Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Malthus-Informed Drug Development (MIDD)","authors":"Piet H. van der Graaf","doi":"10.1002/cpt.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpt.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 19th century scholar Thomas Robert Malthus is widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of population modeling, although 600 years before him, Leonardo of Pisa (more widely known as Fibonacci) presented a mathematical model to describe the growth of rabbits. In his <i>Essay on the Principle of Population</i>, Malthus presented a simple model that describes how the human population grows exponentially, whereas food production can only increase linearly. The predictions of this model, which became known as “Malthusian catastrophes,” are grim: cycles of population growth inevitably followed by famine and collapse.<span><sup>1</sup></span> Malthus' original model has been the subject of intense debate, and its flaws are widely recognized. Despite its obvious shortcomings, the Malthus model has been the basis for foundational work in a variety of scientific areas such as economics, demographics, and climate change.<span><sup>2</sup></span> However, the impact of Malthus' work in clinical pharmacology has not received much attention, although it can be argued that several fundamental pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PKPD) principles have, at least indirectly, their roots in it.</p><p>For example, after the publication of Malthus' original work, it was soon agreed that growth is typically not unbounded but capped by a maximum population size. This insight was the basis for Pierre François Verhulst to introduce the logistic growth model, which included a “carrying capacity”—the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support. The logistic equation proposed by Verhulst is the basis for the most widely used model in pharmacology and PKPD, often referred to as the <i>E</i><sub>max</sub> model or Hill equation, which is equivalent to equations proposed by, amongst others, Langmuir and Michaelis–Menten in the fields of chemistry and enzymology.<span><sup>1, 3-5</sup></span></p><p>Another main branch that developed from the Malthus model was the work from Lotka and Volterra, who independently derived what has become known as the “predator–prey” model, adding a second species to the Malthusian population mix.<span><sup>6</sup></span> These models became the basis for studying and predicting drug effects in infectious diseases caused by, for example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV), and coronaviruses (<b>Figure</b> 1).<span><sup>7, 8</sup></span> For example, in their seminal paper, Neumann and co-workers proposed a basic model of viral infection based on Malthusian principles to unravel the dynamics of HCV and the mechanism of action of interferon.<span><sup>9</sup></span> This work became the foundation for model-informed drug development (MIDD) in HCV and has been widely used to optimize clinical trial design and individualized dosing (<b>Figure</b> 2).<span><sup>7, 8</sup></span></p><p>In the current issue of <i>Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics</i> (<i>CPT</i>), Cortés-Rio <i>e","PeriodicalId":153,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":"118 3","pages":"531-534"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpt.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Efficacy of the NMDA-2b-Selective Negative Allosteric Modulator BI 1569912: A Phase Ib Randomized Trial in Major Depressive Disorder.","authors":"Roger S McIntyre, Gerard Sanacora, David P Walling, Elan A Cohen, Shishuka Malhotra, Holger Rosenbrock, Manuela Schmitz, Andreas Scholz, Sigurd D Süssmuth, Franco De Crescenzo","doi":"10.1002/cpt.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2b negative allosteric modulators (NR2B NAMs) are being explored as potential new treatment options for major depressive disorder (MDD). This Phase Ib, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial was conducted in adults (N = 59) with moderate-to-severe MDD and insufficient response to ongoing antidepressant monotherapy. Participants were randomized (1:1:1) to a novel NR2B NAM, BI 1569912 (5 mg or 20 mg tablet) or placebo. The primary safety endpoint was the number and percentage of participants with drug-related adverse events (AEs) from the start of treatment to Day 15. Dissociation and psychedelic symptoms were assessed by the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS) and Bowdle-Visual Analog Scale (B-VAS), respectively. Preliminary efficacy assessments included the maximum decrease from baseline in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score within a 7-day interval (primary) and the change from baseline in MADRS total score at individual time points (exploratory). The proportion of participants with ≥ 1 AE was similar between BI 1569912 and placebo, with no dose-dependent trend. There was no increase in suicidal or dissociative symptoms and no clinically relevant sign of human abuse potential. The maximum decrease from baseline in MADRS within a 7-day interval was similar across groups; however, a single BI 1569912 20-mg dose provided a clinically relevant 3.4- to 4.9-point improvement in MADRS total score vs. placebo at Days 2, 4, and 6, meeting predefined criteria for further development. The favorable safety profile and preliminary efficacy signals support continued development of BI 1569912 for adults with MDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":153,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rules of Thumb for Estimating Drug Levels in Breast Milk: How Well Do They Work?","authors":"Juliya Gasparyan, Philip O Anderson, Tamorah Lewis, Cindy H T Yeung","doi":"10.1002/cpt.