Xiao-han Peng , Yan-lin Zhao , Zhong Huang , Xin-feng Xia , Kun Wang , Peng Jin , Yan Du , Dao-quan Tang
{"title":"Development and validation of an UPLC-MS/MS method with polarity switching for simultaneous determination of 14 antiepileptic drugs and 2 metabolites in human serum","authors":"Xiao-han Peng , Yan-lin Zhao , Zhong Huang , Xin-feng Xia , Kun Wang , Peng Jin , Yan Du , Dao-quan Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is still the first choice for epileptic patients, while monitoring their blood concentrations is undoubtedly beneficial for minimizing their adverse side effects and optimizing their therapeutic effects. In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry with polarity switching was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of 14 AEDs and 2 active metabolites in human serum. Olanzapine was selected as the internal standard. One-step protein precipitation using methanol containing 0.05 % formic acid was used to treat sample, and the supernatant was injected for analysis without further evaporation and reconstitution. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Aglient Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) column with gradient methanol and 0.1 % formic acid in water as mobile phase. Multi-reaction monitoring was performed for quantification of 16 analytes in polarity switching mode. Matrix-matched calibration curves of 16 analytes presented good linearity within the test concentration range (<em>r</em> > 0.99). The intra- and inter-run accuracies and precisions at the lower limit of quantification, and low, medium and high quality control levels were all less than 20 % or 15 %, respectively. The extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability were all acceptable under detected conditions. Finally, this method was successfully applied in the quantitation of target analytes in the serum of patients received AEDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 116655"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaiqiang Ye , Yunxia Guo , Ying Wang , Jitao Xu , Qingyang Qin , Liyong He , Xi Yang , Yan Huang , Qinyu Ge , Xiangwei Zhao
{"title":"Acquisition and transcriptomic analysis of tissue micro-regions using a capillary-based method","authors":"Kaiqiang Ye , Yunxia Guo , Ying Wang , Jitao Xu , Qingyang Qin , Liyong He , Xi Yang , Yan Huang , Qinyu Ge , Xiangwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Profiling the site-specific transcriptomes of microregions of interest (mROIs) contributes to a complete understanding of multicellular organisms. However, the simple and efficient isolation of mROIs for spatially detecting gene expression remains challenging. Here, we develop an efficient capillary-based microdissection system (CMS) for precisely isolating targeted samples from tissue sections. Optimized sampling procedures reveal that CMS can perform mROI isolation with an efficiency of 97.9 %, and detect a sufficient number of genes for gene expression profiling (CMS-seq). We apply CMS-seq to uncover spatial heterogeneity in the cortex region of the mouse, and the subregions of hippocampus in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse. Results demonstrate that CMS-seq can profile spatial transcriptomes in tissue sections and holds promise for application spatial multi-omics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 116656"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zeynep Özdemir, Selen Al, Aykut Kul , Olcay Sagirli
{"title":"Determination of carbamazepine profile in human plasma by GC-MS","authors":"Zeynep Özdemir, Selen Al, Aykut Kul , Olcay Sagirli","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epilepsy is a major disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Carbamazepine is on the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines and is one of the most prescribed medicines for treating epilepsy. It has a narrow therapeutic range (4–12 μg/mL). Due to this narrow therapeutic range, toxic and adverse reactions are likely to be observed in the clinic. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) should be routinely performed in the clinic for epilepsy patients treated with carbamazepine. Considering that an antiepileptic drug produces an antiepileptic effect only when its free (non-protein bound) concentration crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches the brain, knowing and measuring the free drug fraction is important. In this study, a GC-MS method was developed for TDM of total and free carbamazepine, and carbamazepine epoxide in plasma. Free carbamazepine and carbamazepine epoxide were collected by ultra-filtrate, and analytes were extracted in plasma using salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLME). The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) bioanalytical method validation guidelines. In the developed method, calibration curves were constructed for total carbamazepine, free carbamazepine, total carbamazepine epoxide, and free carbamazepine epoxide with calibration ranges of 1–20 µg/mL, 0.25–20 µg/mL, 0.4–8 µg/mL, and 0.1–8 µg/mL, respectively. The corresponding LLOQ values were 1, 0.25, 0.4, and 0.1 µg/mL. The correlation coefficient for both molecules was > 0.99 and the developing technique was applied to TDM for carbamazepine profile for plasma of patient samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 116658"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ragnhild V. Nome , Øystein Flatebø , Sigurd Leinæs Bøe , Rolf Anton Klaasen , Elin Aamdal , Marius Normann , Nils Bolstad , David John Warren
