Criminology and public policy最新文献

{"title":"CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS AND EMPLOYMENT AMONG WORKERS WITH CRIMINAL RECORDS","authors":"B. Western","doi":"10.1111/J.1745-9133.2008.00518.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-9133.2008.00518.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158704,"journal":{"name":"Criminology and public policy","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120143036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS ON HIRING EX‐OFFENDERS*","authors":"M. Stoll, S. Bushway","doi":"10.1111/J.1745-9133.2008.00516.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-9133.2008.00516.X","url":null,"abstract":"Research Summary \u0000 \u0000The rapid increase in the nation's incarceration rate over the past decade has raised questions about how to reintegrate a growing number of ex-offenders successfully. Employment has been shown to be an important factor in reintegration, especially for men over the age of 27 years who characterize most individuals released from prison. This article explores this question using unique establishment-level data collected in Los Angeles in 2001. On average, we replicate the now-common finding that employer-initiated criminal background checks are negatively related to the hiring of ex-offenders. However, this negative effect is less than complete. The effect is strongly negative for those employers that are legally required to perform background checks, which is not surprising because these legal requirements to perform checks are paired with legal prohibitions against hiring ex-offenders. However, some employers seem to perform checks to gain additional information about ex-offenders (and thus hire more ex-offenders than other employers), and checking seems to have no effect on hiring ex-offenders for those employers not legally required to perform checks. \u0000 \u0000Policy Implications \u0000 \u0000One public policy initiative that has received considerable attention is to deny employers access to criminal history record information, which includes movements to “ban the box” that inquires about criminal history information on job applications. The assumption underlying this movement is that knowledge of ex-offender status leads directly to a refusal to hire. The results of this analysis show that policy initiatives aimed at restricting background checks, particularly for those firms not legally required to perform checks, may not have the desired consequences of increasing ex-offender employment. This result is consistent with an alternative view that some employers care about the characteristics of the criminal history record and use information about criminal history in a more nuanced, nondiscrete way.","PeriodicalId":158704,"journal":{"name":"Criminology and public policy","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117759655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE OF THE CRIME-IMMIGRATION NEXUS: MIGRANT MYTHOLOGIES IN THE AMERICAS","authors":"J. Hagan, Ron Levi, Ronit Dinovitzer","doi":"10.1111/J.1745-9133.2008.00493.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-9133.2008.00493.X","url":null,"abstract":"For nearly a century, criminological research in the United States has debated implicitly and explicitly whether a link exists between crime and immigration. Research to date has tended to turn on a series of questions that parallel the public debate on this issue. The main questions that have been asked are (1) whether immigrants commit more or less crime than individuals born in the United States; (2) if individual, structural, or cultural differences exist, how might we understand them; and (3) how might these different trajectories unfold over time. We now have some answers, and we need to do more to advance theoretical and substantive research on this issue. Through our analysis in this essay, we demonstrate the importance of contextualizing research on crime and immigration as part of a broader sociological analysis of the state. Building on the work of Adbelmalek Sayad (2004), a scholar of Algerian migration to France, our work takes the view that studies of immigration must be attuned equally to the dynamics of emigration that lead to it (2004:1–6). As a result, research on emigration–immigration requires a focusing of our attention on the social trajectories of migrants, including the challenges they experience, the “capital of origin” they bring with them, and their ability to convert or reproduce that capital successfully in these new locales (Sayad, 2004:170). Most centrally, Sayad demonstrates that we must acknowledge the role of the state in setting the terms of the crime–immigration debate; as we discuss in this essay, the continued and baseless identification of a crime– immigration nexus reveals a discomfort of the state with the immigrant condition, which is an official distrust that is reflected implicitly in scholarly and public discourse (2004:278–285). Indeed, the crime–immigration nexus often is the prime rhetoric through which this state distrust becomes","PeriodicalId":158704,"journal":{"name":"Criminology and public policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"119425616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACCOUNTABILITY, EFFICIENCY, AND EFFECTIVENESS IN CORRECTIONS: SHINING A LIGHT ON THE BLACK BOX OF PRISON SYSTEMS*","authors":"D. Mears","doi":"10.1111/J.1745-9133.2008.00497.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-9133.2008.00497.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158704,"journal":{"name":"Criminology and public policy","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120334298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual delinquency in racine: does early sex offending predict later sex offending in youth and young adulthood?*","authors":"F. Zimring, A. Piquero, Wesley G. Jennings","doi":"10.1111/J.1745-9133.2007.00451.