Journal of Caring Sciences最新文献

Nursing Students’ Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Help Associated to Self-Stigma and Perceived Social Stigma 护生寻求心理帮助的态度与自我污名和感知到的社会污名有关

Journal of Caring Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2023.33094

Özcan Özdemir, Yunus Kaya, Simla Adagide

{"title":"Nursing Students’ Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Help Associated to Self-Stigma and Perceived Social Stigma","authors":"Özcan Özdemir, Yunus Kaya, Simla Adagide","doi":"10.34172/jcs.2023.33094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2023.33094","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Nursing students often experience stress due to their educational demands and developmental stage. This study focuses on nursing students to investigate the relationship between their attitudes toward seeking psychological help and their levels of perceived self-stigma and social stigma. Methods: This was a descriptive correlational study, in which 791 nursing students participated through convenience sampling between April and May 2022. Data were collected using the Attitude Towards Seeking Psychological Help Scale-R (ASPH-R), the Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help (SSRPH), and the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. The article adheres to the STROBE checklist in its organization and presentation. Results: Positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help were negatively correlated with self-stigma (r=-0.39, P<0.01) and social stigma perceptions (r=-0.17, P<0.01), while negative attitudes were positively correlated with self-stigma (r=0.50, P<0.01) and social stigma (r=0.47, P<0.01). Variables of sex, age, self-stigma, and social stigma significantly contributed to explaining attitudes towards seeking psychological help. Conclusion: Social stigma and particularly self-stigma significantly influence nursing students’ attitudes towards seeking psychological help. Therefore, it is recommended that authorities develop psychoeducational interventions aimed at enhancing nursing students’ mental health awareness and reducing self-stigma.","PeriodicalId":15317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Caring Sciences","volume":"184 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139272530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effectiveness of Swallowing and Oral Care Interventions on Oral Intake and Salivary Flow of Patients Following Endotracheal Extubation at a Tertiary Care Center: A Randomized Controlled Trial 吞咽和口腔护理干预对一家三级医疗中心气管插管术后患者口腔摄入量和唾液流量的影响：随机对照试验

Journal of Caring Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-12 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2023.33005

Sherill Ann Chacko, Lakshmi Ramamoorthy, Anusha Cherian, R. Anusuya, HT Lalthanthuami, Rani Subramaniyan

{"title":"Effectiveness of Swallowing and Oral Care Interventions on Oral Intake and Salivary Flow of Patients Following Endotracheal Extubation at a Tertiary Care Center: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Sherill Ann Chacko, Lakshmi Ramamoorthy, Anusha Cherian, R. Anusuya, HT Lalthanthuami, Rani Subramaniyan","doi":"10.34172/jcs.2023.33005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2023.33005","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are the most frequently used life-sustaining interventions in critical care. Prolonged intubation can lead to post-extubation dysphagia, affecting the individual’s nutritional level and communication ability. Thereupon, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of swallowing and oral care interventions in resuming oral intake and increasing salivary flow in post-extubation patients. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in critical care units of a tertiary care setting, where 92 post-extubation patients who had undergone intubation for≥48 hours were enrolled. The intervention group received swallowing and oral interventions, including safe swallowing education (SSE), toothbrushing, salivary gland massage, oral cavity, and swallowing exercises. In contrast, the control group received standard oral care every 8th hour. Oral intake was assessed daily with the Functional Oral Intake Scale, and the salivary flow measurement was assessed with oral Schirmer’s test on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day after extubation. Results: The baseline demographic and clinical characteristics showed that the groups were homogenous. The intervention group achieved total oral intake two days earlier than the control group. Findings also showed that the participants in the intervention group had a significant increase in salivary flow than in the control group on the 3rd and 7th days of the intervention. Conclusion: Swallowing and oral care interventions help post-extubation patients resume early oral intake and increase salivary flow after prolonged intubation. Hence, it improves the patient’s outcome toward a healthy life.","PeriodicalId":15317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Caring Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139279464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abnormal Burnout of Nurses in Crisis; Double Pressure of Low Support and Competence 危机中护士的非正常职业倦怠；低支持和低能力的双重压力

