Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Variation Analyses of Water Quality, Fish Ecological Guilds, and the Longitudinal Connectivity in Musim Stream","authors":"Min Jae Cho, Ji Yoon Kim, Sang-Hyeon Jin, Hyeji Choi, Hyuk Je Lee, S. Ki, Dae-Yeul Bae, Kwang-Guk An","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2024.46.2.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2024.46.2.23","url":null,"abstract":"The main objectives of this study were to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of water quality, fish ecological guilds and longitudinal connectivity in the weirs of Musim Stream. Fish were collected at 44 sites during spring and fall seasons for the analysis of trophic guilds, tolerance guilds, and the ecological stream health, based on FAI model. Total 33 species were observed in the stream and the dominant species were Zacco platypus and Squalidus qracilis majimae. Mean values of BOD and COD, as an indicator of organic matter pollution, showed high in the drought spring and low in fall (post-monsoon season). Also, TP showed same pattern with the BOD and COD pattern. The hierarchical clustering, based on the fish compositions, classified as three groups (up-stream, mid-stream and the down-stream). Based on the NMDS (Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling) analysis of fish abundance, high similarity was observed between S1-S5 sites, which were consistent with the results of hierarchical cluster analysis. Fish ecological guilds in the upper stream showed a high similarity between the insectivore and sensitive species, while in the middle and lower reaches, high similarity was found between the omnivore and intermediate species. Evaluations of longitudinal connectivity, based on the structural and hydrological characteristics of the weir, indicated all disconnections by the weirs, except for S15, in the spring. Stream ecological health, based on the FAI model, was significantly (p < 0.05, n=37) influenced by the height of overflow (Hu1). Overall, our study suggests that the longitudinal connectivity, based on the weir structures, flow regime and fish swimming capacity, were blocked off by the weirs in the stream. The results provide valuable insights for securing river management strategies and served as the fundamental data for stream restoration in the future.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"46 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140418994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stabilization of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Around an Abandoned Mine Using Starfish(Asterina pectinifera) and Cockle Shell","authors":"Se Hyun Park, Ye Sol Kim, S. H. Park, Deok Hyun Moon","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2024.46.2.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2024.46.2.33","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives:The soil around waste mine sites can be contaminated with heavy metals by mine tailings and leachate, and heavy metals can accumulate in the body through crops harvested from contaminated soil. The stabilization method is often applied to the restoration of contaminated soil around abandoned mines, but it is necessary to develop natural stabilizers that are not harmful to the environment. In this study, starfish(Asterina pectinifera) and cockle shells were evaluated as stabilizers for arsenic and heavy metal(Pb, Zn) contaminated soil.Methods:Starfish and cockle shells were processed into -#10 mesh, -#20 mesh, and calcined (900℃, 2hr) -#10 mesh to evaluate their characteristics through XRD and XRF analyses. The stabilized soil was eluted at 0.1 N HCl. Then the stabilization efficiency was evaluated with ICP-OES analysis, and the stabilization mechanism was identified with SEM-EDX analysis. Afterwards, lettuce was cultivated in the stabilized soil and the concentration of heavy metals transferred from the soil to the lettuce was evaluated.Results and Discussion:The calcination process converts the CaCO3 in the natural stabilizer into CaO. Arsenic and heavy metals are effectively immobilized within the soil through pozzolanic reactions and Ca-As precipitation. Nitric acid decomposition of lettuce grown in the stabilized soil demonstrated the absence of arsenic, meeting the safety standards outlined in the Korean Food Standard Codex.Conclusion:The stabilization of soil contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals by starfish and cockle shell was confirmed to be attributed to pozzolanic reactions and the formation of insoluble precipitates. In addition, they could be used as natural waste stabilizers based on their high calcium carbonate content.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"68 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140420633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Concentration Phosphate Removal Using Microwave-Assisted Granular Activated Carbon Modified by Magnesium","authors":"Jae-Kyoung Kim, Soon-Woo Kwon, Johng‐Hwa Ahn","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2024.46.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2024.46.