Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Time and Spatially Resolved Operando Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements during Injection Moulding of Plastics 塑料注射成型过程中小角x射线散射的时空分辨测量
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7050176
Matteo Arioli, Anabela Massano, Daniel P. da Silva, Fábio Gameiro, Pedro Carreira, Marc Malfois, João Matias, Paula Pascoal-Faria, Artur Mateus, Geoffrey Mitchell
{"title":"Time and Spatially Resolved Operando Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements during Injection Moulding of Plastics","authors":"Matteo Arioli, Anabela Massano, Daniel P. da Silva, Fábio Gameiro, Pedro Carreira, Marc Malfois, João Matias, Paula Pascoal-Faria, Artur Mateus, Geoffrey Mitchell","doi":"10.3390/jmmp7050176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7050176","url":null,"abstract":"We recently introduced the possibility of performing operando small-angle X-ray scattering measurements using a novel industrially relevant injection moulding system for plastics. We show that useful time-resolving measurements can be performed with a time-cycle of 1 s and highlight the possible steps to reduce this to 0.5 s. We show how we can use the transmission measurements to provide a time marker when plastic first enters the mould cavity in the region probed by the incident X-ray beam. We show the opportunities provided by this experimental stage mounted on the NCD-SWEET beamline at ALBA to probe the reproducibility of the injection moulding system on different scales. The design of the equipment allowed for the development of the structure and the morphology to be evaluated in different parts of mould cavity, and we evaluated any differences in a rectangular mould cavity. We identified future prospects for this equipment in terms of novel mould heating and cooling systems and the opportunities for quantitatively evaluating radical approaches to injection moulding technology.","PeriodicalId":16319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135248085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strain-Induced Surface Roughening of Thin Sheets and Its Effects on Metal Forming and Component Properties 应变诱导薄板表面粗化及其对金属成形和零件性能的影响
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7050174
Úlfar Arinbjarnar, Rune Juul Christiansen, Maximilian Knoll, Karen Pantleon, Morten Stendahl Jellesen, Chris Valentin Nielsen
{"title":"Strain-Induced Surface Roughening of Thin Sheets and Its Effects on Metal Forming and Component Properties","authors":"Úlfar Arinbjarnar, Rune Juul Christiansen, Maximilian Knoll, Karen Pantleon, Morten Stendahl Jellesen, Chris Valentin Nielsen","doi":"10.3390/jmmp7050174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7050174","url":null,"abstract":"Straining of sheet metal leads to surface roughness changes. In this study, foils of AISI 201 and AISI 304 stainless steel were strained in uniaxial tension to impose roughening of their surfaces. Thereafter, the corrosion resistance, electrical resistivity, magnetic field density, and lubricated friction of the resulting surfaces were evaluated. The effect of strain-rate on the surface roughening, and thereby on the friction against tools, corrosion resistance, and occurrence of deformation-induced martensite was investigated. The AISI 304 material showed higher roughening than AISI 201 at low strain-rate. Lubricated friction is clearly affected by the changes to the surface of the strained foils that occur. When simulating a micro-forming process, the effect of strain-induced changes should be included where possible to maintain a high fidelity of the simulation. Strain-rate, in the range tested in this work, had only a minor effect on corrosion properties; however, the martensite fraction was reduced for material elongated at higher strain-rates.","PeriodicalId":16319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135535482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design, Numerical and Experimental Testing of a Flexible Test Bench for High-Speed Impact Shear-Cutting with Linear Motors 直线电机高速冲击剪切柔性试验台的设计、数值与实验研究
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7050173
Pascal Krutz, André Leonhardt, Alexander Graf, Sven Winter, Elmar Galiev, Matthias Rehm, Verena Kräusel, Martin Dix
{"title":"Design, Numerical and Experimental Testing of a Flexible Test Bench for High-Speed Impact Shear-Cutting with Linear Motors","authors":"Pascal Krutz, André Leonhardt, Alexander Graf, Sven Winter, Elmar Galiev, Matthias Rehm, Verena Kräusel, Martin Dix","doi":"10.3390/jmmp7050173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7050173","url":null,"abstract":"Given the use of high-strength steels to achieve lightweight construction goals, conventional shear-cutting processes are reaching their limits. Therefore, so-called high-speed impact cutting (HSIC) is used to achieve the required cut surface qualities. A new machine concept consisting of linear motors and an impact mass is presented to investigate HSIC. It allows all relevant parameters to be flexibly adjusted and