Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern Offshore and Production Pipelines最新文献

{"title":"Well-Integrated Design of Surge Relief Systems in Oil Storage Facilities","authors":"E. Pérez, A. Mehta","doi":"10.1115/IPC2018-78682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2018-78682","url":null,"abstract":"Oil Storage facilities (terminals) that receive fluids from pipelines or inject fluid into them, are usually designed with a lower pressure rating than the actual pipeline between these facilities. This is mostly due to the fact that the pressure expected in the terminal is much lower than the pressure required to transport the oil. However, these terminals are still subject to pressure surges caused by abnormal transient events during normal operations. In cases where the surge pressures exceed the allowed operating pressure of the equipment, a relief system can be installed to mitigate these surges to acceptable levels.\u0000 When constructing a new terminal or altering an existing one, the hydraulic calculations of these terminals are generally based on design values of the project, such as maximum and minimum flow rates. The hydraulic studies and simulations that are normally done by companies are based on steady state conditions, however, to design intrinsically safe facilities, the system’s entire operating envelope should be considered at the design stage of the project. Once transient analysis results show the need to install a pressure relief device, the proper location of this equipment is critical for the effectiveness of the surge relief system to mitigate overpressures properly.\u0000 The effect of flow rate, piping configuration, and initial pressure profiles were simulated and compared to determine their impact on pressure surges and on the critical devices along the flow path. Secondly, simulations were done with the relief system installed in different locations along the terminal pipe and the resulting changes in maximum pressure surges.\u0000 The objective of this paper is to show the importance of a detailed transient analysis based not only on design parameters but also on operational scenarios to mitigate surge overpressures in a more cohesive manner. The secondary objective of the paper is to discuss key parameters that need to be considered for selecting the location of the surge relief valve to ensure critical devices are safe during the upset conditions. The analysis presented in this paper is applicable across a broad configuration of oil facilities.","PeriodicalId":164582,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern Offshore and Production Pipelines","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116297978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Fitness-for-Purpose Methodology and Safety Target Definitions on Geohazard Related Pipe Deformation","authors":"N. Yoosef-Ghodsi, Kurt Baraniecki, Mike Hill, Yvan Hubert","doi":"10.1115/IPC2018-78710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2018-78710","url":null,"abstract":"Previous practices at Enbridge Pipelines Inc. regarding allowable deformation and/or strain in pipelines were closely mirrored to current North American standards and did not effectively manage the time dependent aspect of active slope movement and other similar progressive external force phenomena applied to a pipeline. In addition, variability in soil spring values and/or soil displacements utilized in FEA assessments can lead to significant variability between predicted pipeline strain demand and actual conditions. Furthermore, the risk tolerance of a potential and significant deformation that could impact the serviceability of one pipeline in a Right of Way (ROW) including multiple pipelines was not well defined. Shutting down several pipelines in a ROW until it could be proven that they are fit-for-service is time consuming. In addition, it requires a good amount of engineering work to address the significant uncertainty in confirming if a pipeline has not deformed beyond a safe limit when the latest deformation in-line inspection predates significant soil movement.\u0000 A better tool was required to allow a more precise assessment. A better fitness-for-purpose approach has been developed and used to both predict when a timely repair would be required and conservatively set the In-line Inspection (ILI) re-inspection interval to monitor the condition of the pipe. This approach allowed to step away from the greater uncertainty associated with understanding the impact of soil movement on the pipe integrity. This paper presents the methodology used by Enbridge to redefine its fitness-for-purpose methodology using proven strain-deformation correlation models and strain rates estimated through multiple arrays of strain gauges. The discussion will include how the safety targets were re-engineered to account for multiple pipelines in a ROW.","PeriodicalId":164582,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern Offshore and Production Pipelines","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124483485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CSA Z663: Land Use Planning in the Vicinity of Pipelines","authors":"E. Plant, S. Capper","doi":"10.1115/IPC2018-78808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2018-78808","url":null,"abstract":"There are few standards or regulations to help stakeholders consider land use and development in the vicinity of existing pipeline systems. Land use planning that considers the existence of pipeline systems can support the planning for and provision of emergency services and pipeline integrity. This approach can also promote public safety and awareness through consistent and collaborative stakeholder engagement early in the land use planning process.