Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Temporal Resolution Using BSM1 on the Performance of Machine Learning","authors":"Wonki O, S. Ki, J. M. Triolo, Seung Gu Shin","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.625","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : This study aims to establish efficient strategies for data-driven operational management by examining the variations in machine learning modeling outcomes and data characteristics based on data acquisition intervals and methods.Methods : The BSM1 was used to simulate wastewater treatment facilities and to generate influent and effluent water quality data at 15-minute intervals. The generated data was processed by volume reduction through down sampling and data characteristic observation via resampling techniques, including up sampling through interpolation. Subsequently, the study involved a comparative analysis of the performance of 30 machine learning models built with the down sampled data.Results and Discussion : As data acquisition interval increased (i.e., down sampling progressed), R2 decreased and RMSE increased. When using the mean value as a representation, data accuracy was high, and error loss was minimal. Utilizing the maximum value as a representation helped maintain data characteristics and reduce information loss. Simple interpolation methods did not yield improved data accuracy. Furthermore, with wider data acquisition intervals, the practical predictive performance of machine learning models decreased, and the models experienced a sharp decline in performance when data became insufficient.Conclusion : For models requiring the ability to detect changes rather than accuracy, utilizing the maximum value over a specific period proves to be effective. The measurement interval of data emerges as a significant factor affecting the performance of machine learning models, with models developed under different measurement intervals often failing to demonstrate the expected performance. In this study, we have implemented all stages of data preprocessing, classification, training, and validation using LabVIEW, confirming the potential for integrating data analysis processes into LabVIEW, a widely used platform in the fields of control and measurement.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"26 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139130165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the Performance of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms in Wastewater Treatment Process","authors":"Jaeil Kim, H. Lee, J. Jang, Yongtae Ahn, S. Ki, Hyun-Geoun Park","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.587","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the performance of single and modified algorithms based on machine learning and deep learning for wastewater treatment process. More specifically, this study adopted support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and artificial neural network (ANN) for machine learning as well as long short-term memory (LSTM) for deep learning. The performance of these (single) algorithms were compared with that of modified ones processed through hyperparameter tuning, ensemble learning (only for machine learning), and multi-layer stacking (i.e., two layers of LSTM units). The daily effluent of wastewater treatment process observed between 2017 and 2022 in the Cheong-Ju National Industrial Complex was used as input to all tested algorithms, which was evaluated with respect to mean squared error. For the model performance evaluation, discharge and biochemical oxygen demand are selected as dependent variables out of nine measured parameters. Results showed that the performance of any machine learning algorithms was superior to their competitor LSTM. This is mainly attributed to a small amount of input data provided to the LSTM algorithm and unstable effluent wastewater characteristics. Meanwhile, hyperparameter tuning improved the performance of all tested algorithms. However, ensemble learning for machine learning and two-layer stacking for LSTM generally resulted in performance degradation as compared to that of single algorithms, regardless of dependent variables. Therefore, this calls for a careful design and evaluation of modified algorithms, specifically for model architecture and performance improvement processes.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":" 1116","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139136458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) Process to Improve Removal Efficiency of Micropollutants","authors":"H. Son, Eun-Young Jung, Hoonsik Yoom, Sangki Choi, Hong-Ki Park","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.576","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : In this study, the removal efficiency of micropollutants in the biological activated carbon (BAC) process was investigated, and a method for improving the removal efficiency of micropollutants in the BAC process of water treatment plants was proposed.Methods : Dibromo-methylparaben (Br2-MP) was selected as the target micropollutant. Batch and lab-scale column experiments were conducted to evaluate the removal efficiencies of Br2-MP in the conventional BAC process and the BAC with enhanced biofilm properties by the addition of phosphorus (P) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Biodegradation kinetics were evaluated using results from batch and lab scale column experiments.Results and Discussion : As a result of comparing the removal efficiency of Br2-MP in a batch experiment with the same biomass concentrations (2.0±0.2×107 