measured. The design and construction of the test bench, as well as the mechanism for coupling the impact mass, are described. To validate the theoretically determined process speeds, the cutting process was recorded with high-speed cameras, and HSIC with a mild deep-drawing steel sheet was performed. It was discovered that very good cutting edges could be produced, which showed a significantly lower hardening depth than slowly cut reference samples. In addition, HSIC was numerically modelled in LS-DYNA, and the calculated cutting edges were compared with the real ones. With the help of adaptive meshing, a very good agreement for the cutting edges could be achieved. The results show the great potential of using a linear motor in HSIC.","PeriodicalId":16319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134886459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mechanical Properties and Fatigue Performance of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Manufactured by Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing Technology 原子扩散增材制造17-4 PH不锈钢的力学性能和疲劳性能
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7050172
Jon Rodriguez, Aitor Zuriarrain, Aitor Madariaga, Pedro J. Arrazola, Erika Dominguez, Itziar Fraile, Daniel Soler
{"title":"Mechanical Properties and Fatigue Performance of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Manufactured by Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing Technology","authors":"Jon Rodriguez, Aitor Zuriarrain, Aitor Madariaga, Pedro J. Arrazola, Erika Dominguez, Itziar Fraile, Daniel Soler","doi":"10.3390/jmmp7050172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7050172","url":null,"abstract":"Additive Manufacturing (AM) is gaining importance as an alternative and complementary technology to conventional manufacturing processes. Among AM technologies, the Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) technology is a novel extrusion-based process involving metallic filaments. In this work, the widely used 17-4 PH stainless steel filament was selected to study the effect of different deposition strategies of ADAM technology on mechanical properties. The printed parts had mechanical properties comparable to those obtained by other more developed AM technologies. In the case of tensile and fatigue tests, obtained values were in general greatly affected by deposition strategy, achieving better results in horizontal built orientation specimens. Interestingly, the effect was also considered of machining post-process (turning), which in the case of the tensile test had no remarkable effect, while in fatigue tests it led to an improvement in fatigue life of two to four times in the tested range of stresses.","PeriodicalId":16319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134886462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pressing and Sintering of Titanium Aluminide Powder after Ball Milling in Silane-Doped Atmosphere 掺杂硅烷气氛下球磨铝化钛粉末的压制与烧结
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7050171
Bernd-Arno Behrens, Kai Brunotte, Julius Peddinghaus, Jonathan Ursinus, Sebastian Döring, Wolfgang Maus-Friedrichs, René Gustus, Maik Szafarska
{"title":"Pressing and Sintering of Titanium Aluminide Powder after Ball Milling in Silane-Doped Atmosphere","authors":"Bernd-Arno Behrens, Kai Brunotte, Julius Peddinghaus, Jonathan Ursinus, Sebastian Döring, Wolfgang Maus-Friedrichs, René Gustus, Maik Szafarska","doi":"10.3390/jmmp7050171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7050171","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the high specific surface area of titanium aluminide powders, significant and unavoidable surface oxidation takes place during processing. The resulting oxides disrupt the conventional powder metallurgical process route (pressing and sintering) by reducing the green strength and sintered properties. Oxide-free particle surfaces offer the potential to significantly increase particle bond strength and enable the processing of difficult-to-press material powders. In this work, the effect of milling titanium aluminide powder in a silane-doped atmosphere on the component properties after pressing and the subsequent sintering was investigated. Ball milling was used to break up the oxide layers and create bare metal surfaces on the particles. With the help of silane-doped inert gas, the oxygen partial pressure was greatly reduced during processing. It was investigated whether oxide-free surfaces could be produced and maintained by milling in silane-doped atmospheres. Furthermore, the resulting material properties after pressing and sintering were analysed using density measurements, hardness tests, EDX measurements, and micrographs. It was concluded that ball milling in a silane-doped atmosphere produces and maintains oxide-free particle surfaces. These oxide-free surfaces and smaller particle sizes improve the component properties after pressing and sintering.","PeriodicalId":16319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135063237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Thermomechanical Joining of Hypoeutectic Aluminium Cast Plates 亚共晶铸铝板的热机械连接