Journal of Caring Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-21 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2023.33177

Ebrahim Aliafsari Mamaghani, Leila Sheikhnezhad, Taher Estebsari

引用次数: 0

Psychometric Assessment of Infant Colic Scale in Iranian Population 伊朗婴儿腹绞痛量表的心理测量学评估

Journal of Caring Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2023.31959

Reihaneh Montazeri, Shirin Hasanpour, M. Mirghafourvand, Mohammad Asghari jafarabadi, Manizheh Mostafa Gharehbaghi, Soheila Bani

{"title":"Psychometric Assessment of Infant Colic Scale in Iranian Population","authors":"Reihaneh Montazeri, Shirin Hasanpour, M. Mirghafourvand, Mohammad Asghari jafarabadi, Manizheh Mostafa Gharehbaghi, Soheila Bani","doi":"10.34172/jcs.2023.31959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2023.31959","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Infant colic, causing excessive crying, poses anxiety for parents and a challenge for pediatricians and nurses. The Infant Colic Scale (ICS) serves to assess the severity and causal factors of colic. Despite its significance, the psychometric properties of ICS have not been evaluated in the Iranian population. This study seeks to address this gap by assessing the psychometric properties of ICS in Iran. Methods: A sample of 220 mothers with 2–16-week-old term infants diagnosed with infantile colic was selected through convenience sampling. Following forward and back-translation, the face validity, content validity, and construct validity of ICS were systematically evaluated. Reliability was examined through both internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test-retest stability methods. Results: Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) values for ICS were 0.94 and 0.81, respectively. The good fit indices confirmed the validity of the five-factor structure. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were 0.71 and 0.94, respectively. Conclusion: The Persian version of ICS is a valid and reliable tool, suitable for assessing infantile colic in the Iranian population. Future studies and clinical practice can utilize this tool to identify major causes of this disorder in the Iranian context.","PeriodicalId":15317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Caring Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139320775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Novel Memories of Motherhood: Childbirth Lived Experiences of Mothers with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 新奇的母性记忆：2019年冠状病毒病母亲的分娩生活经历（COVID-19）

Journal of Caring Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2023.31929

Sedigheh Abdollahpour, A. Akbari, T. Khadivzadeh

{"title":"Novel Memories of Motherhood: Childbirth Lived Experiences of Mothers with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","authors":"Sedigheh Abdollahpour, A. Akbari, T. Khadivzadeh","doi":"10.34172/jcs.2023.31929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2023.31929","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The critical coronavirus pandemic presents a global challenge with dimensions yet unknown, underscoring the essential need to comprehend the lived experiences, especially for vulnerable groups. This study delves into the childbirth experiences of mothers dealing with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: Employing hermeneutic phenomenology, this qualitative research was conducted at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Iran). Purposeful sampling involved 16 mothers with maximum variation. Unstructured telephone interviews collected data, analyzed using the Diekelman approach. Results: Unveiling the theme \"Novel Memories of Motherhood,\" four central themes emerged: \"The Missing Link in Quality Care,\" \"Coronavirus Stigma,\" \"A lonely mother in quarantine,\" and \"Cascade of Psychological Trauma.\" Conclusion: COVID-19 acts as an intervening factor, distorting routine care and delivery programs. The focus for service providers attending to mothers in labor should extend beyond physical care, encompassing the elimination of coronavirus-related stigma and prioritizing psychological attention. This holistic approach is crucial for maintaining quality care standards.","PeriodicalId":15317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Caring Sciences","volume":"52 10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139321793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparison of Vascular Complications after Arterial Sheath Removal using Manual Compression Method and ClampEase Method in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography 冠状动脉造影患者使用手动压迫法和钳夹法拔除动脉鞘后血管并发症的比较

Journal of Caring Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-10 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2023.30700

Javad Kazemi Darafshani, Seyyed Abbas Hosseini, S. Babaei, Alireza Khosravi Farsani