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : In this study, we propose a new method for preparing magnesium-modified granular activated carbon (Mg-GAC) using microwave irradiation. The objective is to identify the optimal factors for efficiently removing low-concentration phosphate using the Mg-GAC.Methods : We impregnated Mg on activated carbon and modified Mg-GAC using microwave irradiation. Experiments were conducted with modification parameters such as impregnation time (1-12 hours), impregnation solution concentration (0.5-3 M), and microwave irradiation time (0-20 minutes). Factors affecting phosphate removal were set as pH (2-10) and reaction time (0-240 minutes), and were applied to kinetic models and isothermal adsorption models.Results and Discussion : After modification, particle distribution on the adsorbent's surface and 40-time increase in percent composition of Mg showed that Mg effectively coated to the GAC surface. At initial concentration of 2 mg P/L, the optimal modification conditions were 1-M Mg impregnation solution concentration, 2-hr impregnation time, and 10-min microwave irradiation time. The optimal experimental conditions for low phosphate removal efficiency were pH 4 and 180-min adsorption time. The difference of maximum removal efficiency between Mg-GAC (91.9%) and GAC (63.6%) was 28.3%. Mg-GAC is suitable for both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and the reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model. The microwave irradiation time for Mg-GAC preparation was 10 min, and the energy consumption was 0.55 kWh/g, which showed that microwave irradiation is one of promising methods for modification of GAC by metal.Conclusion : The Mg-GAC modified by magnesium and microwave irradiation enhanced removal efficiency for low-concentration phosphate compared with GAC.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"122 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140478879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Reaction of CO2 absorption in MEA(monoethanolamine) aqueous Solution: A Theoretical Study on the Effect of Neighboring Molecules","authors":"Sunkyung Kim","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2024.46.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2024.46.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : CO2 is one of the greenhouse gases that cause the global warming. Alkanolamine aqueous solutions are frequently used as a chemical absorption solvent for post combustion capture process. The reaction of CO2 and MEA(monoethanolamine) was studied by theoretical analysis to describe the effect of neighboring molecules.Methods : The reaction of CO2 absorption in MEA aqueous solution was investigated using DFT (density functional theory) method. The 14 reaction models were designed according to the arrangement of reactant and neighboring molecules.Results and Discussion : The structures of reactant, TS (transition state) and product were analyzed in perspective of the geometry, thermodynamics and kinetics. The neighboring molecules stabilized the structures of reactant complex due to increasing intermolecular interaction (hydrogen bond) between reactants and these molecules. The structures of reactant complex were change to the arrangement that MEA can easily react with CO2 . However, the neighboring molecules would slightly affect the reaction pathway of the structures of TS and product. The activation energy and TS structure were differed according to the type of hydrogen atom transfer, not the effect of neighboring molecules. The neighboring molecules seems to work slightly in the aspect of chemical kinetics of the reaction between CO2 and MEA in aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"34 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140478079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological connectivity analysis based on the fish community in Jeongan Stream","authors":"Sang-Hyeon Jin, Ji Yoon Kim, Hyeji Choi, Min Jae Cho, Hyuk Je Lee, S. Ki, Dae-Yeul Bae, Kwang-Guk An","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.565","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the longitudinal connectivity analysis, based on fish communities in the aspect of spatial variations of 34 sites from upstream to downstream. The Fish Assessment Index (FAI), based on ecological guilds and species composition, was applied to compare the ecological health among the sampling sites. The total number of 35 fish species, were sampled during the study period with dominant species of Zacco platypus (35.4%) and Zacco koreanus (11.8%). Cluster analysis showed that all sites were categorized as 4 distinct group communities (A, B, C, D). Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed distinct difference between upstream (A, B) and downstream groups (C, D). Indicator Value Analysis (IndVal method), conducted to identify indicator species within each group, indicated that the species favoring upstream environments Rhynchocypris oxycephalus for the Group A and Iksookimia koreensis for the Group B. In contrast, the analysis indicated that the species with a preference for downstream habitats Pseudogobio esocinus for the Group C and Carassius auratus for the Group D. Ecological health, based on the FAI scores, showed a declining pattern toward the downstream, along with an increasing proportion of tolerant species and omnivores within the fish community. Overall these findings suggest the compositions of fish communities, as four groups, were modified by the weir structures and organic matter, nutrient pollutions.