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Experiments in Linguistic Meaning最新文献

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Reciprocal predicates: a prototype model 互反谓词:原型模型
Experiments in Linguistic Meaning Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.3765/elm.1.4868
I. Kruitwagen, Yoad Winter, J. Hampton
{"title":"Reciprocal predicates: a prototype model","authors":"I. Kruitwagen, Yoad Winter, J. Hampton","doi":"10.3765/elm.1.4868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.4868","url":null,"abstract":"Many languages have verbal stems like hug and marry whose intransitive realization is interpreted as reciprocal. Previous semantic analyses of such reciprocal intransitives rely on the assumption of symmetric participation. Thus, 'Sam and Julia hugged' is assumed to entail both 'Sam hugged Julia' and 'Julia hugged Sam'. In this paper we report experimental results that go against this assumption. It is shown that although symmetric participation is likely to be preferred by speakers, it is not a necessary condition for accepting sentences with reciprocal verbs. To analyze the reciprocal alternation, we propose that symmetric participation is a typical feature connecting the meanings of reciprocal and binary forms. This accounts for the optionality as well as to the preference of this feature. Further, our results show that agent intentionality often boosts the acceptability of sentences with reciprocal verbs. Accordingly, we propose that intentionality is another typical semantic feature of such verbs, separate from symmetric participation.","PeriodicalId":154565,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Linguistic Meaning","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130529117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Overspecification of small cardinalities in reference production 参考生产中对小基数的过度规范
Experiments in Linguistic Meaning Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.3765/ELM.1.4858
Natalia Zevakhina, Elena Pasalskaya
{"title":"Overspecification of small cardinalities in reference production","authors":"Natalia Zevakhina, Elena Pasalskaya","doi":"10.3765/ELM.1.4858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3765/ELM.1.4858","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents experimental evidence for overspecification of small cardinalities in refer-ence production. The idea is that when presented with a small set of unique objects (2, 3 or 4), the speaker includes a small cardinality while describing given objects, although it is overin-formative for the hearer (e.g., 'three stars'). On the contrary, when presented with a large set of unique objects, the speaker does not include cardinality in their description – so she produces a bare plural (e.g. 'stars'). The effect of overspecifying small cardinalities resembles the effect of overspecifying color in reference production which has been extensively studied in recent years (cf. Rubio-Fernandez 2016, Tarenskeen et al. 2015). When slides are flashed on the screen one by one, highlighted objects are still overspecified. We argue that one of the main reasons lies in subitizing effect, which is a human capacity to instantaneously grasp small cardinalities.","PeriodicalId":154565,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Linguistic Meaning","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127989541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Coming in, or going out? Measuring the effect of discourse factors on perspective prominence 进来还是出去?衡量话语因素对视角突出的影响
Experiments in Linguistic Meaning Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.3765/elm.1.4865
Carolyn Jane Anderson
{"title":"Coming in, or going out? Measuring the effect of discourse factors on perspective prominence","authors":"Carolyn Jane Anderson","doi":"10.3765/elm.1.4865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.4865","url":null,"abstract":"Although perspectival expressions are a diverse group, they share a common property: their meanings depend on the perspective of a discourse-given individual whose identity is under-specified. This paper investigates how perspective holder prominence is determined through a series of forced choice experiments on American English motion verbs exploring a number of discourse factors: definiteness, mention order, topicality, and subjecthood. The results suggest that both global and local prominence effects play a role in determining how perspectival motion verbs are interpreted.","PeriodicalId":154565,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Linguistic Meaning","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128937345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Clause types and speech acts in speech to children 对儿童讲话中的子句类型和言语行为
Experiments in Linguistic Meaning Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.3765/elm.1.4886
Anissa Zaitsu, J. Wehbe, V. Hacquard, J. Lidz
