 100 mg/mL. The bests activities were recorded with root extract against Staphylococcus aureus: MIC=0.782 mg/mL and MMC =1.563 mg/mL. The MMC/MIC ratios are all equal to 2, indicating that both roots and leaves have bactericidal activities rather than inhibitory activities. Phytochemical tests have demonstrated the presence of metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, sterols, triterpenes, saponosides, and an absence of alkaloids. Total phenols, tannins and total flavonoids amounts found were respectively 85.466 ± 0.289; 33.566 ± 0.503; 218.333 ± 0.577 µgRE/mg in root extracts, and 75.833 ± 0.289; 26.533 ± 0,053; 183.666 ± 0.577 µgRE/mg in leaf extracts. Both root and leaf hydroethanolic extracts of C. planchonii could be potential natural antimicrobial remedies.  \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity, Cochlospermum planchonii, flavonoids, tannins.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84830801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J.F. Gmel. extracts reduce bronchial hyper responsiveness and inflammation in a murine model of asthma","authors":"Leandra da Silva Zanetti, A. C. Balestra, Jowanka Amorim, F. Ramalho, C. Wanderley, J. Luiz, P. Delprete, A. Pereira, M. Borges, Fábio Carmona","doi":"10.5897/jpp2020.0578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jpp2020.0578","url":null,"abstract":"Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J. F. Gmel. (“cat’s claw”, Rubiaceae) is a plant with potential to treat asthma because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two extracts of U. guianensis in an animal model of allergic asthma. Balb/c mice were sensitized twice with ovalbumin intraperitoneally one week apart, then challenged with intranasal ovalbumin for three days. Animals were treated with aqueous or hydroethanolic extracts (100 mg/kg) for three days, simultaneously with ovalbumin challenges. Control mice received saline solution on the same days. In vivo bronchial hyper responsiveness, airway and lung inflammation, IgE levels, and total antioxidant capacity were measured. Treatment with the hydroethanolic extract significantly reduced total cell and eosinophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage, and in vivo bronchial hyper responsiveness. Moreover, U. guianensis hydroethanolic extract significantly reduced interleukin 13 levels in lung homogenate. Total antioxidant capacity and IgE serum levels were not affected with the extract administration. Of note, treatment with the aqueous extract did not elicit significant effects on asthma-like characteristics. Only the hydroethanolic extract of U. guianensis reduced lung inflammation and bronchial hyper responsiveness in asthmatic mice. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Anti-inflammatory agents, asthma, oxindolics, phenols, respiratory hypersensitivity, Uncaria guianensis, Rubiaceae.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81194160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypoglycaemic activity of preheated (roasting) Aframomum citratum (C. Pereira) K. Schum and Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach Thonn.) fruits beverage on Streptozotocin-induced rats","authors":"Eyenga Manga, N. Takuissu, A. Ziyyat, J. Ngondi, M. Sindic","doi":"10.5897/jpp2019.0570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jpp2019.0570","url":null,"abstract":"Tetrapleura tetraptera and Aframomum citratum fruits are used as spices and in the traditional pharmacopeia in Cameroon. They are mostly combined and preheated for many purposes while cooking. The effects of roasting on the phenolic content of spices, phenolic profile of a beverage made with the mix of roasted spices and its hypoglycaemic activity on diabetes complications were investigated. Aqueous extract (infusion: 100°C; 1/5 g/ml) was prepared, and the total polyphenols and flavonoids contents before and after heat treatment were quantified. Four formulations of T. tetraptera/A. citratum (95/5; 90/10; 85/15; 80/20) were assessed and the in vitro glucose adsorption capacity of the extracts was studied to retain the most effective formulation (AEF). Phenolic and derivatives compounds of AEF were analysed using HPLC-DAD methodology. The AEF hypoglycaemic activity (250 mg/kg bw) and the various complications of hyperglycaemia after Streptozotocin induction (55 mg/kg) were examined on rats. Significant (p<0.05) improvements in phytochemical content were noticed for T. tetraptera and AEF extracts after heat treatment. Among the phenolic compounds identified, flavone, protocatechic, chlorogenic, p-Coumaric acids, and naringin showed the highest concentrations. Significantly, the effect of AEF is the same as the administration of AEF-Glibenclamide (Glibenclamide) and Acarbose after 4 h when assessing the anti-hyperglycaemic test. The influence of Glibenclamide (the reference drug) is significantly improved by AEF, and this synergy has the best anti-hyperglycaemic, hypoglycaemic, hypotriglyceridaemic potential and boosts catalase, superoxide dismutase activities while reducing Malondialdehyde (liver, pancreas, haemolysates) and hydroperoxide (liver, plasma, and kidney) contents compared with the use of single AEF. Key words: Tetrapleura tetraptera, Aframomum citratum, anti-diabetic, hyperglycaemia, roasting, pharmacopeia, hypoglycaemia, infusion, HPLC-DAD, Streptozotocin","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84265832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory activity of Nepalese medicinal plants from Gorkha district","authors":"Rai Junita, Raj Sharma Khaga, R. Yuba","doi":"10.5897/jpp2020.0571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jpp2020.0571","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity, α-amylase inhibition activity, estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content and the toxicity in ten medicinal plants Woodfordia fructicosa, Tectaria coadunate, Prunus cerasoides, Abrus precatorius, Eclipta prostrate, Poranopsis paniculata, Chenopodium album, Oroxylum indicum, Curcuma caesia, and Butea monosperma collected from Gorkha District of Nepal. Methanolic extracts of all the plants showed the presence of different phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, and quinones. The highest radical scavenging was observed in methanol extract of P. cerasoides with IC50 = 7.54±0.223 µg/ml. The potency of the radical scavenging effect of P. cerasoides was about six times greater than standard ascorbic acid (39.85±0.025 µg/ml) taken. P. cerasoides showed high phenol content (805.48±0.024 mg GAE/g extract) whereas total flavonoid content varied from O. indicum (16.96±0.015 mg QE/g extract) to W. fructicosa (722.76±0.108 mg QE/g extract). The methanol extract of E. prostrate was found to be toxic against brine shrimp as shown in the LC50 value of 6.3 µg/ml. T. coadunate and A. precatorius showed effective results with an IC50 value of 80.89 and 70.29 µg/ml respectively in α-amylase inhibition test. This study provides some scientific support for traditional uses of plants for diabetes management and other ailments. Since extracts of W. fructicosa and P. cerasoides are rich sources of bioactive chemical constituents, further in-vitro and in-vivo bioactivity of these extracts need to be studied for their exact mechanism of action. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antioxidant, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), phenolic content, flavonoid content, inhibition.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"15 1","pages":"28-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86176083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macroscopic and microscopic features of diagnostic value for Warburgia ugandensis Sprague leaf and stem-bark herbal materials","authors":"O. Ondora, N. Gikonyo, H. Nyambaka, Grace N.Thoithi","doi":"10.5897/jpp2019.0569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jpp2019.0569","url":null,"abstract":"Warbugia ugandensis is among the ten most utilized medicinal plants in East Africa. Stem-bark and leaves are used as remedies for malaria, stomachache, coughs and several skin diseases. Consequently, the plant is endangered because of uncontrolled harvest from the wild and lack of domestication. There is therefore fear of poor quality commercialized products due to lack of quality control mechanisms. The objective of this study was to investigate features of diagnostic value that could be used to confirm its authenticity and purity. Samples in the study were obtained from six different geographical locations in Kenya by random purposive sampling. Macroscopic and microscopic studies of the leaf and stem-bark were done based on a modified method from the American herbal pharmacopoeia. The study revealed over five macroscopic and organoleptic characteristics for W. ugandensis leaf and stem-bark including strong aromatic odor and bitter peppery taste. Major microscopic characteristics of the leaf included anomocytic stoma, oil glands and trichomes. Microscopy of stem-bark revealed scaly outgrowths and parenchyma cells in addition to clusters of simple starch granules. Macroscopic and microscopic features of diagnostic value identified can be used to evaluate the quality of W. ugandensis herbal materials especially for confirmation of purity and authenticity. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Microscopic, macroscopic, Quality, Warbugia ugandensis, herbal.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73435222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on biological and immunomodulatory properties of Moringa oleifera in animal and human nutrition","authors":"Adouko S. Jacques, Soham Arnaud, Ohouko O. H. Fr ejus, D. Jacques","doi":"10.5897/jpp2019.0551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jpp2019.0551","url":null,"abstract":"Moringa oleifera, also called \"miracle tree\" or \"tree for life\" is a tree native from India. Highly resistant to drought, M. oleifera grows very well in tropical regions, including Benin. It is a plant with very high nutritional values. The different parts of the plant (leaves, fruiots, seeds, roots, bark and flowers) have multiple uses, both therapeutic and nutritional, with uses in human and animals. The leaves for example, are rich in minerals, vitamins, phenolic compounds like phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids, phytosterols, and alkaloids. It is reported that M. oleifera had anaphylactic, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial properties. The present study focuses on the biological properties of Moringa so that it can be used in the treatment of viral diseases in chicken. Key words: Moringa oleifera, bioactive compounds, biological properties.","PeriodicalId":16801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76305595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}