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life due to extensive benefits for the maternal-infant dyad. While over 90% of mothers initiate breastfeeding, continuation drops to 35% by 6 months, often due to concerns about medication safety. Clinicians often face decisions about medication use during lactation in the absence of robust data. Factors such as molecular weight (MW), lipid solubility, protein binding and a drug's acid-base status are routinely stated as the determinants of drug passage into milk and used as \"rules of thumb\" (e.g., MW <500 Da). However, these have not been rigorously examined for clinical applicability. This study investigates MW, protein binding, milk-to-plasma ratios (M/P), and relative infant dose (RID) with the aim of assisting clinicians' estimation of medication safety during breastfeeding. Small-molecule drugs with well-documented M/P were selected using predefined criteria. Physicochemical properties and active transporter status were compiled from multiple databases. Analyses investigated relationships between physicochemical properties, M/P, and RID. A total of 94 drugs were included in the physicochemicalM/P analyses, 91 for the M/P-RID analysis and 91 for the protein binding-RID analysis. Our study highlights the complexities of predicting drug passage into breast milk, finding no straightforward MW cutoff for passage of small molecules. These findings challenge common assumptions and emphasize the importance of considering active transport and other physicochemical properties. While protein binding >75% can serve as a preliminary guide, slow maternal drug clearance and active metabolites can decrease its utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":153,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid 3-O-Sulfate (GCDCA-S) as Endogenous Biomarker of OATP1B3 and OAT3 Transporters.","authors":"Yuki Ujihira, Viktor Georgiev, Kayode Ogungbenro, Aleksandra Galetin","doi":"10.1002/cpt.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endogenous biomarkers for drug transporters are an emerging tool for the assessment of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDI). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid 3-O-sulfate (GCDCA-S) has been proposed as a Tier 2 biomarker of hepatic OATP1B3 and renal OAT3 transporters by the International Transporter Consortium. However, there are currently no mechanistic models developed for this biomarker. This study aimed to characterize the synthesis and elimination of this biomarker through population pharmacokinetic (POP-PK) modeling of GCDCA-S plasma and urine data in the presence and absence of OATP1B inhibitor rifampicin and OAT3 inhibitor probenecid. Simultaneous fitting of rifampicin and probenecid interaction data incorporated the inhibitory effect of rifampicin on GCDCA-S hepatic clearance (CL_h) and probenecid inhibitory effect on both renal (CL_R) and hepatic (CL_h) clearance parameters, assuming no effect on the synthesis of GCDCA-S. The POP-PK model successfully described the observed data for GCDCA-S, with reasonable standard errors (<40%) for population parameter estimates. The results indicated biliary excretion as the primary route of elimination for GCDCA-S (~ 95%). The GCDCA-S model was successfully verified against four independent datasets on plasma baseline and interaction after rifampicin administration. Power calculations confirmed the sensitivity of GCDCA-S for identifying weak to strong OATP1B3 and OAT3 inhibitors using plasma AUC and renal clearance as metrics, respectively. This study provides further validation of GCDCA-S as an endogenous biomarker of OATP1B3 and OAT3 transporters and offers a valuable resource for optimizing the design of prospective OATP1B3- and OAT3-mediated DDI studies in early-phase clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":153,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144815409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Tools and Technologies for Microbiome-Aware Drug Development.","authors":"Henry J Haiser, David de Gruijl","doi":"10.1002/cpt.