{"title":"Clause types and speech acts in speech to children","authors":"Anissa Zaitsu, J. Wehbe, V. Hacquard, J. Lidz","doi":"10.3765/elm.1.4886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.4886","url":null,"abstract":"The question of how and when children learn to associate clause type with its canonical function, or speech act, is currently unknown. It is widely observed that declaratives tend to result in assertions, interrogatives in questions, and imperatives in requests. Although such canonical links between clause type and speech acts are principled, they are known to be defeasible. In this corpus study, we investigate how parents talk to their children in the first years of life, and ask how their input might support this mapping, and to what extent it might pose difficulties. We find that the expected link between clause type and speech act is robust in the input, particularly between declaratives and assertions, both of which also occur most frequently. In addition, the non-canonical mappings that do occur are characterized formally, e.g., non-interrogative questions nearly always exhibit rising prosody, and non-imperative requests often contain a modal.","PeriodicalId":154565,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Linguistic Meaning","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128971735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Superlative-modified numerals and negation: A multiply negotiable cost 最高级修饰的数字和否定:可转让成本的倍数
Experiments in Linguistic Meaning Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.3765/elm.1.4860
Teodora Mihoc, Kathryn Davidson
{"title":"Superlative-modified numerals and negation: A multiply negotiable cost","authors":"Teodora Mihoc, Kathryn Davidson","doi":"10.3765/elm.1.4860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.4860","url":null,"abstract":"Comparative-modified numerals (CMNs) and superlative-modified numerals (SMNs) are reported to exhibit a polarity sensitivity contrast: unlike CMNs, the use of SMNs is said to be sensitive to embedding under negation. This contrast is however neither well studied nor well understood, such that the existing views in the literature disagree vastly on both the basic facts and related expectations. In this paper we investigate this contrast in three offline experiments. We show that there is strong empirical support for this reported contrast under negation, but none of the existing analyses of the contrast can capture it in full, though we do seem to require insights from each.","PeriodicalId":154565,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Linguistic Meaning","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124305126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Seeing vs. Seeing That: Children's Understanding of Direct Perception and Inference Reports 看与看:儿童对直接知觉和推论报告的理解
Experiments in Linguistic Meaning Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.3765/elm.1.4864
E. Davis, B. Landau
{"title":"Seeing vs. Seeing That: Children's Understanding of Direct Perception and Inference Reports","authors":"E. Davis, B. Landau","doi":"10.3765/elm.1.4864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.4864","url":null,"abstract":"Young children can reason about direct and indirect visual information, but fully mapping this understanding to linguistic forms encoding the two knowledge sources appears to come later in development. In English, perception verbs with small clause complements ('I saw something happen') report direct perception of an event, while perception verbs with sentential complements ('I saw that something happened') can report inferences about an event. In two experiments, we ask when 4-9-year-old English-speaking children have linked the conceptual distinction between direct perception and inference to different complements expressing this distinction. We find that, unlike older children or adults, 4-6-year-olds do not recognize that see with a sentential complement can report visually-based inference, even when syntactic and contextual cues make inference interpretations highly salient. These results suggest a prolonged developmental trajectory for learning how the syntax of perception verbs like see maps to their semantics.","PeriodicalId":154565,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Linguistic Meaning","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123672344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
What's the smallest part of spinach? A new experimental approach to the count/mass distinction 菠菜最小的部分是什么?计数/质量区分的新实验方法
Experiments in Linguistic Meaning Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.3765/elm.1.4867
Sea Hee Choi, T. Ionin
{"title":"What's the smallest part of spinach? A new experimental approach to the count/mass distinction","authors":"Sea Hee Choi, T. Ionin","doi":"10.3765/elm.1.4867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.4867","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on a study that uses a novel methodology, the minimal part identification task, in order to probe the relationship between morphosyntax and interpretation. English, Korean and Mandarin Chinese differ from one another with regard to the count/mass distinction. Building on prior research but using a new methodology, this study examines whether speakers of these three languages also differ in how they interpret count vs. mass nouns. The findings, while uncovering some language-specific effects of morphosyntax, point to the importance of universality, and suggest that interpretation drives morphosyntax rather than the other way around.","PeriodicalId":154565,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Linguistic Meaning","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116794856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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