Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health最新文献

{"title":"Differential relationship between state-level minimum wage and infant mortality risk among US infants born to white and black mothers","authors":"Natalie A. Rosenquist, D. Cook, Amy Ehntholt, Anthony T Omaye, P. Muennig, R. Pabayo","doi":"10.1136/jech-2019-212987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212987","url":null,"abstract":"Background Compared to other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations, US infant mortality rates (IMRs) are particularly high. These differences are partially driven by racial disparities, with non-Hispanic black having IMRs that are twice those of non-Hispanic white. Income inequality (the gap between rich and poor) is associated with infant mortality. One proposed way to decrease income inequality (and possibly to improve birth outcomes) is to increase the minimum wage. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between state-level minimum wage and infant mortality risk using individual-level and state-level data. We also determined whether observed associations were heterogeneous across racial groups. Methods Data were from US Vital Statistics 2010 Cohort Linked Birth and Infant Death records and the 2010 US Bureau of Labor Statistics. We fit multilevel logistic models to test whether state minimum wage was associated with infant mortality. Minimum wage was standardised using the z-transformation and was dichotomised (high vs low) at the 75th percentile. Analyses were stratified by mother's race (non-Hispanic black vs non-Hispanic white). Results High minimum wage (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.93, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.03) was associated with decreased odds of infant mortality but was not statistically significant. High minimum wage was significantly associated with reduced infant mortality among non-Hispanic black infants (AOR=0.80, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.94) but not among non-Hispanic white infants (AOR=1.04, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.17). Conclusions Increasing the minimum wage might be beneficial to infant health, especially among non-Hispanic black infants, and thus might decrease the racial disparity in infant mortality.","PeriodicalId":15778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","volume":"109 1","pages":"14 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73052619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic position and risk of atrial fibrillation: a nationwide Danish cohort study","authors":"E. D. Lunde, A. M. Joensen, S. Lundbye-Christensen, K. Fonager, S. Paaske Johnsen, M. Larsen, M. Berg Johansen, S. Riahi","doi":"10.1136/jech-2019-212720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212720","url":null,"abstract":"Aim To examine the association between socioeconomic position and the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in different stages of life in a population of Danish citizens. Methods Register-based study. We followed all individuals turning 35, 50, 65 or 80 years from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2005 until AF, death, emigration or the end of study period (31 December 2015). Exposure was education and income. We used Cox regression for the HRs (95% CI) and the pseudo-observation method for the adjusted risk difference (RD) (%). Results A total of 2 173 857 participants were enrolled and 151 340 incident cases of AF occurred over a median of 13.6 years of follow-up. Adjusted HR (95% CI) of incident AF for the youngest age group with the highest education (ref lowest) was 0.62 (0.50 to 0.77) (women) and 0.85 (0.76 to 0.96) (men). The associations attenuated with increasing age, that is, HRs for the oldest age group were 1.04 (0.97 to 1.10) and 0.98 (0.96 to 1.04), respectively. The corresponding adjusted RDs (%) were: −0.28 (−0.43 to −0.14), −0.18 (−0.36 to −0.01), 3.04 (−0.55 to 6.64) and −0.74 (−3.38 to 2.49), respectively. Similar but weaker associations were found for income. Conclusion Higher level of education and income was associated with a lower risk of being diagnosed with AF in young individuals but the association decreased with increasing age and was almost absent for the oldest age cohort. However, since AF is relatively rare in the youngest the RDs were low.","PeriodicalId":15778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","volume":"42 1","pages":"13 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81492092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographic disparities in cancer screening and fatalism among a nationally representative sample of US adults","authors":"Jennifer L. Moss, Rebecca C Ehrenkranz, L. Perez, Brionna Y. Hair, Anne K Julian","doi":"10.1136/jech-2019-212425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212425","url":null,"abstract":"Background Cancer screening in the USA is suboptimal, particularly for individuals living in vulnerable communities. This study aimed to understand how rurality and racial segregation are independently and interactively associated with cancer screening and cancer fatalism. Methods We used data from a nationally representative sample of adults (n=17 736) from National Cancer Institute’s Health Information National Trends Survey, 2011–2017, including cancer screening (colorectal, breast, cervical, prostate) among eligible participants and cancer fatalism. These data were linked to county-level metropolitan status/rurality (US Department of Agriculture) and racial segregation (US Census). We conducted