Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Phenotypic variation in neural sensory processing by deletion size, age, and sex in Phelan-McDermid syndrome.","authors":"Melody Reese Smith, Elizabeth Berry-Kravis, Andrew Thaliath, Emily L Isenstein, Allison R Durkin, Jennifer Foss-Feig, Paige M Siper, Charles A Nelson, Lauren Baczewski, April R Levin, Craig M Powell, Stormi L Pulver, Matthew W Mosconi, Alexander Kolevzon, Lauren E Ethridge","doi":"10.1186/s11689-025-09642-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-025-09642-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS) is a rare genetic condition characterized by deletion or mutation of region 22q13.3, which includes the SHANK3 gene. Clinical descriptions of this population include severely impaired or absent expressive language, mildly dysmorphic features, neonatal hypotonia, developmental delays, intellectual impairments, and autistic-like traits including abnormal reactivity to sensory stimuli. Electroencephalography (EEG) has shown promise as a tool for identifying neurophysiological abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, few EEG studies focused on sensory processing have been performed on this population. Thus, this study focuses on comparisons of event-related potential (ERP), event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP), and inter-trial coherence (ITC) between PMS and typically developing (TD) individuals in a standard auditory gating task measuring attenuation of neural activity to repetitive auditory stimuli.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 37 participants, 21 PMS (12 females, age range 8-18.6 years) and 16 TD individuals (8 females, age range 8.2-15.3 years) were included. Analysis consisted of a series of general linear models using a regional (frontal) and global (whole-head) approach to characterize neural activity between PMS and TD participants by age, sex, and group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most notably, individuals with PMS had delayed or low amplitude P50, N1, and P2 responses in frontal and whole-head analyses as well as poor frontal phase-locking to auditory stimuli for alpha, beta and gamma ITC, indicating impaired processing of stimulus properties. Additionally, individuals with PMS differed from TD by age in delta, theta, and alpha power, as well as frontal beta-gamma ITC, suggesting different developmental trajectories for individuals with PMS. Within PMS, larger deletion sizes were associated with increased auditory processing abnormalities for frontal P50 as well as whole-head P50 and N1.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>This is one of the largest EEG studies of PMS. However, PMS is a rare genetic condition, and our small sample has limited statistical power for subgroup comparisons. Findings should be considered exploratory.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results suggest that participants with PMS exhibit auditory processing abnormalities with complex variation by deletion-size, age, and sex with congruency to impaired early recognition (P50), feature processing (N1), information integration (delta, theta), sensory processing and auditory inhibition (alpha), and inhibitory modulation of repeated auditory stimuli (beta, gamma). Findings may provide valuable insight into clinical characterization of sensory and speech behaviors in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"17 1","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12376477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144957383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarker development in Sturge-Weber syndrome.","authors":"Siddharth S Gupta, Katharine E Joslyn, Kieran D McKenney, Anne M Comi","doi":"10.1186/s11689-025-09640-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-025-09640-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sturge-Weber Syndrome (SWS) is a congenital neurovascular disorder caused by a somatic mosaic mutation in the R183Q GNAQ gene and characterized by capillary-venous malformations of the brain, skin, and eyes. Clinical manifestations include facial port-wine birthmark, glaucoma, seizures, headache or migraine, hemiparesis, stroke or stroke-like episodes, developmental delay, behavioral problems, and hormonal deficiencies. SWS requires careful monitoring, management, and early identification to improve outcome and prevent neurological deterioration. Over the last 25 years, biomarkers have been developed to improve early diagnosis and prognosis and allow for the monitoring of clinical status and treatment response. Importantly, advancements in biomarker research may enable presymptomatic treatment for infants with SWS. This review summarizes current, ongoing, and potential future SWS biomarker studies. These biomarkers, in combination with clinical data, offer a rich source of data for rare disease research leveraging machine learning in future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":16530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"17 1","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12376483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144957771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An epigenome-wide association study in the case-control study to explore early development identifies differential DNA methylation near ZFP57 as associated with autistic traits.","authors":"Ellen M Howerton, Valerie Morrill, Rose Schrott, Jason Daniels, Ashley Y Song, Kelly Benke, Heather Volk, Homayoon Farzadegan, Aimee Anido Alexander, Amanda L Tapia, Gabriel S Dichter, Lisa A Croen, Lisa Wiggins, Genevieve Wojcik, M Daniele Fallin, Christine Ladd-Acosta","doi":"10.1186/s11689-025-09637-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11689-025-09637-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Quantitative measures of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-related traits can provide insight into trait presentation across the population. Previous studies have identified epigenomic variation associated with ASD diagnosis, but few have evaluated quantitative traits. We sought to identify DNA methylation patterns in child blood associated with Social Responsiveness Scale score, Second Edition (SRS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an epigenome-wide association study of SRS in child blood at approximately age 5 in the Study to Explore Early Development, a case-control study of ASD in the United States. We measured DNA methylation using the Illumina 450K array with 857 samples in our analysis after quality control. We performed regression of the M-value to identify single sites or differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with SRS scores, adjusting for sources of biological and technical variation. We examined methylation quantitative trait loci and conducted gene-ontology-term pathway analyses for regions of interest.