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-9133.2007.00451.X","url":null,"abstract":"Research Summary: \u0000One recent aspect of discourse about sex offenders is a debate about whether juvenile sex offending should be targeted with adult–style registration and stigma. But data on sex offending are quite thin, and data on the link between juvenile sex offending and adult careers are almost nonexistent. In fact, public policies with regard to sex offenders and the nature of their sexual offending assume that they are persistent specialists whose sexual offending is both recidivistic and dangerous. Yet, research on these assumptions is mixed, which leads some researchers to conclude that just about anything can be stated with regard to sex offenders. In an effort to overcome the limitations of previous research (highly select samples, short follow–up periods, lack of comparison group), the current study employs data from three birth cohorts from Racine, Wisconsin to examine the issue of juvenile to adult sex offending and its implications for current sex offender public policy. \u0000 \u0000Policy Implications: \u0000Several results emerged from the current study. First, the fraction of juvenile sex offenders who committed adult sex offenses was quite small. Second, males who committed juvenile sex offenses were a tiny fraction of the cohort males who had a police contact for a juvenile offense. Third, the best predictor during a juvenile career for adult sex offending was the frequency of offending as a juvenile rather than whether a boy committed a sexual offense. Whether a male in Racine had a juvenile sex police contact contributed little to predicting his likelihood of adult sex offending. Specifically, 8.5% of males with juvenile sex police contacts had adult sex police contacts compared with 6.2% of males with any non–sex juvenile contact. With regard to policy, our findings also indicate that concentrating effort on those who were juvenile sex offenders will miss more than 90% of the cohort members who commit sex crimes as adults and will misidentify 90% of the targeted group of the juveniles as adult sex offenders. Such errors speak to the near impossibility of predicting which adolescent sex offenders will emerge as adult sex offenders and cast some doubt on the long–term predictive utility of juvenile sex offender registration.","PeriodicalId":158704,"journal":{"name":"Criminology and public policy","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118472749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE CRIMINOGENIC EFFECTS OF IMPRISONMENT: EVIDENCE FROM STATE PANEL DATA, 1974–2002","authors":"Lynne M. Vieraitis, T. Kovandzic, T. Marvell","doi":"10.1111/J.1745-9133.2007.00456.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-9133.2007.00456.X","url":null,"abstract":"Research Summary: \u0000The heavy reliance on the use of incarceration in an attempt to address the crime problem has resulted in a dramatic growth in the number of state prisoners over the past 30 years. In recent years, however, a growing concern has developed about the impact that large numbers of offenders released from prison will have on crime rates. Using a state panel data set for 46 states from 1974 to 2002, this study demonstrates that although prison population growth seems to be associated with statistically significant decreases in crime rates, increases in the number of prisoners released from prison seem to be significantly associated with increases in crime. Because we control for changes in prison population levels, we attribute the apparent positive influences on crime that seem to follow prison releases to the criminogenic effects of prison. \u0000 \u0000Policy Implications: \u0000Policy makers should continue to serve the public interest by carefully considering policies that are designed to reduce incarceration rates and thus assuage the criminogenic effects of prison. These policies may include changes in sentencing, changes in probation and/or parole practices, or better funding of reentry services prerelease and postrelease.","PeriodicalId":158704,"journal":{"name":"Criminology and public policy","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120800404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE AFTER- SCHOOL PROGRAMS TO PREVENT DELINQUENCY AND VICTIMIZATION*","authors":"D. Gottfredson, A. Cross, D. Soulé","doi":"10.1111/J.1745-9133.2007.00437.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-9133.2007.00437.X","url":null,"abstract":"Using multi-level modeling techniques, this study explores characteristics of 35 after-school programs (ASPs) that criminological research and theory predict should be related to problem behavior outcomes. Controlling for individual-level predictors of problem behavior and for the composition of the participating ASPs, several ASP characteristics were found to be related, as predicted, to victimization, substance use, and delinquent behavior. Policy Implications: This study extended previous findings that providing structured programming and small program size are important for reducing problem behavior through ASPs. Our study also found that two characteristics of the program staff are related to reductions in problem behavior: More highly educated staff and a higher percentage male staff were related to reductions in levels of both delinquent behavior and victimization. The study concludes that program structure, staffing, and size are important in producing more positive behavioral outcomes.","PeriodicalId":158704,"journal":{"name":"Criminology and public policy","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117608387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REVERSING THE PUNITIVE TURN: THE LIMITS AND PROMISE OF CURRENT RESEARCH","authors":"M. Jacobson","doi":"10.1111/J.1745-9133.2006.00377.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-9133.2006.00377.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158704,"journal":{"name":"Criminology and public policy","volume":"45 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117556514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PANDORA'S BOX: RISK/NEED AND GENDER-RESPONSIVE CORRECTIONS","authors":"Kelly Hannah-Moffat","doi":"10.1111/J.1745-9133.2006.00113.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-9133.2006.00113.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158704,"journal":{"name":"Criminology and public policy","volume":"331 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118398754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DEBUNKING THE MYTH OF THE SAFE HAVEN: TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF INTRAPRISON HIV TRANSMISSION","authors":"K. Arriola","doi":"10.1111/J.1745-9133.2006.00108.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-9133.2006.00108.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158704,"journal":{"name":"Criminology and public policy","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118839398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}