{"title":"Comparison of Vascular Complications after Arterial Sheath Removal using Manual Compression Method and ClampEase Method in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography","authors":"Javad Kazemi Darafshani, Seyyed Abbas Hosseini, S. Babaei, Alireza Khosravi Farsani","doi":"10.34172/jcs.2023.30700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2023.30700","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Angiography stands as the paramount and definitive diagnostic method for coronary artery disease. However, akin to various other invasive procedures, it may carry a multitude of complications. This study sought to assess the incidence of vascular complications post-arterial sheath removal, comparing the use of a ClampEase device against manual compression. Methods: This quasi-experimental clinical trial involved patients undergoing angiography at the post-angiography ward in Isfahan, Iran. A total of 91 patients were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either the manual compression or ClampEase device groups. Monitoring common vascular complications like hemorrhage, hematomas, and ecchymosis occurred up to 24 hours post-arterial sheath removal. Data were collected using a digital scale model DM3, a transparent flexible ruler, and a questionnaire named ‘vascular complications after angiography.’ Analysis was performed using SPSS software version 13. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that, when compared to the manual method, compression with the ClampEase device led to fewer vascular complications in patients and a quicker return to homeostasis. Conclusion: The findings underscore that the ClampEase method is a safer alternative with fewer vascular complications than the manual compression method. This discovery has implications for reducing hospital costs and length of stay. The ClampEase device is associated with a swifter time to hemostasis, contributing to enhanced patient comfort and acceptance.","PeriodicalId":15317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Caring Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139341344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experiences of Family Caregivers Caring for Patient with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study 家庭照顾者照顾阿尔茨海默病患者的经验:解释学现象学研究

Journal of Caring Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2023.33098

Evelyn Hemme Tambunan, Idauli Simbolon

{"title":"Experiences of Family Caregivers Caring for Patient with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study","authors":"Evelyn Hemme Tambunan, Idauli Simbolon","doi":"10.34172/jcs.2023.33098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2023.33098","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) becomes one of the diseases that greatly increased in the older adult population. Family caregivers play an important role in caring for family members who suffer from AD. The aim of this study was to illuminate the meaning of family caregivers’ lived experiences caring for a family member with AD from the perspective of an Indonesian. Methods: Narrative interviews were conducted with 13 family caregivers. These interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. Results: The findings are presented under two main themes: Descent and ascent in caring for which emerged from category from being denial to acceptance, from lack of patience to compassion, from using to not using medication, and desperate yet responsibility. Another theme, caregivers’ life learning emerged from the category of ongoing caring for and getting through in caring for. Conclusion: Expressed concerns have shown that family caregivers not only face challenges in caring for family members suffering from AD, but also gain a lesson for life. It is necessary for family caregivers to manage caring processes for family members who suffer from AD.","PeriodicalId":15317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Caring Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135492007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Relationship between Moral Intelligence and Patient Safety Culture in Nurses 护士的道德智力与患者安全文化之间的关系

Journal of Caring Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-03 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2023.30501

S. Majidi, Zeinab Fakoorfard, Hamideh Safarmohammadi, Ehsan Kazemnezhad Leily

{"title":"The Relationship between Moral Intelligence and Patient Safety Culture in Nurses","authors":"S. Majidi, Zeinab Fakoorfard, Hamideh Safarmohammadi, Ehsan Kazemnezhad Leily","doi":"10.34172/jcs.2023.30501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2023.30501","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Ethical issues are among the first concerns and important issues in the daily care of nurses, so that nurses always try to maintain and observe them in order to provide better and more basic care to patients. Moral intelligence (MI) can provide a framework for the proper functioning of nurses. The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between patient safety culture and the MI of nurses working in hospitals in Iran, Guilan province. Methods: In the present study which was descriptive and correlational research, the sample was 400 nurses from Iran. Data were collected by a standardized and modified questionnaire \"Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC)\", and \"Lennick & Kiel’s Moral Intelligence Scale\". The collected data were analyzed by Spearman correlation and Friedman test via SPSS software version 13. Results: The findings of the study showed that the relationship between the patient safety culture and MI, was significant, and the total MI score (P<0.0001 and r=0.30). Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between MI of nurses and patient safety culture. Therefore, planning to increase the MI of nurses can lead to improve patients’ safety culture.","PeriodicalId":15317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Caring Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139343104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anxiety, Depression, and Associated Factors among General Population in Indonesia during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey 2019冠状病毒病大流行期间印度尼西亚普通人群中的焦虑、抑郁及相关因素:一项横断面调查