cells), the biodegradation rate constant (kbio) of the enhanced BAC process was found to be 1.2 times higher than that of the conventional BAC process due to its higher biological activity (enhanced BAC: 3.4±0.3 mg·C/g·hr, conventional BAC: 2.9±0.4 mg·C/g·hr). Comparison of removal efficiencies of Br2-MP in batch experiments with the same wet weight of BAC (1 g) showed that the biodegradation rate constant (kbio) of the enhanced BAC process was 1.9 times higher than that of conventional BAC process due to higher biomass (enhanced BAC: 3.5±0.4 µg·ATP/g·GAC, conventional BAC: 2.3±0.2 µg·ATP/g·GAC). Through the batch experiments, the enhanced BAC process was efficient in removing Br2-MP via increasing both biomass concentrations and activity of attached microorganisms. Lab-scale column experiments conducted under different water temperatures (5 and 25℃) and empty bed contact time (EBCT: 5-40 min) conditions showed higher removal efficiency of Br2-MP in the enhanced BAC process than the conventional BAC process throughout the entire period of operation. In particular, the removal efficiency of Br2-MP between the enhanced and conventional BAC processes showed significant differences at low temperature (5℃) and short EBCT (5 min). At 5℃ and 25℃, the kbio of the conventional BAC process was 0.0229 min-1 and 0.0612 min-1, respectively, and the kbio of the enhanced BAC process was 0.0470 min-1 and 0.1421 min-1, respectively, These results showed that the enhanced BAC process had two times higher biodegradability of Br2-MP than the conventional BAC process. These results showed a similar trend to the results from the batch experiment. In an experiments simulating the impact of frequent EBCT changes during summer, the enhanced BAC process maintained a relatively stable removal efficiency of Br2-MP compared to the conventional BAC process.Conclusion : The enhanced BAC process showed superior biodegradation of micropollutant compared to the conventional BAC process. Considering economic costs (e.g., costs of adding phosphate and hydrogen peroxide) and water quality, it appears to be an efficient alternative to operate the enhanced BA","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"113 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139133112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning Model for Predicting the Performance of Activated Carbon Column for the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)","authors":"Mita Nurhayati, Bum Ui Hong, Ho Geun Kang, Sungyun Lee","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.469","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : In this study, a performance prediction model for a pilot-scale VOC adsorption column was developed using ANN algorithm. We compared the prediction accuracy of the mathematical models (Thomas model and Yan model) and the multiple linear regression model with that of ANN. This study showed the applicability of the ANN model for predicting the performance of activated carbon columns.Methods : The adsorption module contained 79.8 kg/module of wood-based activated carbon. The gas with 800 ppm-THC of toluene flowed downward from the top at about 5,700 m³/h. The breakthrough point was taken as 200 ppm-THC, the same as VOC emission regulation. The desorption was carried out using 130 m³/h of hot gas flowing upwards with reduced pressure (-150 to -200 mbar) and high heat (170℃). Adsorption and desorption cycles were conducted 6 times using 3 batches of activated carbon modules. Thomas model, Yan model, multiple linear regression model, and ANN model were developed to predict the breakthrough of <i>C_out/C_in</i> .Results and Discussion : The Thomas model and the Yan model provided the R² values of 0.25 and 0.28, respectively, for predicting the <i>C_out/C_in</i> of all adsorption module batches and cycles, and the prediction accuracies were low. This could be because these two models do not consider temperature and pressure change operating conditions in the models. Also, the prediction accuracy of <i>C_out/C_in</i> was low when the initial inlet concentration and flow rate conditions were different for each batch. The multiple linear regression model considers all operating factors in the model, but the prediction accuracy of <i>C_out/C_in</i> was low as R² of 0.45. On the other hand, the ANN model predicted the <i>C_out/C_in</i> with R² higher than 0.97 for all adsorption module batches. In particular, even with the non-ideal data, the ANN model derived a breakthrough of <i>C_out/C_in</i> close to the experimental value.Conclusion : The ANN model provided high prediction performance for the breakthrough of <i>C_out/C_in</i> even under non-ideal operation conditions and was expected to be helpful for actual THC adsorption column operation. The accuracy of the ANN model will be further improved if data are accumulated under various conditions.