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":" 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139135800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fate of Iprobenfos and Tricyclazole at Paddy Cultivation Environment","authors":"H. Lee, Gunhee Jung, Hyanghee Kim, Juhyeon Min, Taekkyum Kim","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.603","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : This study aimed to identify the fate of iprobenfos and tricyclazole in the soil and paddy water during the rice cultivation process and to identify their exposure pathways into surface water.Methods : Both iprobenfos and tricyclazole were sprayed onto two sample sites following the pesticide safety usage guidelines. Residues in the samples. Soil, paddy water, and drainage water samples were collected for 28 days after post-application. Residues were subsequently analyzed using LC-MS/MS.Results and Discussion : The fate of the two pesticides, iprobenfos and tricyclazole, in the rice cultivation environment was influenced by factors such as soil half-life, Koc, water solubility, formulation, and precipitation patterns. Initial concentrations of iprobenfos and tricyclazole in the paddy field near the drainage were 5,774 μg/L and 307 μg/L, respectively, while concentrations in the drain water were 1,850 μg/L and 182 μg/L. Four days after application, the residual concentrations of iprobenfos and tricyclazole in both paddy and drain water ranged from N.D. (Not Detected) to 5.6 μg/L and N.D. to 56 μg/L, respectively, indicating a rapid decline. During the experimental period, the average concentration reduction ratios in drain water near the drainage compared to the drain water were higher for tricyclazole (90%) than for iprobenfos (52%).Conclusion : The soil and water half-life of tricyclazole exceeded that of iprobenfos, leading to a slower rate of concentration reduction. The lower Koc value for tricyclazole suggests enhanced soil desorption due to rainfall, increasing its concentration in paddy fields. The presence of iprobenfos and tricyclazole in surface water is likely due to dispersion during pesticide application. While concentrations diminish owing to the dilution effect when water moves from paddy fields to surface water, it's posited that runoff could affect nearby stream water within seven days post-application.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139131810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Study on Small- and Centralized Biogas Plants and Energy Production Capacities in South Gyeongsang Province","authors":"J. M. Triolo, Seung Gu Shin","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.612","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The primary goals of this research were to assess the viability and practicality of small-scale village facilities as well as central commercial biogas plants. Additionally, the study aimed to create predictive models by exploring various codigestion scenarios.Methods : The study conducted a comprehensive analysis of available biomass and its maximum energy potential through anaerobic digestion in every city, county, and village within South Gyeongsang province. Five distinct codigestion scenarios were explored, encompassing assessments of processing capacity, energy production potential, and the necessary digester capacity for anaerobic digestion. At the village level, the scenarios comprised: C1, which involved sole digestion of manure; C2, codigestion of manure and food waste in a 7:3 ratio; C3, codigestion of pig slurry and slaughterhouse waste in a 9:1 ratio; C4, multiple codigestion with PS:FW:SW=6.5:2.8:0.8; and finally, C5, involving the addition of sewage and sewage sludge to the codigestion process of C4's biomass.Results and Discussion : The biomass generated in South Gyeongsang province was 9430 tons/day, with a methane production potential of 167 million cubic meters/year. This biomass had an energy production potential of 156,000 TOE/year and a potential electricity generation of 732.7 GW/year, based on the annual petroleum conversion ton. Codigestion (C5) enabled up to 720% more electricity generation compared to sole digestion of manure (C1). Mixing pig slurry and food waste in a 7:3 ratio resulted in approximately 18% more electricity production compared to the case where manure was mixed with slaughterhouse by-products in a 9:1 ratio.Conclusion : Biomass imbalance was significant in most regions, particularly due to high variations in food waste generation between regions. Obtaining alternative resources and integrating various biomass for anaerobic digestion, especially in rural areas, is crucial for achieving stable anaerobic digestion and high methane production. Regions with high biomass density are predicted to support large-scale biogas facilities following European standards, while 25 villages showed the potential for small-scale biogas facilities.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"46 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139131327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen Budget of South Korea from 2015 to 2019 Including Gaseous Nitrogen Oxides","authors":"Hyun-Kyung Kim, Seong Min Park, Jae-Woo Park","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.551","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The study was aimed to systematically understand the nitrogen budget from 2015 to 2019, and to determine the annual nitrogen balance in South Korea.Methods : The nitrogen budget was calculated by classifying into agricultural and livestock, city, and forest areas. The nitrogen input was estimated from deposition, biological fixation, agricultural water, inorganic chemical fertilizer, compost, feedstuff, produced crops, imported grocery, and fuel consumption. The nitrogen output was estimated by considering