multivariable analyses of associations of geographic variables with screening and fatalism. Results Breast cancer screening was lower in rural (92%, SE=1.5%) than urban counties (96%, SE=0.5%) (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.52, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.87). Colorectal cancer screening was higher in highly segregated (70%, SE=1.0%) than less segregated counties (65%, SE=1.7%) (aOR=1.28, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.58). Remaining outcomes did not vary by rurality or segregation, and these variables did not interact in their associations with screening or fatalism. Conclusion Similar to previous studies, breast cancer screening was less common in rural areas. Contrary to expectations, colorectal cancer screening was higher in highly segregated counties. More research is needed on the influence of geography on cancer screening and beliefs, and how access to facilities or information may mediate these relationships.","PeriodicalId":15778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","volume":"21 1","pages":"1128 - 1135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82586283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Class and health in changing societies: the need for novel approaches","authors":"E. Lahelma, O. Rahkonen","doi":"10.1136/jech-2019-213325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213325","url":null,"abstract":"Surprisingly little attention has been devoted to the theories, concepts and measurement of social class and socioeconomic position in social epidemiology. This is particularly surprising as the number studies on health inequalities has increased exponentially over the decades.1 Guidelines have though been proposed for the use of socioeconomic position in health research and we have learnt a lot about the nature, measurement and use of various socioeconomic indicators.2–4 However, the suggested socioeconomic classifications have often been pragmatic, based on occupation, education and income, grouped hierarchically following statistical authorities or ad hoc principles.\u0000\u0000So far, theoretical and conceptual issues and their integration to empirical analysis of health inequalities have remained largely a white spot. The theoretical work within the sociology of class has had almost non-existent consequences for research on health inequalities. Similarly, research on socioeconomic inequalities in health has seldom been considered in the sociology of class. Cross-fertilisation between theoretical and empirical work as well as between sociology of class and social epidemiology would deepen our understanding of social class and socioeconomic position in the production of health inequalities.\u0000\u0000The Marxian and the Weberian theories are the dominant social class traditions and these have influenced some subsequent class schemes and classifications. Wright’s neo-Marxian class theory draws on the Marxian tradition in its emphasis on people’s location in the occupational hierarchy based on production relations as well as power and control over access to economic and productive resources.5 Additionally, Wright’s theory draws on the Weberian tradition in its emphasis on skill and expertise, rendering the theory a …","PeriodicalId":15778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","volume":"34 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91316401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inequalities in time from stopping paid work to death: findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study, 2001–2011","authors":"E. Murray, E. Carr, P. Zaninotto, J. Head, B. Xue, S. Stansfeld, B. Beach, N. Shelton","doi":"10.1136/jech-2019-212487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212487","url":null,"abstract":"Background UK state pension eligibility ages are linked to average life expectancy, which ignores wide socioeconomic disparities in both healthy and overall life expectancy. Objectives Investigate whether there are occupational social class differences in the amount of time older adults live after they stop work, and how much of these differences are due to health. Methods Participants were 76 485 members of the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (LS), who were 50–75 years at the 2001 census and had stopped work by the 2011 census. Over 10 years of follow-up, we used censored linear regression to estimate mean differences in years between stopping work and death by occupational social class. Results After adjustment for age, both social class and health were independent predictors of postwork duration (mean difference (95% CI): unskilled class vs professional: 2.7 years (2.4 to 3.1); not good vs good health: 2.4 years (1.9 to 2.9)), with LS members in the three manual classes experiencing ~1 additional year of postwork duration than professional workers (interaction p values all <0.001). Further adjustment for gender and educational qualifications was reduced but did not eliminate social class and postwork duration associations. We estimate the difference in postwork years between professional classes in good health and unskilled workers not in good health as 5.1 years for women (21.0 vs 26.1) and 5.5 years for men (19.5 vs 25.0). Conclusions Lower social class groups are negatively affected by uniform state pension ages, because they are more likely to stop work at younger ages due to health reasons.","PeriodicalId":15778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","volume":"28 1 1","pages":"1101 - 