{"title":"A simple automated assay format for measuring multiple immune checkpoint inhibitors","authors":"Ragnhild V. Nome , Øystein Flatebø , Sigurd Leinæs Bøe , Rolf Anton Klaasen , Elin Aamdal , Marius Normann , Nils Bolstad , David John Warren","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved survival rates in oncology, but there is a rising concern for immune-related adverse health outcomes. Monitoring drug serum concentration would enable tailored dosing, however this strategy has not yet been evaluated for ICIs. Fully automated analyte capture assays with time-resolved fluorometry using protein A as tracer, were developed for three different ICIs; the cytotoxic T lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA4) inhibitor ipilimumab (Yervoy; Bristol-Myers Squibb) and the Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors nivolumab (Opdivo; Bristol-Myers Squibb) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda; Merck). Drug trough levels were measured in serum samples from ICI-treated patients. Measuring ranges were 1–100 mg/L for all three drugs. Automation allowed for 110 samples to be analyzed in < 4 h. Median drug trough-levels after 5–7 weeks of treatment were 20 (range <1.0–45) mg/L for ipilimumab (n = 113), 60 (range 14–75) mg/L) for nivolumab (n = 21) and 19 (range 7.4–39) mg/L for pembrolizumab (n = 20). Routine drug concentration monitoring for ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab is feasible using fully automated analyte capture assays constructed with commercially available reagents. The large drug serum concentration ranges in samples from real-world patients, should be further investigated to assess the clinical relevance of ICI concentration monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 116657"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kenji Kita , Haruna Ono , Tomoko Kojima , Yuji Mano
{"title":"A simple LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of E6011, a novel anti-fractalkine monoclonal antibody, in cynomolgus monkey serum - comparison with ligand binding assay","authors":"Kenji Kita , Haruna Ono , Tomoko Kojima , Yuji Mano","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>E6011 is a monoclonal antibody that is currently under development for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. While ligand binding assays (LBAs) are typically employed for the determination of therapeutic antibodies, ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) represents an alternative platform. E6011 in monkey serum was treated with ammonium sulfate to obtain pellets for subsequent processing. The pellets were subjected to denaturalization reduction, alkylation, and tryptic digestion. The resulting signature peptide of E6011, TLADGVPSR, was assayed. The pellet digestion assay was validated in accordance with the established bioanalytical guidelines. E6011 in monkey serum was quantifiable from 3 to 729 µg/mL, with a sample volume of 0.02 mL. The selectivity was confirmed in 12 individual monkey sera. The accuracy and precision were within ± 11.2 % and 15.0 %, respectively. The validated UPLC-MS/MS assay was employed in a pharmacokinetic study in monkeys. After the intravenous dose at 1 mg/kg, E6011 reached the maximum of 27.4 μg/mL, then declined with the half-life of 169 h. The serum E6011 concentrations determined by the UPLC-MS/MS were comparable to those obtained by the LBA with electrochemiluminescence detection. These findings suggest that the established simple UPLC-MS/MS assay is reproducible and can serve as an alternative assay platform.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 116659"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel A. Weisz , Sarah M. Rogstad , Kui Zeng , Eric Pang , Ilan Geerlof-Vidavsky