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmacomicrobiomics explores the role of the gut microbiota in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, paving the way for new biomarkers and intervention strategies to reduce interindividual variability in drug response. Emerging mechanistic insights and tools enable microbiome-aware approaches as a promising new facet of personalized medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":153,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144815408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Pharmacology Characterization of Bispecific T-Cell Engagers: A Summary Based on FDA Approvals.","authors":"Ting Wang, Yow-Ming Wang, Qin Sun","doi":"10.1002/cpt.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bispecific T-cell engagers (Bi-TCEs) have demonstrated clinical efficacy and safety, with 7 approved for hematological cancers and 2 approved for solid tumors by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as of May 2025. Its intricate mechanism of action through the formation of a trimer involving Bi-TCE, T cell, and tumor cell presents challenges to clinical development requiring special strategies for multiple disciplines. This review summarizes key clinical pharmacology characterizations of these 9 FDA-approved Bi-TCEs to understand the current practice and to identify potential knowledge gaps. The topics covered include dosing strategies, general clinical pharmacology evaluations, and cytokine-related drug-drug interaction (DDI) assessment. The dosing strategy part discusses the criteria for step-up dose and full treatment dose selection, the potential for further optimization of dose regimen in later cycles, and the analyses supporting the restarting strategy after dosage delay. The section on general clinical pharmacology evaluations summarizes pharmacokinetic (PK) property and its impact on dosing strategy, PK in specific populations (e.g., organ impairment, pediatrics), pharmacodynamics property, and immunogenicity information. The cytokine-related DDI part discusses cytokine profiles, risk mitigation strategy, and physiologically based PK (PBPK) models and their limitations. Finally, future perspectives are provided regarding efficient dose selection, PBPK modeling application, and Bi-TCEs for solid tumors and non-oncology indications.</p>","PeriodicalId":153,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144783089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Reduced-Dose Prasugrel in an East Asian Population: PRASFIT-ACS Emulation Using National Health Insurance Claims Data.","authors":"Li-Wen Huang, Yee-Jen Wu, Fang-Ju Lin, Chien-Chih Wu, Hsin-Yi Huang, Chi-Chuan Wang, Xiaojuan Li","doi":"10.1002/cpt.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpt.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prasugrel is recommended for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, East Asians exhibit a stronger antiplatelet response, raising concerns about bleeding risks with standard dosing. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the real-world effectiveness and safety of reduced-dose prasugrel in an East Asian population by emulating the pivotal PRASFIT-ACS trial using Taiwan's National Health Insurance claims data. In this study, ACS patients were classified into reduced-dose prasugrel or clopidogrel groups post-PCI. We estimated the intention-to-treat effect of initiating reduced-dose prasugrel vs. clopidogrel on the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and the per-protocol effect of treating with reduced-dose prasugrel on major bleeding risk using Cox proportional hazard models. A total of 4833 ACS patients were analyzed, including 977 (20.2%) who received reduced-dose prasugrel. Reduced-dose prasugrel showed comparable effectiveness to clopidogrel in preventing MACE (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.72-1.29) and did not increase bleeding risk (HR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.36-1.90), consistent with PRASFIT-ACS results (HR_MACE: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.62-1.16; HR_Bleeding: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.39-1.73). A significant reduction in cardiovascular mortality was observed (HR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29-0.89), differing from PRASFIT-ACS findings (HR: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.48-3.06). Our results suggest that reduced-dose prasugrel was effective in preventing thrombotic events in the Taiwanese population without significantly increasing bleeding risk. These findings align with pivotal trial outcomes while highlighting the importance of race-specific dose adjustments to optimize ACS treatment strategies. Further research is needed to evaluate whether these results are applicable to other East Asian populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":153,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12390784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144774406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expediting Drug Development in Japan: A PMDA Perspective.","authors":"Yoichi Kohno, Akihiro Ishiguro, Takashi Yasukawa, Naoyuki Yasuda, Daisuke Tanaka, Yasuhiro Araki, Yukio Takahashi, Yoshiaki Uyama, Yasuhiro Fujiwara","doi":"10.1002/cpt.