Journal of Caring Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2023.33099

Heni Dwi Windarwati, Retno Lestari, Sri Poeranto, Niken Asih Laras Ati, Mira Wahyu Kusumawati, Shofi Khaqul Ilmy, Ari Dwi Sulaksono, Erna Tsalatsatul Fitriyah, Wita Oktaviana

{"title":"Anxiety, Depression, and Associated Factors among General Population in Indonesia during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey","authors":"Heni Dwi Windarwati, Retno Lestari, Sri Poeranto, Niken Asih Laras Ati, Mira Wahyu Kusumawati, Shofi Khaqul Ilmy, Ari Dwi Sulaksono, Erna Tsalatsatul Fitriyah, Wita Oktaviana","doi":"10.34172/jcs.2023.33099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2023.33099","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has affected the physical and mental health of individuals, families, and communities worldwide including Indonesia. This study aimed to examine anxiety and depression in the general population and factors related to anxiety and depression due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study employed an online cross-sectional survey of 1149 respondents. We assessed self-reports regarding current health conditions and exposure to COVID-19, anxiety, and depression in the general population in Indonesia. Results: The results showed that 26.6% and 30.5% of the participants experienced mild to severe anxiety and depression, respectively. The ordinal regression test showed that anxiety in the community was significantly related to age, feeling infected with COVID-19, feeling that a friend/colleague is infected with COVID-19, sufficient information regarding COVID-19, and the types of symptoms that are felt (fever, cough, and cold/sore throat, difficulty breathing). Besides, education level, occupation, feeling that family is infected with COVID-19, symptoms experienced, and anxiety were significantly related to depression. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused anxiety and depression in the general population in Indonesia. This study’s results can be a catalyst in providing psychological interventions for the general public facing the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":15317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Caring Sciences","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135134565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Relationship between Nurses Reflection, Self-efficacy and Work Engagement: A Multicenter Study 护士反思、自我效能感与工作投入的关系:一项多中心研究

Journal of Caring Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-27 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2023.31920

Leila Zarrin, Mansour Ghafourifard, Zahra Sheikhalipour

{"title":"Relationship between Nurses Reflection, Self-efficacy and Work Engagement: A Multicenter Study","authors":"Leila Zarrin, Mansour Ghafourifard, Zahra Sheikhalipour","doi":"10.34172/jcs.2023.31920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2023.31920","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Reflection is considered an essential element in nurses’ practice with different positive outcomes, we decided to determine the level of nurses’ reflection and then assess the relationship between nurses’ reflection with their self-efficacy and work engagement. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 240 nurses were selected from seven educational hospitals affiliated with Tabriz University of medical sciences (Iran). The stratified random sampling method was used to select the participants from hospitals. Data were collected through three questionnaires including Groningen Reflection Ability Scale (GRAS), Sherer’s General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSES), and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 13. Results: According to the results, the mean (SD) score of nurses’ reflection was calculated as 86.51 (8.17) out of 115. The mean (SD) score of nurses’ self-efficacy was 60.89 (11.11) out of 85. Moreover, the mean (SD) total score of nurses’ work engagement in a possible range of 0 to 6 was 3.39 (1.36). There was a positive and significant relationship between the total reflection score with work engagement and self-efficacy scores. Conclusion: According to the results, nurses working in different units showed different scores of reflection. Moreover, the results of the present study showed that nurses’ reflection is associated with nurses’ work engagement and self-efficacy. Therefore, nurse managers and nurse educators should improve nurses’ skills in reflection and they should support the reflective practice in clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":15317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Caring Sciences","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135181869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0