Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical最新文献

{"title":"From dual-unitary to biunitary: a 2-categorical model for exactly-solvable many-body quantum dynamics","authors":"Pieter W Claeys, Austen Lamacraft, Jamie Vicary","doi":"10.1088/1751-8121/ad653f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad653f","url":null,"abstract":"Dual-unitary brickwork circuits are an exactly-solvable model for many-body chaotic quantum systems, based on 2-site gates which are unitary in both the time and space directions. Prosen has recently described an alternative model called <italic toggle=\"yes\">dual-unitary interactions round-a-face</italic>, which we here call <italic toggle=\"yes\">clockwork</italic>, based on 2-controlled 1-site unitaries composed in a non-brickwork structure, yet with many of the same attractive global properties. We present a 2-categorical framework that simultaneously generalizes these two existing models, and use it to show that brickwork and clockwork circuits can interact richly, yielding new types of generalized heterogeneous circuits. We show that these interactions are governed by quantum combinatorial data, which we precisely characterize. These generalized circuits remain exactly-solvable and we show that they retain the attractive features of the original models such as single-site correlation functions vanishing everywhere except on the causal light-cone. Our framework allows us to directly extend the notion of solvable initial states to these biunitary circuits, and we show these circuits demonstrate maximal entanglement growth and exact thermalization after finitely many time steps.","PeriodicalId":16763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arctic curves of the T-system with slanted initial data","authors":"Philippe Di Francesco, Hieu Trung Vu","doi":"10.1088/1751-8121/ad65a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad65a5","url":null,"abstract":"We study the <italic toggle=\"yes\">T</italic>-system of type <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $A_infty$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">∞</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad65a5ieqn1.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>, also known as the octahedron recurrence/equation, viewed as a <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $2+1$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad65a5ieqn2.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>-dimensional discrete evolution equation. Generalizing earlier work on arctic curves for the Aztec Diamond obtained from solutions of the octahedron recurrence with ‘flat’ initial data, we consider initial data along parallel ‘slanted’ planes perpendicular to an arbitrary admissible direction <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $(r,s,t)in {mathbb{Z}}_+^3$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>∈</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"double-struck\">Z</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad65a5ieqn3.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>. The corresponding solutions of the <italic toggle=\"yes\">T</italic>-system are interpreted as partition functions of dimer models on some suitable ‘pinecone’ graphs introduced by Bousquet–Mélou, Propp, and West in 2009. The <italic toggle=\"yes\">T</italic>-system formulation and some exact solutions in uniform or periodic cases allow us to explore the thermodynamic limit of the corresponding dimer models and to derive exact arctic curves separating the various phases of the system. This direct approach bypasses the standard general theory of dimers using the Kasteleyn matrix approach and uses instead the theory of Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables, by focusing on a linear system obeyed by the dimer density generating function.","PeriodicalId":16763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A universal framework for entanglement detection under group symmetry","authors":"Sang-Jun Park, Yeong-Gwang Jung, Jeongeun Park, Sang-Gyun Youn","doi":"10.1088/1751-8121/ad6413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad6413","url":null,"abstract":"One of the fundamental questions in quantum information theory is determining entanglement of quantum states, which is generally an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we prove that all PPT <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $(overline{pi}_Aotimes pi_B)$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mo accent=\"true\">―</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>⊗</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mi>B</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad6413ieqn1.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>-invariant quantum states are separable if and only if all extremal unital positive <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $(pi_B,pi_A)$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mi>B</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad6413ieqn2.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>-covariant maps are decomposable where <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $pi_A,pi_B$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mi>B</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad6413ieqn3.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula> are unitary representations of a compact group and <italic toggle=\"yes\">π</italic>\u0000_{\u0000<italic toggle=\"yes\">A</italic>\u0000} is irreducible. Moreover, an extremal unital positive <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $(pi_B,pi_A)$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mi>B</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad6413ieqn4.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>-covariant map <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $mathcal{L}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad6413ieqn5.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula> is decomposable if and only if <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $mathcal{L}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad6413ieqn6.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula> is completely positive or completely copositive. We then apply these results to prove that all PPT quantum channels of the form <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $ Phileft(rhoright) = afrac{textrm{Tr}left(rhoright)}{d}textrm{Id}_d+ ","PeriodicalId":16763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special function models of indecomposable sl(2) representations: the Laguerre case","authors":"Sébastien Bertrand, Ian Marquette, Willard Miller, Sarah Post","doi":"10.1088/1751-8121/ad653c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad653c","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we point out connections between certain types of indecomposable representations of <italic toggle=\"yes\">sl</italic>(2) and generalizations of well-known orthogonal polynomials. Those representations take the form of infinite dimensional chains of weight or generalised weight spaces, for which the Cartan generator acts in a diagonal way or via Jordan blocks. The other generators of the Lie algebras <italic toggle=\"yes\">sl</italic>(2) act as raising and lowering operators but are now allowed to relate the different chains as well. In addition, we construct generating functions, we calculate the action of the Casimir invariant and present relations to systems of non-homogeneous second-order coupled differential equations. We present different properties as higher-order linear differential equations for building blocks taking the form of one variable polynomials. We also present insight into the zeroes and recurrence relations.","PeriodicalId":16763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-commutative probability insights into the double-scaling limit SYK model with constant perturbations: moments, cumulants and q-independence","authors":"Shuang Wu","doi":"10.1088/1751-8121/ad65a6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad65a6","url":null,"abstract":"Extending the results of Wu (2022 <italic toggle=\"yes\">J. Phys.