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Review time for a new drug in Japan has shortened dramatically since the establishment of the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA). Nonetheless, Japan faces a new challenge so-called \"Drug Loss\", which means that new drugs approved overseas have not yet been developed in Japan or that development is delayed. In this manuscript, we describe how PMDA facilitates Japan's drug development to continuously provide innovative drugs to patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":153,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144774407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hybrid Design Incorporating External Data to Evaluate Dexamethasone Intracameral Drug Delivery Suspension for Post-Cataract Surgery Inflammation.","authors":"Yuanyuan Zhao, Keer Chen, Jun Zhou, Jun Zhao, Dingheng Zhang, Junyue Wan, Weihong Yuan, Xi Chen, Ming Tan, Fuqiang Cui, Shein-Chung Chow, Ying Wu","doi":"10.1002/cpt.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) face increasing challenges due to lengthy recruitment and high costs. Regulators have encouraged the use of external data and real-world evidence (RWE) to improve efficiency, yet adoption in confirmatory settings remains limited by concerns over heterogeneity and bias. We conducted a proof-of-concept study to assess the feasibility and regulatory value of a hybrid Bayesian borrowing design to support a Phase III RCT of Dexamethasone Intracameral Drug-Delivery Suspension (DEXYCU) in China. Using the Equivalence Probability Propensity Score Meta-Analytic-Predictive (EQPSMAP) approach, we integrated three data sources-a global RCT, a regional Phase III RCT in China, and a real-world data (RWD) in China. The method's performance was evaluated via point estimates and 95% credible intervals for the primary efficacy endpoint. The hybrid design based on EQPSMAP demonstrated greater robustness and accuracy in the presence of baseline imbalances and heterogeneous data. Compared to a traditional RCT, the hybrid design reduced the required sample size by 41 to 158 patients and shortened trial duration by approximately 2 to 5 months while preserving internal validity. This study demonstrated the feasibility and regulatory value of hybrid Bayesian designs in late-phase trials. The approach offers a practical, bias-controlled framework for integrating external data into regional drug development and regulatory decision making.</p>","PeriodicalId":153,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144758806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Type of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Medication Given for In Vitro Fertilization Impacts Oocyte Retrieval: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Toni J.F. Michael,&nbsp;Ranita Kirubakaran,&nbsp;Tanay Parab,&nbsp;Rui Wang,&nbsp;Mark Grosser,&nbsp;Beverley J. Vollenhoven,&nbsp;Vinayak Smith,&nbsp;Sophie L. Stocker,&nbsp;the LIFE Consortium","doi":"10.1002/cpt.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpt.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the variability in ovarian response following administration of follicle-stimulating hormone medications in women undergoing <i>in vitro</i> fertilization may help inform prescribing decisions. A systematic review was conducted to compare the number of retrieved oocytes and fertility outcomes following the administration of different follicle-stimulating hormone medications. Databases were searched from inception to November 2024, including studies that compared two follicle-stimulating hormone medications, including follitropin alfa, follitropin beta, follitropin delta, and urofollitropin. Meta-analyses were performed in random effects models with the restricted maximum likelihood method. From 3867 identified articles, 26 (12613 participants) were included. More oocytes were retrieved with follitropin alfa compared to beta (mean difference 0.64, 95% CI 0.09–1.19). Compared to follitropin delta, more oocytes were retrieved with follitropin alfa and beta (1.38, 95% CI 0.09–2.67, and 1.40, 95% CI 0.41–2.39, respectively); however, higher total doses of follitropin alfa and beta were administered (199.29 IU, 95% CI 43.15–355.43 and 181.08 IU, 95% CI 55.67–306.49, respectively), and the risk of hyperstimulation increased (risk ratios 1.42, 95% CI 1.04–1.96 and 1.75, 95% CI 1.15–2.70, respectively). More oocytes were retrieved with urofollitropin compared to follitropin beta (1.12, 95% CI −1.63 to −0.62), with higher total doses of urofollitropin administered (782.32 IU, 95% CI −1493.79 to −70.85). Variability in ovarian response and hyperstimulation rates across the medications decreased when similar total doses were administered. Fertilization, pregnancy, and live birth rates were similar across the medications, despite differences in the number of retrieved oocytes. Additional research is required to evaluate oocyte quality across follicle-stimulating hormone medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":153,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":"118 4","pages":"790-802"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12439018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}