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7050169
Thomas Borgert, Moritz Neuser, Kay-Peter Hoyer, Werner Homberg, Mirko Schaper
{"title":"Thermomechanical Joining of Hypoeutectic Aluminium Cast Plates","authors":"Thomas Borgert, Moritz Neuser, Kay-Peter Hoyer, Werner Homberg, Mirko Schaper","doi":"10.3390/jmmp7050169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7050169","url":null,"abstract":"Consistent lightweight construction in the area of vehicle manufacturing requires the increased use of multi-material combinations. This, in turn, requires an adaptation of standard joining techniques. In multi-material combinations, the importance of integral cast components, in particular, is increasing and poses additional technical challenges for the industry. One approach to solve these challenges is adaptable joining elements manufactured by a thermomechanical forming process. By applying an incremental and thermomechanical joining process, it is possible to react immediately and adapt the joining process inline to reduce the number of different joining elements. In the investigation described in this publication, cast plates made of the cast aluminium alloy EN AC-AlSi9 serve as joining partners, which are processed by sand casting. The joining process of hypoeutectic AlSi alloys is challenging as their brittle character leads to cracks in the joint during conventional mechanical joining. To solve this, the frictional heat of the novel joining process applied can provide a finer microstructure in the hypoeutectic AlSi9 cast alloy. In detail, its Si is finer-grained, resulting in higher ductility of the joint. This study reveals the thermomechanical joining suitability of a hypoeutectic cast aluminium alloy in combination with adaptively manufactured auxiliary joining elements.","PeriodicalId":16319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135437653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Investigation of Heat Annealing and Parametric Optimization for Drilling of Monel-400 Alloy Monel-400合金钻孔热退火及参数优化研究
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7050170
Basem M. A. Abdo, Redhwan Almuzaiqer, Mohammed A. Noman, Sanjay Chintakindi
{"title":"Investigation of Heat Annealing and Parametric Optimization for Drilling of Monel-400 Alloy","authors":"Basem M. A. Abdo, Redhwan Almuzaiqer, Mohammed A. Noman, Sanjay Chintakindi","doi":"10.3390/jmmp7050170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7050170","url":null,"abstract":"A nickel-based copper alloy known as Monel-400 is extensively applied in many industries including aerospace, marine engineering, and nuclear power generation, owing to its exceptional characteristics such as extreme tensile strength and toughness, excellent corrosion resistance, and the ability to retain shape even at extremely high temperatures. Traditional methods of drilling Monel-400 alloy are difficult due to quick tool wear and poor surface polishing, resulting in expensive machining costs. In this study, a technique called heat annealing was implemented to externally heat-treat the Monel-400 alloy material before the drilling process. Cutting force, surface roughness, and tool wear were used as the responses to investigate the effect of heat annealing and the drilling parameters on the machinability of Monel-400. The results revealed that the cutting force (Fz) and surface roughness (Ra and Rt) could be reduced by 33%, 31%, and 25%, respectively, after annealing at 700 °C compared to the results of the drilled Monel-400 at room temperature. It can be observed that the maximum improvement can reach 42% of Fz, 35% of Ra, and 59% of Rt while annealing Monel-400 at 1000 °C. A significant reduction was observed in the tool wear for machining the annealed material, which minimized the tooling and overall machining cost. Regarding the effects of the drilling process on the considered responses, the results revealed that the spindle speed has a greater effect on the cutting force, whereas the feed rate has the most significant effect on Ra. The significance of the drilling input parameters on the outputs is determined by analysis of the main effect plots and surface plots. Subsequently, the multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to identify the optimal parametric conditions for minimizing the cutting force and surface roughness of the drilled holes. The optimized values achieved via multi-objective optimization are the cutting force, Fz = 388–466 N, and the surface roughness, Ra = 0.17–0.19 μm and Rt = 3–3.5 μm, respectively.","PeriodicalId":16319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135438576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Additive Manufacturing in Australian Small to Medium Enterprises: Vat Polymerisation Techniques, Case Study and Pathways to Industry 4.0 Competitiveness 澳大利亚中小型企业的增材制造:增值聚合技术、案例研究和通往工业4.0竞争力的途径
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7050168
Kimberley Rooney, Yu Dong, Alokesh Pramanik, Animesh Kumar Basak