</italic> A <bold>55</bold> 415207), we study the double-scaling limit Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev model with an additional diagonal matrix with a fixed number <italic toggle=\"yes\">c</italic> of nonzero constant entries <italic toggle=\"yes\">θ</italic>. This constant diagonal term can be rewritten in terms of Majorana fermion products. Its specific formula depends on the value of <italic toggle=\"yes\">c</italic>. We find exact expressions for the moments of this model. More importantly, by proposing a moment-cumulant relation, we reinterpret the effect of introducing a constant term in the context of non-commutative probability theory. This gives rise to a <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $tilde{q}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy=\"true\">~</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad65a6ieqn1.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula> dependent mixture of independences within the moment formula. The parameter <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $tilde{q}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy=\"true\">~</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad65a6ieqn2.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>, derived from the <italic toggle=\"yes\">q</italic>-Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (<italic toggle=\"yes\">q</italic>-OU) process, controls this transformation. It interpolates between classical independence (<inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $tilde{q} = 1$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy=\"true\">~</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad65a6ieqn3.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>) and Boolean independence (<inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $tilde{q} = 0$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mover><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy=\"true\">~</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"aad65a6ieqn4.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>). The underlying combinatorial structures of this model provide the non-commutative probability connections. Additionally, we explore the potential relation between these connections and their gravitational path integral counterparts.","PeriodicalId":16763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One dimensional lattice fluid mixture with nearest neighbour interactions","authors":"Ali Yacine Sahnoun, Mustapha Djebbar, Tounsi Benmessabih and Benaoumeur Bakhti","doi":"10.1088/1751-8121/ad6538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad6538","url":null,"abstract":"We present an exact derivation of the free energy functional of a fluid mixture of hard rods with arbitrary sizes on a one-dimensional lattice. Our approach is based on the Wertheim cluster theory which consists of mapping a system with finite range interactions to the system with pure hard-core interaction but with modified activities. We show that the free energy functional has the same form as the fundamental measure functional. The interactions part of the free energy has two contributions, one from the one-particle cavity restricted to the hard rod or hard-sphere diameter and a second from the two-particle cavity which includes the finite range of the interaction. In the limit of a one-component system, our results reduce to the one derived using the Markov chain approach. For vanishing interactions, the density functionals coincide exactly with the previously derived for the mixture of hard rods with pure hard-core interaction.","PeriodicalId":16763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compressing continuous variable quantum measurements","authors":"Pauli Jokinen, Sophie Egelhaaf, Juha-Pekka Pellonpää and Roope Uola","doi":"10.1088/1751-8121/ad6539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad6539","url":null,"abstract":"We generalize the notion of joint measurability to continuous variable systems by extending a recently introduced compression algorithm of quantum measurements to this realm. The extension results in a property that asks for the minimal dimensional quantum system required for representing a given set of quantum measurements. To illustrate the concept, we show that the canonical pair of position and momentum is completely incompressible. We translate the concept of measurement compression to the realm of quantum correlations, where it results in a generalization of continuous variable quantum steering. In contrast to the steering scenario, which detects entanglement, the generalization detects the dimensionality of entanglement. We illustrate the bridge between the concepts by showing that an analogue of the original EPR argument is genuinely infinite-dimensional with respect to our figure of merit, and that a fundamental discrete variable result on preparability of unsteerable state assemblages with separable states does not directly carry over to the continuous variable setting. We further prove a representation result for partially entanglement breaking channels that can be of independent interest.","PeriodicalId":16763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141776905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How general is the Jensen–Varadhan large deviation functional for 1D conservation laws?","authors":"Julien Barré and Ouassim Feliachi","doi":"10.1088/1751-8121/ad6226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad6226","url":null,"abstract":"Starting from a microscopic particle model whose hydrodynamic limit under hyperbolic space-time scaling is a 1D conservation law, we derive the large deviation rate function encoding the probability to observe a density profile which is a non entropic shock, and compare this large deviation rate function with the classical Jensen-Varadhan functional, valid for the totally asymmetric exclusion process and the weakly asymmetric exclusion process in the strong asymmetry limit. We find that these two functionals have no reason to coincide, and in this sense Jensen-Varadhan functional is not universal. However, they do coincide in a small Mach number limit, suggesting that universality is restored in this regime. We then compute the leading order correction to the Jensen-Varadhan functional.","PeriodicalId":16763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particle scattering and fusion for the Ablowitz–Ladik chain","authors":"Alberto Brollo and Herbert Spohn","doi":"10.1088/1751-8121/ad6411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad6411","url":null,"abstract":"The Ablowitz–Ladik (AL) chain is an integrable discretized version of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We report on a novel underlying Hamiltonian particle system with properties similar to the ones known for the classical Toda chain and Calogero fluid with pair interaction. Boundary conditions are imposed such that, both in the distant past and future, particles have a constant velocity. We establish the many-particle scattering for the AL chain and obtain properties known for generic integrable many-body systems. For a specific choice of the chain, real initial data remain real in the course of time. Then, asymptotically, particles move in pairs with a velocity-dependent size and scattering shifts are governed by the fusion rule.","PeriodicalId":16763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometrically frustrated systems which are as singles hotter than in company","authors":"Wolfgang Rudolf Bauer","doi":"10.1088/1751-8121/ad649a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ad649a","url":null,"abstract":"We show that a set of thermally weakly coupled geometrically frustrated systems (GFSs), each of which is constraint to reside at negative Boltzmann temperatures, is in equilibrium cooler than its constituents. It may even exhibit positive temperatures at low energies. The challenge for the second law of thermodynamics arising from potential heat flow related to the gradient of temperatures between a GFS and its environment is resolved by considering the energy fluctuations above the ground state. They are comprised in the canonical temperature, derived from information theory. Whereas the gradient of Boltzmann temperatures gives the direction of the stochastic drift of the most probable state of a GFS within its environment, the canonical temperature gradient defines that of heat flow.","PeriodicalId":16763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}