1107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79999747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational class, capitalist class advantage and mortality among working-age men","authors":"L. Kokkinen, C. Muntaner, A. Koskinen, A. Väänänen","doi":"10.1136/jech-2019-212952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212952","url":null,"abstract":"Background Disparities in mortality have been firmly established across occupational grades and the incomes they earn, but this line of research has failed to include individuals’ relationships to capital, as suggested by class analysists. Methods According to Wright’s classification, the research generated 10 mutually exclusive classes based on occupation and investment income: worker; capitalist worker; professional; capitalist professional; supervisor; capitalist supervisor; manager; capitalist manager; self-employed; and capitalist self-employed. The study participants (n=268 239) were randomly selected from the Statistics Finland population database and represent 33% of Finnish men aged 30–64 years. The mortality data were monitored over the 1995–2014 period. Results The sociodemographic-adjusted HRs for mortality were lowest for capitalist managers (HR 0.50; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.69) as compared with that for workers without a capitalist class advantage. A positive occupational class gradient was found from managers to supervisors to workers. The capitalist class advantage independently affected the disparities in mortality within this occupational hierarchy. Conclusion Different occupational class locations protect against premature death differently, and the capitalist class advantage widens the premature-death disparities among the occupational classes. To monitor and explain social inequalities in health in a more nuanced way, future research on investment income as well as the operationalisation of the capitalist class advantage is encouraged.","PeriodicalId":15778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","volume":"179 1","pages":"3 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80680900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health students to relaunch health prevention in France: gamble of the health service","authors":"Enora Le Roux, Marta Mari Muro, Martine Novic, F. Chauvin, Philippe Zerr, C. Alberti, A. Faye","doi":"10.1136/jech-2019-212802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212802","url":null,"abstract":"The health service ( service sanitaire in French) was set up in September 2018 by the French government.1 This initiative enforces every health student to carry out a practical exercise of health promotion or primary prevention during their initial training, mainly towards children, adolescents and young adults. For this first year of application, 49 000 students (nurses, physiotherapists, doctors, pharmacists, dentists and midwives) completed their health service. Students from all other health disciplines will be involved from the 2019/2020 academic year.\u0000\u0000The health service is a major component of the French national health strategy, whose objective is to develop health promotion, in line with the international guidance of the WHO. This prioritisation of prevention in youth is based on numerous data showing the deleterious impact of health behaviours adopted in adolescence and early adulthood. Indeed, evidence suggests that 17% of the total disease burden for all age groups may be associated with risky behaviour in adolescence. In France, young people’s health behaviours are a major challenge. According to an international survey in 2013/2014, in France, 32% of 15-year-olds consumed soft drinks daily (vs 16% in England and 11% in Canada); 90% reported less than 60 min of moderate to vigorous daily activity (current worldwide recommendation) (vs 86% in England and 78% in Canada); and 19% smoked at least once a week (vs 7% in England and 5% in Canada).2 In light of those numbers, France will probably have a high prevalence of chronic diseases in the next generation of adults. At this time, the prevalence of self-reported chronic diseases is 16% in French employees aged 25–64 years.3 In addition, the burden of non-communicable …","PeriodicalId":15778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","volume":"31 19 1","pages":"305 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72964951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caesarean section delivery and childhood obesity: evidence from the growing up in New Zealand cohort","authors":"G. Masukume, F. McCarthy, J. Russell, P. Baker, L. Kenny, S. Morton, A. Khashan","doi":"10.1136/jech-2019-212591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212591","url":null,"abstract":"Background Epidemiological studies have reported conflicting results in the association between Caesarean section (CS) birth and childhood obesity. Many of these studies had small sample sizes, were unable to distinguish between elective/planned and emergency CS, and did not adjust for the key confounder maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). We investigated the association between CS delivery, particularly elective/planned and childhood obesity, using the Growing Up in New Zealand prospective longitudinal cohort study. Methods Pregnant women planning to deliver their babies on the New Zealand upper North Island were invited to participate. Mode of delivery was categorised into spontaneous vaginal delivery (VD) (reference), assisted VD, planned CS and emergency CS. The main outcome was childhood obesity defined according to the International