{"title":"Validation of a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry method to quantify peptide-related impurities in teriparatide","authors":"Daniel A. Weisz , Sarah M. Rogstad , Kui Zeng , Eric Pang , Ilan Geerlof-Vidavsky","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With recent advances in quantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), there is growing interest in developing liquid chromatography (LC)-HRMS methods that can simultaneously quantify numerous critical impurities in a peptide or protein drug. This approach is attractive as it could reduce the total number of methods and instruments required during product development and quality control testing, while taking advantage of the technique’s high specificity and sensitivity. To investigate the feasibility of this approach for peptide drugs, an LC-HRMS method was validated for the quantification of six peptide-related impurities in teriparatide, the 34-amino acid active ingredient in Forteo. External calibration curves were constructed to correlate the peak area ratio of impurity-to-teriparatide to a known impurity abundance. The method displayed good specificity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, and robustness. The lower limits of quantification were 0.02 % or 0.03 % of teriparatide, below the regulatory reporting threshold of 0.10 %. It was found that quantification using three isotopic peaks per peptide did not provide a significant benefit over quantification with one isotopic peak. The method was validated successfully without the impractical inclusion of an isotopically-labeled internal standard for each impurity. Future studies will be conducted to determine the method’s longer-term reproducibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 116654"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Na Wang , Huimin Li , Hao Wu , Zilin Xia , Dabing Ren , Yunmei Zhang , Yan Zhao , Hong Zhang , Ke Zhuang , Lunzhao Yi
{"title":"Untargeted metabolomics combined with lipidomics revealed the effects of myocardial infarction and exercise rehabilitation on blood circulation metabolism of patients based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","authors":"Na Wang , Huimin Li , Hao Wu , Zilin Xia , Dabing Ren , Yunmei Zhang , Yan Zhao , Hong Zhang , Ke Zhuang , Lunzhao Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of death worldwide. Exercise rehabilitation (ER) is a powerful tool to improve life quality and prognosis of MI patients. Herein, we developed an untargeted metabolomics combined with lipidomics method to qualitatively and quantitatively detect metabolites in plasma. A total of 475 metabolites were annotated according to MS, MS/MS, and quantified by internal standard method. Moreover, medical statistical methods combined with chemometrics were used for metabolomics data mining and interpretation of clinical issues (matched Cohort 1, n = 90, Cohort 2, n = 6). The results illustrated that abnormal lipid metabolism is the most significant metabolic disorder for MI patients. And, three metabolic pathways, bile secretion, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and glutathione metabolism were uncovered in MI patients. Furthermore, glutamine, Phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPCs) were revealed as the essential biomarkers for ER of MI patients. Our findings revealed the metabolic landscape of MI and metabolic alterations after ER, will underlay potential applications of plasma metabolites in the detection of MI and optimization of ER program.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 116651"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142915242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khadija Bilkis , Moustafa M.R. Khalaf , Darci M. Fink , Jeremy W. Chambers , Brian A. Logue
{"title":"Analysis of Pz-1, a promising therapeutic for organophosphorus poisoning from rodent plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","authors":"Khadija Bilkis , Moustafa M.R. Khalaf , Darci M. Fink , Jeremy W. Chambers , Brian A. Logue","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (e.g., parathion) and nerve agents (e.g., soman) can produce acute and long-term neurological problems. Exposure to OP chemicals is responsible for an estimated 200,000 deaths annually. Pz-1 (N-(5-(tert butyl)isoxazol-3-yl)-2-(4-(5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[<em>d</em>]imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)acetamide) is a muscle specific kinase (MuSK) inhibitor which has shown potential as a treatment for OP chemical exposure and as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor to impede the growth of cancer cells. While development of this treatment requires the availability of a validated analytical method, no method currently exists for analysis of Pz-1 from biological samples. In this study, an analytical method was developed for Pz-1 from rat (and mouse) plasma. Plasma was prepared by precipitating plasma proteins, isolating the supernatant, evaporating to dryness and reconstituting in 1:1 MeOH:water. Prepared samples were analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method produced excellent sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 1 nM (455 ng/L). The calibration range was 3–100 nM and the calibration curve produced excellent linear behavior (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.99 and PRA ≥ 91 %). The method also showed good accuracy and precision. The validated method was used to detect Pz-1 in mouse plasma following intraperitoneal (IP) treatment with 5 mg/kg Pz-1. In summary, this method shows promise as a simple and sensitive method to analyze Pz-1 in rat plasma to facilitate its continued development as a treatment for OP toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 116650"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142965578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nguyen Tran Nam Tien , Eun Jeong Choi , Nguyen Quang Thu , Seung Jung Yu , Duc Ninh Nguyen , Dong Hyun Kim , Nguyen Phuoc Long , Hong Sub Lee