denitrification, volatilization, ground water runoff, land and crop absorption, sewage disposal, drainage, forest uptake, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.Results and Discussion : The annual nitrogen budget from 2015 to 2019 showed the input as 6,107,449 ton/yr, 6,144,666 ton/yr, 6,245,240 ton/yr, 6,281,552 ton/yr, 5,993,347 ton/yr and the output as 1,346,587 ton/yr, 1,369,119 ton/yr, 1,365,327 ton/yr, 1,378,940 ton/yr, 1,365,994 ton/yr, respectively. The NOx, highly contributing to change in the nitrogen budget, was caused by human activities such as vehicles, business places, and power plants. More than 32% of the total nitrogen budget was caused by NOx in every year.Conclusion : The nitrogen budget continued to increase in the 2010s because of the increase in food and fuel consumption by urbanization. However, the nitrogen budget declined in 2019 due to the effort such as emission regulations and the use of alternatives as the awareness of environmental pollution gradually increased. Therefore, the appropriate institution should be established and actively implemented to reduce the nitrogen effectively.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"30 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139132530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Gas Station Soil Using High-Pressure Soil Washing Technology","authors":"Yonghwan Choe, S. H. Park, Deok Hyun Moon","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.541","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : In this study, high-pressure soil washing was performed on in-situ gas station soils for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated gas station sites.Methods : On-site gas station soils (GSS) collected from four different locations were subjected to high-pressure soil washing to analyze the amount of fine soil removal and TPH concentration after washing according to the cut-off size (0.075, 0.105 mm). In addition, the four GSS were evaluated for the relationship between the organic matter content of each soil and TPH removal efficiency. Furthermore, to evaluate the disintegration force of high-pressure soil washing technology to disperse soil aggregates, the particle size distribution of the soil before and after washing was evaluated and XRD analysis was performed.Results and Discussion : As the cut-off size increased (0.075 mm → 0.105 mm), the removal rate of fine soil in the GSS increased, and the TPH concentration tended to decrease. With respect to the TPH Soil Contamination Warning Standard for Region 2 (800 mg/kg), only the GSS 3 was in compliance with the standard (630 mg/kg). There were no significant differences in fine soil removal rates among the soils, which was expected since all the soils tested represented the same sandy loam. Washing efficiencies by soil were relatively low for soils with relatively high organic matter content. The particle size distribution showed the largest particle reduction was in the 2-0.850 mm range after remediation, while soil particles increased in the 0.105-0.075 mm and <0.075 mm range. In addition, XRD analysis showed an increase in the peak intensity of Quartz and the removal of clay mineral after washing, confirming the effective breakdown of soil aggregates and removal of fine soil by cavitation.Conclusion : If an optimal cut-off size is established, considering the soil texture and economics of the contaminated site after identifying the initial organic content level in the soil prior to washing, it is anticipated that high-pressure soil washing technology will be effectively applied for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated gas station sites.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"63 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139131046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Study On The Effects Of Micropollutants Removal By 2 Stage PAC-AGS Process","authors":"W. J. Mo, K. S. Choi, H. N. Choi","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.12.594","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor of effective volume 3.5 L was used to evalute the performance of mircopollutants removal by 2 Stage PAC-AGS process. It consisted of raw water tank, 1st AGS reactor, 2nd PAC-AGS reactor, reservoir, effluent tank. AGS has superior precipitation of SVI30 58 mL/g and high EPS concentration. For combination AGS with PAC, PAC was evenly distributed by attaching to AGS surface. The result of operating, BOD, TOC, SS, T-N, T-P of 2nd PAC-AGS effluent was 1.2 mg/L, 6.0 mg/L, 1.9 mg/L, 15.5 mg/L, 0.13 mg/L. SUVA of influent, 1st AGS effluent, 2nd PAC-AGS effluent was 0.97 L/mg/m-1, 1.30 L/mg/m-1, 2.03 L/mg/m-1 respectively. It means that hydrophilic and small-molecule compounds was mainly removed of DOC. The 14 species of micropollutants was detected in influent from A STP. Micopollutants concentration of influent, effluent of bioreactor from A STP was 68,016.3 ng/L, 710.4 ng/L respectively and the micopollutants concentration of effluent from 2 Stage PAC-AGS process was 18.1 ng/L. It shows that 2 Stage PAC-AGS process has superior performance for micropollutants removal than bioreactor from A STP in operation. Specially, Diclofenac acid, Carbamazepine were known for high RQ(Risk Quotient) was not detected in effluent from 2 Stage PAC-AGS process.","PeriodicalId":16127,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers","volume":"28 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139131307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}