{"title":"Additive Manufacturing in Australian Small to Medium Enterprises: Vat Polymerisation Techniques, Case Study and Pathways to Industry 4.0 Competitiveness","authors":"Kimberley Rooney, Yu Dong, Alokesh Pramanik, Animesh Kumar Basak","doi":"10.3390/jmmp7050168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7050168","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of additive manufacturing (AM) in Australian small and medium-sized enterprises offers the direct benefits of time-saving and labour cost-effectiveness for Australian manufacturing to be highly competitive in global markets. Australian local businesses can tailor their products to a diverse range of customers with a quicker lead time on the sophisticated design and development of products under good quality control in the whole advanced manufacturing process. This review outlines typical AM techniques used in Australian manufacturing, which consist of vat polymerisation (VP), environmentally friendly AM, and multi-material AM. In particular, a practical case study was also highlighted in the Australian jewellery industry to demonstrate how manufacturing style is integrated into their manufacturing processes for the purpose of reducing lead time and cost. Finally, major obstacles encountered in AM and future prospects were also addressed to be well positioned as a key player in the revolutionised Industry 4.0.","PeriodicalId":16319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134913809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Utilisation Potential of Mechanical Material Loads during Grinding by Means of a Novel Tool Concept 基于新刀具概念的磨削过程中机械材料载荷的利用潜力
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7050167
Marco Eich, Daniel Meyer, Carsten Heinzel
{"title":"Utilisation Potential of Mechanical Material Loads during Grinding by Means of a Novel Tool Concept","authors":"Marco Eich, Daniel Meyer, Carsten Heinzel","doi":"10.3390/jmmp7050167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7050167","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work is to improve the surface and subsurface properties of steel parts by means of a new grinding tool concept featuring nearly spherical grains in an elastic bonding system and to uncover the underlying mechanisms leading to the intended improvement of surface integrity. The resulting workpiece topography and subsurface properties, such as residual stresses, are evaluated to characterise and assess the potential of this novel tool concept. Micrographs and EBSD images are also analysed. The results show increased mechanical process loads and resulting favourable subsurface properties in terms of mechanically induced plastic deformation and compressive residual stresses, revealing the high potential of spherical grains in an elastic bonding system.","PeriodicalId":16319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","volume":"361 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135740547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design and Machining Applications of the Piezoelectric Vibration Sensing System 压电振动传感系统的设计与加工应用
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Pub Date : 2023-09-10 DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7050166
Yiqing Yang, Longpeng Li, Mirakov Akhmedovich, Wenshuo Ma, Dongdong Xu
{"title":"Design and Machining Applications of the Piezoelectric Vibration Sensing System","authors":"Yiqing Yang, Longpeng Li, Mirakov Akhmedovich, Wenshuo Ma, Dongdong Xu","doi":"10.3390/jmmp7050166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7050166","url":null,"abstract":"A piezoelectric vibration sensing system (PVSS) was devised in this study and employed for the purpose of vibration sensing in machining. The system comprises three primary components, wherein the sensor is utilized for the collection and conversion of energy, subsequently transmitting it to the data acquisition card (DAC) via a low-noise cable. The crux of the entire system lies in the upper computer-based control application, which facilitates the transmission of instructions to the DAC for data acquisition and transmission. The integration of Wi-Fi data transfer capability between the DAC and the computer serves to eliminate the principal issue associated with employing the sensor as a voltage source. The sensitivity of the designed device was calibrated utilizing commercial accelerometers, while an aluminum workpiece was fabricated to conduct vibration and machining tests in order to verify the performance of the PVSS. The shaker excitation experiment yielded a peak voltage of 0.05 mV, thereby substantiating that the PVSS can more accurately discern the natural frequency of the workpiece below 5000 Hz compared to commercial accelerometers. The experiments verify that the devised PVSS can precisely measure vibrations during the milling process, and can be implemented for the purpose of detecting machining stability.","PeriodicalId":16319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136072170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信