Obesity Taskforce criteria at age 24 and 54 months. Multinomial logistic regression and mixed-effects linear regression models were fitted with associations adjusted for several potential confounders. Results Of the 6599 infants, 1532 (23.2%) were delivered by CS. At age 24 months, 478 (9.3%) children were obese. There was a statistically significant association between planned CS adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR=1.59; (95% CI 1.09 to 2.33)) and obesity but not for emergency CS (aRRR=1.27; (95% CI 0.89 to 1.82)). At age 54 months there was no association between planned CS (aRRR=0.89; (95% CI 0.54 to 1.45)) and obesity as well as for emergency CS (aRRR=1.19; (95% CI 0.80 to 1.77)). At all-time points those born by planned CS had a higher mean BMI (adjusted mean difference=0.16; (95% CI 0.00 to 0.31), p=0.046). Conclusions Planned CS was an independent predictor of obesity in early childhood. This suggests that birth mode influences growth, at least in the short term. This association occurred during a critical phase of human development, the first 2 years of life, and if causal might result in long-term detrimental cardiometabolic changes.","PeriodicalId":15778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","volume":"59 1","pages":"1063 - 1070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78386150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What can public health do for the welfare state? Occupational health could be an answer","authors":"F. Benavides, C. Serra, G. Delclos","doi":"10.1136/jech-2018-211561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211561","url":null,"abstract":"Background The welfare state has a long history of uncertain future. Nonetheless, health indicators of people living in countries with a more universal and generous welfare state remain better than those living under less generous and more individualist welfare regimes. In this essay, we reflect on how occupational health, as part of public health, can contribute to the sustainability of the welfare state. Methods Over the course of the political and social transformations of the State, from single guarantor of security to assuming civil and social rights, the practice of public health has added, to its original objectives related to the control of epidemics of contagious diseases, the promotion of health and the reduction of inequalities in health. In the context of the 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development Goals, there is a great opportunity to expand the welfare state through public health policies. Results On the other hand, the welfare state is only possible when persons are employed in the formal sector. Through their taxes, workers and employers support the welfare state. Occupational health, by preventing injury and illness, and promoting the health of working people, can contribute significantly to the existence of decent work and a quality labour market. Conclusion The mission of occupational health is to help people enjoy a healthy and prolonged working life, as a critical component of human well-being.","PeriodicalId":15778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","volume":"18 1","pages":"1141 - 1144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82645021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of ‘stacking’ early childhood interventions to reduce inequities in learning outcomes","authors":"Carly S Molloy, M. O’Connor, Shuaijun Guo, Colleen Lin, Christopher Harrop, Nicholas Perini, S. Goldfeld","doi":"10.1136/jech-2019-212282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212282","url":null,"abstract":"Background Early childhood interventions are critical for reducing child health and development inequities. While most research focuses on the efficacy of single interventions, combining multiple evidence-based strategies over the early years of a child’s life may yield greater impact. This study examined the association between exposure to a combination of five evidence-based services from 0 to 5 years on children’s reading at 8–9 years. Methods Data from the nationally representative birth cohort (n=5107) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were utilised. Risk and exposure measures across five services from 0 to 5 years were assessed: antenatal care, nurse home-visiting, early childhood education and care, parenting programme and the early years of school. Children’s reading at 8–9 years was measured using a standardised direct assessment. Linear regression analyses examined the cumulative effect of five services on reading. Interaction terms were examined to determine if the relationship differed as a function of level of disadvantage. Results A cumulative benefit effect of participation in more services and a cumulative risk effect when exposed to more risks was found. Each additional service that the child attended was associated with an increase in reading scores (b=9.16, 95% CI=5.58 to 12.75). Conversely, each additional risk that the child was exposed to was associated with a decrease in reading skills (b=−14.03, 95% CI=−16.61 to −11.44). Effects were similar for disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged children. Conclusion This study supports the potential value of ‘stacking’ early interventions across the early years of a child’s life to maximise impacts on child outcomes.","PeriodicalId":15778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","volume":"22 1","pages":"1078 - 1086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83565746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}