{"title":"An exploratory multi-omics study reveals distinct molecular signatures of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and their correlation with disease activity","authors":"Nguyen Tran Nam Tien , Eun Jeong Choi , Nguyen Quang Thu , Seung Jung Yu , Duc Ninh Nguyen , Dong Hyun Kim , Nguyen Phuoc Long , Hong Sub Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clinically heterogeneous spectrum and molecular phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain to be comprehensively elucidated. This exploratory multi-omics study investigated the serum molecular profiles of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), in association with elevated fecal calprotectin and disease activity states. The serum proteome, metabolome, and lipidome of 75 treated IBD patients were profiled. Single- and multi-omic data analysis was performed to determine differential analytes and integrative biosignatures for biological interpretations. We found that chronic inflammation, phosphatidylcholines and bile acid homeostasis disturbances underlined the differences between CD and UC. Besides, elevated calprotectin was associated with higher levels of inflammatory proteins and sphingomyelins (SM) and lower levels of bile acids, amino acids, and triacylglycerols (TG). Relative to the remission disease state, the active form was characterized by decreased abundances of SMs and increased abundances of inflammatory proteins and TGs. We also observed that molecular changes upon treatment escalation were putatively related to altered levels of inflammatory response proteins, amino acids, and TGs. ISM1, ANGPTL4, chenodeoxycholate, Cer(18:1;2 O/24:1), and TG were identified as candidates subject to further investigation. Altogether, our study revealed that disturbances in immune response, bile acid homeostasis, amino acids, and lipids potentially underlie the clinically heterogeneous spectrum of IBD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 116652"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Limei Tong , Yinxiu Jiang , Xinrun Zhang , Xia Zhang , Wenhua Zhang , Gang Ren , Zhanping Chen , Yuling Zhao , Sheng Guo , Hui Yan , Yang Pan , Jin-ao Duan , Fang Zhang
{"title":"Metabolic and molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis in Lycii fructus: An integration of metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis","authors":"Limei Tong , Yinxiu Jiang , Xinrun Zhang , Xia Zhang , Wenhua Zhang , Gang Ren , Zhanping Chen , Yuling Zhao , Sheng Guo , Hui Yan , Yang Pan , Jin-ao Duan , Fang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flavonoids serve as bioactive components and contribute to medicinal and nutritional profile of <em>Lycii fructus</em>. However, there is limited information regarding the influence of ecological environments on the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In this study, we integrated transcriptome sequencing and metabonomic techniques across three distinct cultivation regions to elucidate the processes of flavonoids biosynthesis and the associated gene expression levels in <em>L. fructus</em>. LC-MS/MS based metabolomics revealed significant variations in metabolite profiles including 43 differential flavonoid metabolites, predominantly consisting of flavanol compounds across diverse regions. Additionally, 154 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were categorized in the flavonoid biosynthesis identified by de novo transcriptome assembly. Transcription factors <em>C2C2 MYB</em>, <em>NAC</em>, <em>WRKY</em>, <em>AP2/ERF</em> and <em>B3</em> superfamily were the mainly hub genes regulating the flavonoids biosynthesis. The flavonoid pathway was built through integrated analysis of DEGs and DAMs to illustrate the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis. Precipitation and temperature may serve as the primary environmental factors that affected the flavonoids variations. This study proposed a schematic of flavonoid biosynthesis in <em>L. fructus</em>, and further provided evidence for environmental response of <em>L. fructus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 116653"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}