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139201667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on Evaluation of Manganese Removal Efficiency by Oxidant types Based on Experimental Data","authors":"No-suk Park, Suk-min Yoon, Si-hyeong Park, Na-yeong Kim, Da-ae Lee, Young-joo Lee","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.459","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment efficiency according to the oxidant types for dissolved manganese in the inflow of raw water into the water treatment plant in Korea.Methods : Three types of oxidant were selected: chlorine, ozone, and potassium permanganate. Experimental factors influencing manganese removal efficiency were determined as dissolved manganese concentration in raw water, dose, water temperature, pH, and contact time. In addition, total experimental schemes were designed according to the design of experiments method. According to the designed analysis method, the mentioned factors were used as multi variables on which evaluate the manganese removal efficiency.Results and Discussion : When using chlorine, the effect of pH was the greatest, followed by dose, water temperature, and contact time in order to have a significant effect on removal efficiency. In the case of using ozone, the pH effect was relatively large at low concentration of dissolved manganese, and the dose effect was found to be greater as the concentration was increased. Also, when potassium permanganate was used, the effect of pH, contact time and temperature was insignificant, while the effect of dose was the greatest for manganese removal.Conclusion : The optimum dose of chlorine is about three times to secure a removal rate of about 40 to 80%. The optimum dose of ozone was 1.0 to 1.6 mg/L, and it was found that a removal rate of at least 40% or more could be secured. Also, the optimum dose of potassium permanganate is 1.7 to 2.5 times of the dissolved manganese concentration, and it is possible to secure a removal rate of at least 60%.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139198488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption Behavior of Microplastics as a Carrier of Various Contaminants and Their Ecotoxicity in Aquatic Environment","authors":"Bogyeong Kim, N. Kim, Eun-Hee Lee","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.528","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : Microplastics are released into the aquatic environment through multiple pathways including runoff, atmospheric sedimentation, aquaculture, and fishing and pose a hazard to organisms. Public concerns regarding microplastics are raising as microplastic pollution increases. A lot of studies have been evaluated the behavior of microplastics in the environment, suggesting that microplastics remain a prolonged period in the environment due to their persistence and can interact with other contaminants. Microplastics as carriers of coexisting contaminants may pose a more severe toxicity to organisms than microplastics alone. In this study, we investigated the behavior of microplastics as carriers of environmental contaminants and introduced a potential ecotoxicity of microplastics carrying other contaminants.Methods : The behavior of microplastics as carriers of contaminants were classified as adsorption mechanisms. Research literature regarding ecological risk of microplastics carrying contaminants was reviewed in papers published between October 2003 and August 2023.Results and Discussion : Adsorption of contaminants onto microplastics are mainly involved in hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bond, and Van der Waals forces. The co-exposure of microplastics with contaminants to organisms can induce oxidative stress and bioaccumulation and reduce the survival and reproduction rates, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic efficiency. On the other hand, a few studies reported that the co-exposure of microplastics with contaminants can decrease the toxicity to organisms.Conclusion : This paper provides basic information regarding the adsorption interactions of microplastics with diverse contaminants and their ecological effects on organisms. The contents will help to understand a potential function of microplastics as a carrier of coexisting contaminants in aquatic environment and their biological risk.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139198551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Pollution by the Fast Fashion: Current Status and Prospects","authors":"Bomee Kim, Sojin Kim, Subin Yeom, Sokhee P. Jung","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.506","url":null,"abstract":"Just as fast food is produced and consumed quickly, fast fashion, which mass produces and sells clothing by quickly chasing the latest trends targeting the global market, forms an axis of the clothing industry. However, in the fast fashion ecosystem, clothing is mass-produced and easily discarded, and the resulting environmental problems are becoming a social concern. Recently, consumers' environmental awareness has been increasing, and as ESG management that focuses on the environment has emerged, the clothing industry is also responding strategically to the changed environment, including eco-friendly production methods, use of eco-friendly materials, and recycling of inventory. In this way, this review analyzed the current status and problems of fast fashion and social responses to it, and suggested measures that society should pursue for an eco-friendly clothing industry in the future.