\u0000 In 2016, a CSA workshop was held with a variety of stakeholders impacted by land use planning around pipeline systems. The workshop identified that there was a need for consistency across the jurisdictions in the form of a national standard.\u0000 The main goal of the new CSA Z663 standard is to provide guidance and best practices for land use planning and development. It also addresses roles, responsibilities and engagement of all stakeholders to help establish a consistent approach to land use planning.\u0000 A review of CSA Z663 will illustrate how this document provides information, guidance and tools that are inclusive to all stakeholders. This paper will also highlight the history and key drivers behind the new CSA Z663 standard and provide an overview of the current scope and content. Finally, the paper will describe future considerations and additions to the standard.","PeriodicalId":164582,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern Offshore and Production Pipelines","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124806657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Risk Assessment Techniques Based on Uncertainty Theory for Natural Gas Distribution Station","authors":"Jiaoni Zhou, Xingyu Peng, Dong-chi Yao","doi":"10.1115/IPC2018-78260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2018-78260","url":null,"abstract":"Pipeline stations, as an important part of long-distance pipeline systems, include lots of facilities which are highly concentrated and always operate continuously. Risk assessment is an important foundation work for the risk management of these stations. Since various uncertainties exist during the quantitative risk assessment (QRA), this paper explores the theories and approaches of QRA for station accidents, and also introduces some specific mathematical theories for quantification and dealing with uncertainties. This paper combines uncertainty theory effectively with the QRA for gas distribution stations, analyzes the uncertain factors in the QRA of gas distribution station, and establishes Bayesian update model for estimating basic events’ failure rates and probabilities of failure on demand based on generic failure data and plant-specific data. And it also offers conversion method among conjugate prior distribution of different types. Besides, probabilistic estimation model is set up by the combination of fuzzy set theory, expert judgments and fuzzy group decision making. The paper builds Fuzzy Bow-Tie quantitative model for distribution station under dependency relationships, and proposes the sensitivity analysis method for the accident model based on fuzzy importance index, fuzzy uncertainty index and minimal cut sets importance index.","PeriodicalId":164582,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern Offshore and Production Pipelines","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130328831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compression Capacity and the Seismic Integrity of Locally Deformed Line Pipes","authors":"A. Suganuma, Jun Kono, Masataka Hayashiguchi","doi":"10.1115/IPC2018-78320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2018-78320","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the effects of local deformation, dent, and strain hardening properties on strain capacity in compression of a line pipe.\u0000 Compression tests were conducted using two pipes with the nominal diameter of 400mm. These pipes had roundhouse type stress-strain curve, and correspond to L290 grade in Spec 5L of API (American Petroleum Institute) standards. One pipe was a plain pipe without dent, The other was a dented pipe. The depth of the dent was about 3% of the diameter. The test results explain that the strain capacity can be reduced by 25% due to the effect of dent.\u0000 A series of finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the compression behaviors. The strain capacity in compression was defined as the longitudinal critical remote strain whose strain distribution was free from the effects of a dent. At first, that finite element analyses were verified that they could reproduce the results of compression tests. Next, the size of dent were changed on that finite element analyses model, some different case were analyzed in order to investigate the changes of the strain capacity in compression. The strain capacity, the longitudinal critical remote strain, decreased to about a half in case of 3%-depth dent, compared with a plain pipe.