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified a region about 3.5 kb upstream of ZFP57 on chromosome 6 as differentially methylated (family-wise error rate [fwer] < 0.1) by continuous SRS T-score in the full sample (N = 857; fwer = 0.074) and among ASD cases only (N = 390; fwer = 0.021). ZFP57 encodes a transcription factor involved in imprinting regulation and maintenance, and this DMR has been previously associated with ASD in brain and buccal samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Blood DNA methylation near ZFP57 was associated (fwer < 0.1) with SRS in the full population sample and appears to be largely driven by trait heterogeneity within the autism case group. Our results indicate DNA methylation associations with ASD quantitative traits are observable in a population and provide insights into specific biologic changes related to autism trait heterogeneity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"17 1","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12357374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges with shifting, regardless of disengagement: attention mechanisms and eye movements in Williams syndrome.","authors":"Astrid Hallman, Charlotte Willfors, Christine Fawcett, Matilda A Frick, Ann Nordgren, Johan Lundin Kleberg","doi":"10.1186/s11689-025-09639-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11689-025-09639-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"17 1","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12344835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144847158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by using load cell movement analysis under a smart chair in a simulated classroom: influence of sex and age.","authors":"Chen-Sen Ouyang, Rong-Ching Wu, Yi-Hung Chiu, Rei-Cheng Yang, Lung-Chang Lin","doi":"10.1186/s11689-025-09641-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11689-025-09641-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, typically characterized by persistent patterns of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Its diagnosis relies on criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and is primarily based on subjective observations and information provided by parents and teachers. Despite the availability of assessment tools such as the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham questionnaire, diagnosing ADHD in children remains challenging. Such scales predominantly offer subjective insights into the disorder. Therefore, in this study, we developed an objective method that employs load cells for the objective diagnosis of ADHD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A simulated classroom environment was constructed to replicate a real-world setting. The setup included a desk, chair, and large screen. Load cells, which deform under applied force, were integrated into the four legs of the chair to capture movement data. This study involved 30 children with ADHD (14 boys and 16 girls; mean age: 8 years and 1 month ± 1 year and 10 months) and 30 age- and sex-matched children without ADHD (mean age: 8 years and 3 months ± 1 year and 10 months). Participants were instructed to sit on the chair and watch an age-appropriate educational video on mathematics. Movement data, captured through the load cells, were analyzed to calculate the average trajectory length (ATL) as a measure of activity. For participants with ADHD, SNAP-IV questionnaires were completed by parents and teachers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ATL values for the ADHD and non-ADHD groups were 0.0378 ± 0.0191 and 0.0157 ± 0.0119 (p < 0.0001), respectively. In the ADHD group, boys exhibited a higher ATL (0.0443 ± 0.0100) than girls (0.0303 ± 0.0228; p = 0.0432). The SNAP-IV scores assigned by parents and teachers for participants with ADHD were 33.14 ± 13.75 and 30.95 ± 14.32, respectively. Decision tree classifiers incorporating sex as a variable demonstrated robust performance, achieving an accuracy of 90.67%, sensitivity of 92.33%, specificity of 89.00%, and area under the curve of 91.06%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The smart chair equipped with load cells is an interesting development in progress tool for the objective diagnosis of ADHD and can aid clinical physicians in making decisions regarding ADHD evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":16530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"17 1","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12341067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144835381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current situation and influencing factors of Chinese children's diagnosis delay in autism.","authors":"Feng-Lei Zhu, Yue Ji, Lu Wang, Min Xu, Xiao-Bing Zou","doi":"10.1186/s11689-025-09636-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11689-025-09636-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although experienced clinicians are capable of diagnosing autism in children before they reach the age of 2, the average age of diagnosis reported internationally is between 4 and 5 years, indicating a significant delay. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing the diagnostic delay time (DDT) in Chinese autistic children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We employed the Cox proportional hazard model to examine the effects of individual, family, sociodemographic, and healthcare system indicators on DDT in 480 Chinese autistic children (age range: 16.10-190.16 months; male-to-female ratio: 5.67:1) recruited from a tertiary hospital between 2021 and 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median DDT was 9.58 months (IQR = 15.01). Independent risk factors for delayed diagnosis included normal language competence (RR = 1.747, p < 0.001), non-core symptoms as first concerns (RR = 1.642, p = 0.013), school attendance (RR = 1.941, p < 0.001), irregular well-child visits (RR = 1.264, p = 0.028), and misdiagnosis history (RR = 0.648, p = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Diagnosis delay in Chinese autistic children is heterogeneous. Early monitoring for children with normal language skills and school-aged children, alongside improved healthcare system practices, is critical.</p>","PeriodicalId":16530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"17 1","pages":"47"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12341139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144835380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autism-like phenotype across the lifespan of Shank3B-mutant mice of both sexes.","authors":"Jakub Szabó, Johan Filo, Rebeka Démuthová, Emese Renczés, Veronika Borbélyová, Daniela Ostatníková, Peter Celec","doi":"10.1186/s11689-025-09635-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11689-025-09635-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High heritability (80-90%) of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and sex-biased incidence (3-4 times more boys than girls) suggest the roles of genetic predisposition and sex in the etiopathogenesis of the disorder. As ASD is commonly diagnosed in early childhood, most of the research is focused on children, yet animal research predominantly uses adult-aged animals. The effect of aging on the core and secondary ASD symptomatology is understudied, both in patients and animal models of ASD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To investigate the effect of aging on sociability, repetitive behavior, exploration, locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and object-avoidance behavior, behavioral phenotyping was conducted in Shank3B^-/- (n = 67) and C57BL/6J wild-type (WT, n = 68) mice of both sexes (female n = 70, male n = 65) in adolescence (1-2 months of age, n = 42), adulthood (3-6 months of age, n = 40), and old age (12-18 months of age, n = 53).