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":" 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139197360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Water Treatment Efficiency of Full-Scale Slow Sand Filtration Process: Comparison of Summer and Winter Season","authors":"Eun-Young Bae, Yujin Lee, Hyejin Lee, H. Son, Byungryul An","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.519","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of sustainable operation in a conventional full-scale slow sand filter process.Methods : A slow sand filtration process was operated in small scale water treatment plants for valley water. The water quality such as particle matter, dissolved organic matter, the number of bacteria, and disinfection by-product (DBP) were monitored at four designated points once a week and was compared during summer (July-August) and winter season (December-January).Results and Discussion : Although the number of particle matter in summer was higher than in winter by 39% (2.91×104 /mL), particle matter in slow sand filter process was removed by 99% regardless of season (temperature). The removal efficiency of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV254 was higher in summer than in winter by 15% and 21%, respectively. In addition, concerning the organic fraction, higher molecular weight led to higher removal efficiency in the following sequence: BP (biopolymer, MW: 20,000 g/mol) > HS(humic substances, MW : 1,000~20,000 g/mol) > BB(building blocks, MW : 300~500 g/mol) > LMWs(low molecular weights, MW : 350 g/mol. The concentration of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), indicator of DBP, were detected at 12.2 and 9.4 μg/L in summer and 8.1 and 6.3 μg/L in winter, respectively, which would be considered very low concentration related to the drinking water regulation of 100 μg/L. Finally, the active bacteria was removed up to 93 and 92% in summer and winter, respectively.Conclusion : The feasibility of a slow filtration process was evaluated to compare particle and dissolved matter in summer and winter operation. Despite a 39% increase in particle matter in summer, the removal efficiency was maintained at 98% in summer and winter. Due to the increased activation of biofilm in summer, the removal of DOC and UV254 was higher in summer than winter by 15 and 21%, respectively. The significant low concentration of THMs and HAAs, regardless of season, would be negligible. In addition, achieving over 92% removal of activated bacteria secured the biological safety. These stable operations ensure that slow filtration process is effective in controlling of water quality.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139199669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Meat as Future Food, Seeking a Sustainable Future","authors":"Sena Park, Hyowon Sim, Saebom Yu, Hyeji Han, Sokhee P. Jung","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.491","url":null,"abstract":"Alternative meat is a protein food produced by cultivating animal cells, processing insects, and extracting vegetable raw materials, rather than slaughtering animals, and has been suggested as an alternative to conventional meat to solve the current factory farming and animal rights problems. The global alternative meat market is expected to reach $29 billion by 2035 from $1.78 billion in 2025. Alternative meat has significantly lower water and land use and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional meat production methods and is free from the emerging animal ethics problem. However, with the current technology, there is a limit to reproducing the taste, texture, and nutritional content of actual meat, so continuous technology development is needed. The negative perception of some consumers and the absence of alternative meat-related systems are also challenges to be solved. This paper deals with the types, characteristics, market status, and the latest technology trends of alternative meat. In addition, we aim to contribute to the development and establishment of alternative meat by looking at alternative meat from the perspective of consumption and investigating the challenges that the alternative meat industry must solve to establish itself as a future food source.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139201661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke","authors":"In-Gyu Cho, Geunwoo Lee, Sang-Jin Lee, Ho-Young Lee, Seong-Joon Kim, Min-Kyu Park, Sung-Deuk Choi","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.11.481","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : Cigarette smoking is an important factor in human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Machine-smoking methods have been devised to evaluate inhalation exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke. However, there have been only a few studies that have employed these methods for PAH monitoring in Korea.Methods : Total particulate matter samples were collected from the mainstream smoke of five different cigarette types using the ISO 3308 standard smoking method. The samples were analyzed for 16 PAHs using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) following extraction and clean-up procedures.Results and Discussion : The 16 PAH levels of cigarette samples ranged from 87.1 ng/cig to 247.4 ng/cig with an average of 135.4 ng/cig. The average fractions of PAHs classified by the number of rings were as follows: 15% (2 rings), 37% (3 rings), 43% (4 rings), 4% (5 rings), and 1% (6 rings). Diagnostic ratios suggested that the characteristics of PAH pollution in mainstream cigarette smoke were similar to those of biomass burning but different from those of ambient air. The carcinogenic risks of PAHs exceeded the risk threshold of the US EPA (1.0E-06) for the 10%, 30%, and 20% exposure groups of adult males, adult females, and all adults, respectively.Conclusion : This study highlights the significance of mainstream cigarette smoke in examining human inhalation exposure to PAHs and carcinogenic risks, which are primarily influenced by cigarette smoking rather than ambient air. These findings can contribute to a comprehensive assessment of inhalation exposure to PAHs and provide guidance for the development of environmental health policies aimed at reducing such exposure.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139198309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}