\u0000 Seismic integrity of the pipeline with a dent is discussed in accordance with the seismic design guideline issued by Japan Gas Association. In case of the strong earthquake, “Ground Motion Level-1”, the dented gas pipeline is safe, even if the depth of the dent is 10% of the diameter. In case of the maximum earthquake, “Ground Motion Level-2”, the gas pipeline might buckle longitudinally in soft ground.","PeriodicalId":164582,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern Offshore and Production Pipelines","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126551573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Update to the Recommended UKOPA External Interference Frequency Prediction Model and Pipeline Damage Distributions","authors":"G. Goodfellow, C. Lyons, S. Turner, F. Gray, Simon Joyce","doi":"10.1115/IPC2018-78767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2018-78767","url":null,"abstract":"The United Kingdom Onshore Pipeline Operators Association (UKOPA) was formed by UK pipeline operators to provide a common forum for representing operators interests in the safe management of pipelines. This includes providing historical failure statistics for use in pipeline quantitative risk assessment and UKOPA maintain a database to record this data.\u0000 The UKOPA database holds data on product loss failures of UK major accident hazard pipelines from 1962 onwards and currently has a total length of 21,845 km of pipelines reporting. Overall exposure from 1952 to 2016 is 927,351 km years of operating experience with a total of 197 product loss incidents since 1962. The low number of failures means that the historical failure rate for pipelines of some specific diameters, wall thicknesses and material grades is zero or statistically insignificant. It is unreasonable to assume that the failure rate for these pipelines is actually zero.\u0000 In addition to product loss incidents, the UKOPA database contains extensive data on measured part wall damage that did not cause product loss, unlike the European Gas Incident data Group (EGIG) database, which also includes the UK gas transmission pipeline product loss data. The data on damage to pipelines caused by external interference can be assessed to derive statistical distribution parameters describing the expected gouge and dent dimensions resulting from an incident. Overall external interference incident rates for different class locations can also be determined. These distributions and incident rates can be used in structural reliability based techniques to predict the failure frequency due to external interference for a given set of pipeline parameters.\u0000 The current distributions of external interference damage were derived from data up to 2009 and presented as Weibull distributions for gouge depth, gouge length and dent depth. Analysis undertaken for the COOLTRANS CO2 pipeline project, undertaken by National Grid in the UK, has identified several improvements to the recommended UKOPA approach to external interference failure frequency prediction. This paper summarises those improvements and presents updated damage distribution parameters from data up to 2016.","PeriodicalId":164582,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern Offshore and Production Pipelines","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128845152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Robust Risk Assessment Model for Stress Corrosion Cracking","authors":"M. Al-Amin, S. Kariyawasam, Elvis San Juan Riverol","doi":"10.1115/IPC2018-78694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2018-78694","url":null,"abstract":"Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is a time dependent mechanism. Three conditions are required at the same location for the formation of SCC namely, susceptible material, susceptible environment and sufficient stress. Pipe age, operating stress level and coating type are significant parameters in determining the susceptibility to near-neutral pH SCC; whereas, additional parameters such as operating temperature and distance from compressor station are considered for high pH SCC. Environmental conditions such as soil type, topography and drainage have also shown correlation to SCC susceptibility. Several integrity assessment methods can be used to identify SCC on pipeline including hydrostatic testing, in-line inspection (ILI), and direct assessment (DA). Because the occurrence of SCC is a complex phenomenon and it depends on many parameters, it is important to develop a risk assessment model that can systematically incorporate all relevant evidences of SCC in a sensible way. This paper presents a robust risk assessment model for SCC, which uses evidence from failure histories, observation from assessments (i.e., digs, pressure tests, and ILIs), and mechanistic understanding of SCC (i.e. susceptible coating, pipe material, stress level, soil properties, etc.). This risk model is transparent and updateable, which allows incorporation of new scientific learnings and findings of SCC.","PeriodicalId":164582,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline Safety Management Systems; Project Management, Design, Construction, and Environmental Issues; Strain Based Design; Risk and Reliability; Northern Offshore and Production Pipelines","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116815447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}