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Social deficits were observed only in old Shank3B^-/- males. Anxiety-like behavior peaked in adulthood with Shank3B^-/- mice roughly 20% more anxious than controls. Repetitive grooming and object-induced avoidance behavior were twice more prevalent in Shank3B^-/- mice consistently across the lifespan. Hypoactivity (20% less distance moved) and reduced exploration (30% less rearing behavior) were recorded in Shank3B^-/- mice and were more prevalent in female animals (30% less rearing behavior). Data were analyzed using the Three-way ANOVA (genotype, sex, age), followed by a posthoc Bonferroni correction to compare respective subgroups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Present study shows that aging affects ASD-like phenotype in the Shank3B-mutant mouse model, even though the effect size seems to be small. The mechanisms underlying these partially sex-specific effects should be the subject of further research with potential translational implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"17 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12317579/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pupil responses to social stimuli are associated with adaptive behaviors across the first 24 months of life.","authors":"Rebecca Grzadzinski, Raymond S Carpenter, Josh Rutsohn, Alapika Jatkar, Kattia Mata, Ambika Bhatt, Maria M Ortiz-Juza, Madison R Dennehey, Donna Gilleskie, Jed T Elison, Nicolas Pégard, Jose Rodriguez-Romaguera","doi":"10.1186/s11689-025-09628-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11689-025-09628-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"17 1","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12317559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144764992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient reported outcomes used in clinical trials and core outcome sets for individuals with genetic intellectual disability: a scoping review.","authors":"Nadia Y van Silfhout, Maud M van Muilekom, Clara D van Karnebeek, Joost G Daams, Lotte Haverman, Agnies M van Eeghen","doi":"10.1186/s11689-025-09633-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11689-025-09633-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The impact of genetic intellectual disability (GID) on daily life is significant. To better understand the impact of GID, it is essential to measure relevant patient reported outcomes (PROs). The aim of this study is to provide an overview of PROs used for individuals with GID, laying the groundwork for a future generic core PRO set for GID.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To identify PROs used for individuals with GID, results of two literature reviews were integrated; (1) PROs extracted from a scoping review on outcomes in clinical trials, and (2) PROs identified from a scoping review on core outcome sets (COSs) for specific GIDs through a search in MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO, Embase, and the COMET database. Descriptive analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the first scoping review, 66 different PROs were identified. In the second scoping review, 22 different PROs were identified. After integrating PROs, 18 unique PROs remained, which were classified into a conceptual framework. Most frequently reported PROs were quality of life, perceived health, cognitive functioning, anxiety/stress, and depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides an overview of PROs used for individuals with GID. These results will assist in developing a generic core PRO set for GID, to harmonize PROs used in care and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":16530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"17 1","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12312581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct early development trajectories in Nf1^± and Tsc2^± mouse models of autism.","authors":"Helena Ferreira, Sofia Santos, João Martins, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Joana Gonçalves","doi":"10.1186/s11689-025-09624-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11689-025-09624-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, and repetitive behaviors. Males are three times more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than females, and sex-dependent alterations in behavior and communication have been reported both in clinical and animal research. Animal models are useful for understanding ASD-related manifestations and their associated neurobiological mechanisms. However, even though ASD is diagnosed during childhood, relatively few animal studies have focused on neonatal development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, we performed a detailed analysis of neonatal developmental milestones and maternal separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in two genetic animal models of ASD, neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1^±) and tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (Tsc2^±).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nf1^± and Tsc2^± mice display strikingly distinct developmental profiles regarding motor, strength, and coordination skills. Nf1^± mouse pups mostly show genotype-related differences, whereas Tsc2^± mouse pups mainly present sexual dimorphisms. Furthermore, we found several differences regarding the number of USVs, frequency modulation, and temporal and spectral profile. Importantly, Nf1^± animals tend to present sex- and genotype-dependent differences earlier than the Tsc2^± mouse pups, suggesting distinct developmental curves between these two animal models.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides a nuanced understanding of how these two ASD models differ in their developmental trajectories. It underscores the importance of studying sex differences and early-life developmental markers, as these could offer crucial insights into ASD's progression and neurobiology. The distinct profiles of these models may help guide more targeted therapeutic strategies in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":16530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"17 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12296589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}